Ecotoxicology最新文献

{"title":"Behavioral impairments in Africanized Apis mellifera exposed to lethal and sublethal doses of acetamiprid, fipronil, and thiamethoxam.","authors":"Geovanny Barroso, A M Pereira, Odair Correa Bueno, Roberta Cornélio Ferreira Nocelli, Osmar Malaspina","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02904-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-025-02904-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The honeybee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae)) is a crucial contributor to the maintenance of biodiversity, ecosystem function, and food security. The widespread use of pesticides, particularly neurotoxic insecticides such as acetamiprid, fipronil, and thiamethoxam, is potentially harmful to honey bees. In this study, we aimed to determine the mean lethal dose (LD₅₀) and time-to-effect of the lethal dose of these three insecticides to assess their acute toxicity to honey bees. Furthermore, we assessed the effects of lethal and sublethal doses on two key behavioral parameters: proboscis extension reflex (PER) and locomotor activity. Briefly, bees were exposed to lethal and different sublethal doses of insecticides and their responses were evaluated at various time intervals. Acetamiprid temporarily affected honeybee foraging capacity and mobility, with signs of recovery observed after 24 h. Fipronil exhibited delayed toxicity, whereas thiamethoxam immediately affected the PER response. Overall, our study suggested acetamiprid as the safest option among the tested insecticides, considering its acute topical toxicity. Future studies should investigate the potential long-term effects of other factors on honeybee behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1169-1181"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144293531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic exposure to diquat-based herbicide induces morphological, behavioral, and growth alterations in Physalaemus cuvieri tadpoles.","authors":"Diana Paula Giacomel, Guilherme Felicioni, Bruna Macedo Simoes Sergio, Aline Pompermaier, Wagner Antonio Tamagno, Paulo Afonso Hartmann, Marilia Hartmann","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02927-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-025-02927-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pesticides pose a serious threat to non-target organisms and are classified as key contributors to amphibian population decline. Amphibians, known for their sensitivity to environmental changes, serve as valuable bioindicators of environmental health. In this study, we assessed the toxicity of a diquat-based herbicide (DBH) on the bioindicator species Physalaemus cuvieri. Tadpoles were exposed to a broad toxicity gradient of DBH (20, 50, 250, 500, 1000, and 1500 µg L^-1) for 336 h. Survival, body mass index (BMI), scaled mass index (SMI), malformations, and swimming activity were evaluated. Exposure to 1000 and 1500 µg L^-1 significantly reduced survival. Interestingly, concentrations of 20, 50, 1000, and 1500 µg L^-1 led to increases in BMI and SMI. Malformations and alterations in swimming behavior were detected at all concentrations. These findings demonstrate that DBH is highly toxic to P. cuvieri tadpoles, severely impairing their survival, physiology, and behavior. These results have significant environmental implications, as tadpoles play a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems, and this sensitivity to DBH can trigger imbalances in trophic dynamics. Furthermore, amphibians are bioindicators, and the impacts observed here reinforce the need for rigorous monitoring of potentially toxic chemicals in aquatic ecosystems to preserve biodiversity, especially among non-target species.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1325-1333"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144505104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Honey bees are resilient to the long-term presence of alcohol in their diet.","authors":"Monika Ostap-Chec, Daniel Bajorek, Weronika Antoł, Daniel Stec, Krzysztof Miler","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02903-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-025-02903-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous studies on various organisms have suggested that low doses of ethanol can have stimulatory effects, while higher doses may lead to toxicity, a response known as hormesis. Low ethanol concentrations occur naturally in the environment, particularly in fermenting fruits and flower nectar, where pollinators such as honey bees may encounter it. This study aimed to investigate the potential hormetic effects of low-level ethanol consumption on honey bees. Bees were divided into three groups: one provided with only sucrose solution, one both with sucrose and 0.5% ethanol in sucrose, and one with only 1% ethanol in sucrose. The bees were exposed to these diets for 14 days, and their performance was assessed through survivorship, flight endurance, body mass, lipid content, and trehalose and ethanol levels in the haemolymph. The results showed no significant differences in most parameters between the groups. However, bees constantly exposed to 1% ethanol had slightly higher trehalose levels compared to the control group, suggesting a possible adaptive response to ethanol exposure. Ethanol levels in the haemolymph differed significantly between groups, with bees exposed to ethanol showing detectable levels in their system. While no clear hormetic effects were observed in terms of improved performance, the elevated trehalose levels in bees constantly exposed to 1% ethanol may indicate adaptations protecting bees from ethanol-induced damage. The study provides insights into how honey bees tolerate low-level ethanol exposure and highlights the need for further research on the ecological implications of ethanol consumption in pollinators.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1158-1168"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12423261/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144215277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles inducing changes in reactive oxygen species levels and enzymes of oxidative stress: a review focused on daphnids.","authors":"Lucas Gonçalves Queiroz, Susana Inés Córdoba de Torresi","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02907-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-025-02907-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, the number of publications on the effects of nanoparticles on freshwater organisms has increased. The Daphnia genus is widely used in ecotoxicological studies as a model organism for evaluating the environmental impact of nanomaterials. In this context, enzymatic biomarkers have been increasingly adopted to understand the potential of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) to induce oxidative stress. The present paper aims to synthesize the current knowledge on oxidative stress responses in daphnids exposed to metallic and metal-oxide MNPs, with a particular focus on enzymatic biomarkers (SOD, CAT, GPx, GR and GST). Specifically, we aimed to identify patterns of enzymatic responses promoted by the exposure of Daphnia species to MNPs and highlight research deficits that need to be addressed in further studies. A literature survey was performed in April 2025. This survey found 322 studies, which were screened, resulting in 36 studies included in this review. Based on our literature survey, Daphnia magna is the most commonly used daphnid to evaluate oxidative stress promoted by MNPs. Titanium-based nanomaterials have been the most studied MNPs, followed by silver and zinc. We observed that the enzymatic activity pattern is not directly associated with the metallic composition of the nanoparticle. We discuss how the chemical composition can reflect the specific toxicity of MNPs, although environmental, abiotic, and physicochemical factors can have a greater influence. Enzymatic biomarkers provide valuable information on the extent and nature of the biological effects of exposure to metallic and metal-oxide nanoparticles.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1334-1349"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144483655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-term effects of acrylamide exposure towards fatty acids' composition and histological features of the rayed trough-shell Mactra stultorum' branchial tissues.","authors":"Wafa Trabelsi, Chaima Fouzai, Safa Bejaoui, Feriel Ghribi, Rym Baati, Nejla Soudani","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02910-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-025-02910-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acrylamide (ACR) is a broad-spectrum water-soluble monomer used in polymer production. Through assorted pathways, such as wastewater offload, industrial effluents, and leaching from polyacrylamide grouting materials, ACR can reach aquatic environments and readily influence common organisms in coastal areas near urban or industrial zones, notably edible clams. The current study evaluated the ACR impact on the fatty acids (FA) composition in the rayed trough-shell Mactra stultorum gills. Bivalves were exposed to ACR-graded concentrations (5,10, and 20 mg/L) for 5 days. At the end of the trial, the gills' ACR burden exhibited significant increases reflecting its harmful influence. Our results showed that ACR promoted oxidative imbalance, highlighted by increased hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels. A considerable decrease in saturated fatty acids (SFA) in ACR-treated clams was recorded. In terms of n-6 (Omega 6) and n-3 (Omega 3) polyunsaturated fatty acids series, we noted a high induction in arachidonic (ARA, C20:4n-6) (and its precursor linoleic acid (LA, C18:2n-6)), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, C20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic (DHA, C22:6n-3) acids level. The results showed a significant increase in the dienoic non-methylene-interrupted fatty acid (NMID, C22 :2) amounts in ACR-treated clams. While our findings revealed that this electrophile produced pronounced effects on the lipid fraction of M. stultorum gills, these results were further confirmed by the harmful histological anomalies. Our research outlines the urgency of further investigations into ACR-induced metabolic impacts to fully assess its long-term outcomes on aquatic ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1244-1254"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144332645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of sunscreens on survival, reproduction, energy metabolism, and antioxidant system of brackish water flea Diaphanosoma celebensis.","authors":"Je-Won Yoo, Chaerin Park, Hyesung Lee, Youn-Ha Lee, Young-Mi Lee","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02906-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-025-02906-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing use of sunscreen to protect human skin from UV-A and UV-B is a great concern in the marine ecosystem. However, the toxicity of sunscreen products on marine biota is currently unclear. Thus, we investigated the toxic effects of four commercial sunscreens (A-D) selected according to the formulation on the survival, reproduction, energy metabolism, and antioxidant system of the brackish water flea Diaphanosoma celebensis. The 48 h median lethal concentrations (48-h LC₅₀) of sunscreen extracts were determined as 57.22%, and 43.59% in product C and product D, respectively. At the environmentally relevant concentrations, product D disrupted reproduction and reduced body length. Although no significant differences in energy reserves were observed, AMPK genes were highly modulated in the solid products C and D. SOD activity was significantly increased in all experimental groups, and the expression of CAT was up-regulated in groups exposed to products C and D. Our results imply that commercial sunscreens have a formulation-dependent effect on reproductive toxicity by disrupting redox and energy homeostasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1276-1286"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144483654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-target toxicity of certain herbicides used in rice cultivation on mosquitoes.","authors":"Aysegul Cengiz, Huseyin Cetin","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02880-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-025-02880-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to investigate the non-target toxicity (insecticidal activity) of various herbicides (bentazone+MCPA, bispyribac sodium, cyhalofop butyl, quinclorac, oxadiazon, and clomazone) used in rice cultivation on Aedes aegypti L. and Culex pipiens L. mosquitoes. Given the ecological significance of rice cultivation areas (paddy fields) and the public health importance of these mosquito species, the research sought to understand how exposure to varying herbicide doses affects mosquito survival. The research utilized a laboratory strain of Ae. aegypti and both laboratory and field strains of Cx. pipiens mosquitoes, exposing them to three distinct doses of herbicides: the recommended application rate, and doses that were two and four times higher. Toxicity tests were conducted following the World Health Organization guidelines. Adult emergence inhibition rates (%) were recorded after exposing larvae of different developmental stages; early (first-second instar) and late (third-fourth instar) to the tested herbicides. Oxadiazon consistently showed higher toxicity to mosquitoes compared to other herbicides across all tested doses, causing up to 91.67% inhibition of adult emergence. Quinclorac also demonstrated notable toxicity, but to a lesser extent and primarily in Ae. aegypti. The remaining herbicides exhibited low or no significant insecticidal effects. Notably, early-stage larvae were more susceptible across the experiments. These findings suggest that while some herbicides used in paddy fields have a minimal impact on mosquitoes, oxadiazon, in particular, poses a significant risk. Understanding these interactions can aid in developing integrated pest management strategies that consider both crop protection and mosquito control, emphasizing the need for judicious herbicide use in ecologically sensitive environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1149-1157"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12423252/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144207998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipid profile of Siberian larch needles under chronic exposure to aluminum smelter emissions (Eastern Siberia, Russia).","authors":"Olga Vladimirovna Kalugina, Larisa Vladimirovna Afanaseva","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02908-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-025-02908-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The lipid composition of Larix sibirica needles, a key forest-forming species of boreal forests of Eastern Siberia (Irkutsk region, Russia), exposed to emissions from the Bratsk aluminum smelter, one of the world's largest aluminum producers, was studied. The production emissions of this smelter contain multiple pollutants, with fluoride compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) demonstrating the highest phytotoxicity. Lipid profiles of needles were analyzed using thin-layer chromatography across a pollution gradient ranging from background to critical levels. The content of pollutant elements (F, S, metals and metalloids) in the needles was determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and spectrophotometry. The oxidative stress markers (hydrogen peroxide and malonic dialdehyde (MDA) levels) were also measured using spectrophotometric methods. It was shown that unlimited input of pollutants initiates the development of oxidative stress in larch needles. This is evidenced by a 1.3-4.5 fold increase in H₂O₂ concentration in needles compared to background (unpolluted) tree-stands and a close positive relationship between these parameters (r = 0.69-0.87, P ≤ 0.05, n = 29). Analysis of the lipid profile of L. sibirica needles at different pollution levels revealed a significant effect of pollutant elements on the content of neutral (r = 0.0.87, (r = 0.79, P ≤ 0.05, n = 29) and polar lipids (r = 0.67, P ≤ 0.05, n = 29). In the fraction of neutral lipids, with an increase in the pollution level, the content of higher aliphatic alcohols increased by 2.6 times, hydrocarbons by 3.1 times, esters of sterols by 4.3 times, 1.3-diglycerides by10 times compared to background values. The content of sterols and wax, on the contrary, decreased by 1.6 times. In the polar lipid fraction at low, moderate, and high pollution levels the quantitative content of sphingolipids increased up to 7.3 times, glycolipids - up to 2.3 times, phospholipids - up to 1.9 times, at the critical level the content of all fractions decreased. The revealed changes in the quantitative and qualitative composition of total lipids in needles indicate an increase in membrane microviscosity and a decrease in fluidity at low, moderate and high pollution levels, due to which the flow of pollutants inside cells is reduced. At critical pollution levels, these mechanisms are significantly weakened. The results obtained, revealing the specific mechanism of physiological and biochemical adaptation of L. sibirica to industrial pollution, have important applied value for developing highly sensitive bioindicator methods based on lipid biomarkers; integrated assessment of forest ecosystems sustainability under technogenic impact, and modeling of long-term consequences of anthropogenic load on boreal forests - a key component of the global carbon cycle and a major reservoir of biological diversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1195-1210"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide does not alter maternal care and offspring quality in the European earwig.","authors":"Laura Pasquier, Julie Groutsch, Maïlys Verger, Violette Wallart, Joël Meunier, Charlotte Lécureuil","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02912-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-025-02912-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sublethal exposure to pesticides can affect the reproduction and population dynamics of many non-target organisms, such as insects. Among these pesticides, glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) were long thought to have no effect on insects because their active compounds can only affect plants and microorganisms. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that GBH can directly or indirectly alter a wide range of fitness-related traits in insects. In this study, we tested whether exposure to the GBH Roundup© affects maternal care behaviour and juvenile development, locomotion and immunity in the European earwig, an insect commonly found in vineyards and orchards. First, we exposed female earwigs to Roundup at concentrations ten times below, equal to and ten times above the normal application rate (NAR) and then measured the expression of maternal care in terms of egg collection, egg and juvenile care and defense. We also measured maternal self-grooming and locomotor activity, and the development time, weight and size of newly produced juveniles. In a second experiment, we exposed earwig juveniles to a control solution or to Roundup and then measured their locomotion, the expression of genes involved in their development (the juveniles hormone pathway), and their survival after exposure to a fungal pathogen. Overall, our results showed no significant effect of Roundup on any of the parameters measured. This finding suggests that direct exposure to a GBH formulation may not necessarily induce behavioural, physiological and developmental alteration in this species. It also calls for future studies to explore the underlying mechanisms behind this apparent lack of sensitivity. More generally, these results highlight the importance of assessing the impact of pesticide use and the factors driving potential resilience across a wide range of non-target organisms to ensure sustainable agricultural practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1287-1299"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144495213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Side effects of insecticides used in soybean and corn on the egg parasitoid Telenomus remus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae).","authors":"Vanessa Exteckoetter, Júlia Assunção de Castro Oliveira, Karolina Gomes de Figueiredo, Adeney de Freitas Bueno, Geraldo Andrade Carvalho","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02913-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-025-02913-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the main pests of corn and soybeans. Its control, usually done with insecticides, can reduce natural enemies and cause biological imbalances. One of these enemies is the egg parasitoid Telenomus remus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). The objective of this study was to evaluate the side effects of the insecticides chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb, spinetoram, and chlorpyrifos, at the highest dosages recommended by the manufacturers to control S. frugiperda, aiming to integrate chemical and biological methods. Insecticides were applied to adult females of T. remus and eggs of S. frugiperda containing the parasitoid in its immature stages (egg-larval and pupa). The experiment was entirely randomized. Survival, parasitism, emergence, and sex ratio were evaluated. Chlorpyrifos reduced parasitism of females (F₀) and emergence of parasitoids (F₁) by 100% when applied to immature stages, and was classified as harmful by the IOBC. The other insecticides were selective at this stage. Spinetoram and chlorpyrifos were toxic to adult females (F₀) exposed to residues, causing 100% mortality in less than 24 h. Chlorantraniliprole and indoxacarb were not toxic when applied directly to adult females (F₀). Due to the low toxicity of chlorantraniliprole, spinetoram and indoxacarb for immature stages, and of indoxacarb and chlorantraniliprole for adults, these insecticides should be prioritized in the integrated management of S. frugiperda.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1266-1275"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144483656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}