Ecotoxicology最新文献

{"title":"Activity pattern of antioxidant enzymes in relation to the time of exposure of hexavalent chromium to Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus.","authors":"Debkanta Ghosh, Samir Kumar Saha, Anilava Kaviraj, Subrata Saha","doi":"10.1007/s10646-024-02832-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-024-02832-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)), a toxicant of environmental concern, frequently enters into water bodies and produces oxidative stress in fish. The antioxidant enzymes, Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Glutathion S-transferase (GST) are activated to counteract the oxidative stress in fish. This study explores the pattern of activation of these enzymes in gill, muscle, liver, and kidney tissues of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus exposed to 9.35 mg/L and 18.70 mg/L of Cr (VI) for 96 h. The optimal hour of activity of these enzymes was revealed through extensive regression analysis. The results indicate a bell-shaped time response curve in the activity of the enzymes in both the treatments, except CAT in the gill of fish exposed to 18.70 mg/L Cr (VI) and GST in the gill, liver, and kidney of fish exposed to 18.70 mg/L Cr (VI). The results indicate that the optimal hour of activity of SOD changes in tandem with CAT, SOD responding first followed by CAT, both diminishing within 96 h. However, deviating from the bell-shaped pattern, the activity of CAT in gill and GST in gill, liver, and kidney in fish exposed to 18.70 mg/L Cr (VI) continued to rise even at 96 h, indicating that these antioxidant enzymes could not diminish the oxidative stress produced by the higher dose of Cr (VI). It was concluded that the activity of SOD, CAT, and GST between 30 and 70 h in the gill, liver, and kidney of Nile tilapia could serve as excellent biomarkers of oxidative stress under low doses of Cr (VI).</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142738708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of herbicide toxicity to Lemna minor L. and Azolla caroliniana Willd.","authors":"Bruna Ferrari Schedenffeldt, Bruno Barburgian Ramalho Siqueira, Rafaela Oliva da Silva, Patrícia Andrea Monquero","doi":"10.1007/s10646-024-02829-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-024-02829-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Long-residual herbicides can negatively impact aquatic ecosystems through surface runoff and leaching. This study evaluated the acute toxicity of indaziflam, sulfentrazone, clomazone, and tebuthiuron on Lemna minor and Azolla caroliniana. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory using a completely randomized design (CRD) with six concentrations of each herbicide across four replicates. The study assessed the concentration causing acute effects in 50% of the organisms (EC₅₀), the effects on fresh weight (g), and the risk quotient (RQ). For L. minor, EC₅₀ values were 0.41, 0.73, 0.12, and 0.21 mg L⁻¹ for clomazone, sulfentrazone, indaziflam, and tebuthiuron, respectively; and for A. caroliniana, the values were 3.26, 0.51, 0.11, and 0.71 mg L⁻¹, respectively. All tested herbicides were classified as highly toxic to macrophyte species, except for clomazone, which was categorized as 'moderately toxic' for A. caroliniana. Moreover, these herbicides significantly reduced fresh weight even at the lowest concentrations.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142695279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological and oxidative status of soybean seedlings exposed to short term treatment with polystyrene nanoparticles.","authors":"Michał Urbański, Burak Mete Yiğit, Anna Ekner-Grzyb, Jagna Chmielowska-Bąk","doi":"10.1007/s10646-024-02833-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-024-02833-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plastic is widely used worldwide due to its durability and relatively low production costs. However, its durability also has significant drawbacks - plastic is a slowly degrading material and greatly contributes to the environmental pollution. Increasing body of evidence shows that contamination of the environment with plastic negatively affects plants and other living organisms. The aim of present research was to determine whether short-term exposure to polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNP) has toxic effect on soybean seedlings (Glycine max L). In the first stage of the research, the effect of two hour long incubation in PSNP solutions (10 and 100 mgl^-1) on the germination of soybean seeds was determined. In the second part of the study, the potential cytotoxic effect of PSNP on young seedlings was measured. The results indicate that incubation in PSNP solutions inhibits the germination of soybean seeds by approx. 10% (at p = 0.05). However, this effect was only observed after 48 and 72 h of germination and by lower PSNP concentrations, 10 mgl^-1. In turn, in young soybean seedlings exposure to PSNP had no effect on growth, cell viability or oxidative status by p = 0.05. The results indicate that germination is a PSNP-sensitive process. In turn, already germinated seedlings are relatively resistant to the short-term exposure to this stressor.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142675456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity of larval Dendropsophus haddadi (Bastos and Pombal 1996), an anuran species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, to acute exposure to nitrate.","authors":"Andrés Egea-Serrano, Elaine Macêdo, Mirco Solé","doi":"10.1007/s10646-024-02830-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-024-02830-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nitrogenous pollution has been reported to be a major threat to biodiversity and, therefore, it may be related to the decline of amphibians, the most threatened group of vertebrates in the world. In spite of this, and the widespread release of nitrogenous compounds into the environment, research on the impact of this pollution on Neotropical species remains limited. The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of one anuran species inhabiting in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Dendropsophus haddadi) to NaNO₃ by an acute exposure laboratory experiment, addressing also whether carryover effects exist. Larval mortality increased as time went on in the case of the highly polluted treatments, which also affected swimming performance. Mean lethal concentration (LC₅₀) values revealed that the sensitivity of the study species to NaNO₃ was similar to that described for other amphibians, both tropical and temperate species. Additionally, larvae exposed to moderate levels of pollution significantly increased final mass. In spite of this, once larvae were transfered into clean water, no further mortality was recorded, and swimming performance improved. These results indicate that tropical species may not be more vulnerable to chemical pollution than temperate ones, and suggest that they are able to recover from acute short exposure to nitrogenous compounds, all of which represent a new addition to the knowledge of the vulnerability of Dendropsophus haddadi to pollution and, thus, to Neotropical ecotoxicology.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142675457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting behavioural responses to concurrent stressors in an aquatic snail: the importance of stress type and combination.","authors":"Álvaro Alonso, M C Llandres-Díez, P Cruces-Estepa","doi":"10.1007/s10646-024-02835-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-024-02835-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Behaviour is a fundamental parameter for understanding the animal fitness, serving as an indicator of exposure to stressors. In ecosystems, animals often face multiple stressors simultaneously. Their behavioural responses may vary when exposed to individual stressors, whilst synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects can result from the interaction of multiple stressors. Therefore, it is imperative to conduct studies that take into account the common occurrence of multi-stress scenarios in aquatic ecosystems. We tested the effects of three sources of stress (acidity (A), toxicity with acetone (T) and conspecific chemical cues (S)) on the behaviour of the aquatic snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Tateidae, Mollusca). We evaluated the impact of each stressor, as well as in combinations of two or three stressors simultaneously. The highest time to initiate movement was shown by the animals of the low water pH (A) followed by those exposed to the combination of low water pH and acetone exposure (AT). The differences between the time to initiate movement of each treatment with control revealed a marked decrease in the differences for the snails from the conspecific chemical cues (S) and ST treatments, which mean a higher time to initiate movements. It is concluded that behaviour varied depending on the source and combination of stress. While an acid environment and conspecific signals had contrasting effects when applied separately, their simultaneous exposure resulted in no significant impact. This highlights the importance of considering the combined effects of multiple stressors when extrapolating laboratory results to real-world scenarios, where organisms are often exposed to more than one stressor at a time.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142675454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecotoxicological effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide on Gryllus (Gryllus) assimilis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) ontogeny: a study on antioxidant system, oxidative stress and cholinergic system.","authors":"Leanna Camila Macarini, Ana Tereza Bittencourt Guimarães, Neucir Szinwelski","doi":"10.1007/s10646-024-02831-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-024-02831-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brazil is an important global agricultural producer and to increase production the country has extensively used glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH), surpassing consumption and sales records. Consequently, concerns have arisen regarding the potential impact of GBH on ecosystems and non-target organisms. Thus, the effects of GBH exposure were evaluated throughout the cricket Gryllus (Gryllus) assimilis ontogeny, with five developmental stages. Each period contained 3 control and 3 treated boxes, with 15 crickets each, resulting in 90 insects at a time. The control groups received water, while the treated ones were continuously exposed to GBH (0.864 mg.GBH.L^-1), with the solutions changed every 48 h. After each exposure time the crickets' group were euthanized to assess the activity of antioxidant enzymes (GST, GR, GPx, and CAT), cholinergic enzymes (ChE), and lipid peroxidation (LPO). The results revealed changes in the systems throughout different developmental phases. Specifically, CAT activity exhibited a significant increase during the nymphal phase, associated with the dismutation of hydrogen peroxide. The GBH increased GST, indicating its role in cellular detoxification, particularly during adulthood. In the senescence stage there was a considerable rise in ChE enzymes, suggesting their involvement in both, choline esters breakdown and potential pesticide detoxification. The action of these enzymes to effectively control lipid peroxidation shows the adaptability of this species to environmental contamination. These findings underscore the long-term effects of agrochemical pollution and emphasize the importance of sustainable practices, effective regulations, and alternative weed control methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142638440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effects of elevated temperature with pesticides on reproduction, development and survival of dung beetles.","authors":"Andrea Esquivel-Román, Fernanda Baena-Díaz, Carlos Bustos-Segura, Ornela De Gasperin, Daniel González-Tokman","doi":"10.1007/s10646-024-02825-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-024-02825-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In times of global change, high temperatures can increase the negative effects of pesticides and other stressors. The goal of this study was to evaluate, under controlled laboratory conditions, the effect of a moderate increase in temperature in combination with ivermectin (an antiparasitic medication used in cattle that is excreted in dung), an herbicide, and parasitic pressure, on the reproductive success, development time and adult survival of dung beetles Euoniticellus intermedius. Whereas high temperature increased the number and proportion of emerged offspring, it had synergistic negative effects in combination with the ivermectin, herbicide and parasite treatments. Moreover, high temperature in combination with ivermectin and with parasitism caused a synergistic increase of adult offspring mortality and, in combination with the herbicide, it synergistically accelerated development. These results indicate that high temperatures can enhance the negative effects of other stressors and act synergistically with them, harming dung beetles, a group with high ecological and economic value in natural and productive ecosystems. Although adult sex ratio was not affected by experimental treatments, contrasting responses were found between males and females, supporting the idea that both sexes use different physiological mechanisms to cope with the same environmental challenges. The effects that combined stressors have on insects deepen our understanding of why we are losing beneficial species and their functions in times of drastic environmental changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142616664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of calcium-induced protection against lead toxicity in Ulmus umbraculifera L.: a physiological and biochemical perspective.","authors":"Giti Barzin, Zoya Janebelahi Firozabadi, Roya Bishehkolaei","doi":"10.1007/s10646-024-02823-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-024-02823-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lead (Pb) is a toxic stressor in the soil, which affects plant morphological and physiological events differently. A pot study was initiated to characterize the effect of calcium (Ca) application (20 and 40 mM) on Ulmus umbraculifera L. under Pb treatment (200 and 400 µM). The results revealed that higher levels of Pb significantly reduced plant height (48.3%), total dry weight (44.7%), leaf area index (45%), chlorophyll a (53.7%), chlorophyll b (51.4%), carotenoids (37.8%), and Fv/Fm ratio (20.4%) compared to untreated plants. However, the Ca application improved the aforementioned physiological features. Additionally, Pb toxicity disrupted oxidative status in the plants by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA), methylglyoxal, superoxide anion, and H₂O₂, which also induced the activities of SOD, GR, APX, and CAT. In contrast, Ca decreased MDA, methylglyoxal, superoxide anion, and H₂O₂ by enhancing SOD, CAT, GR, and APX activities compared to the control. Notably, ascorbate (AsA), dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels, and AsA-DHA and GSH-GSSG ratios changed significantly with Pb and Pb + Ca treatments. According to our findings, monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glyoxalase (Gly) I, and Gly II activities increased with Pb treatment; however, Ca application further promoted their activities. Furthermore, Pb treatment significantly suppressed the uptake of mineral nutrients and increased Pb accumulation, whereas Ca application improved the uptake of these elements and lowered Pb content. These observations confirmed that the positive effects of Ca application on photosynthetic efficiency, nutrient absorption, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants enhanced plant tolerance under Pb toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142589877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arctic copepod copper sensitivity and comparison with Antarctic and temperate copepods.","authors":"Jan Heuschele, Khuong V Dinh, Torben Lode, Tjalling Jager, Katrine Borgå","doi":"10.1007/s10646-024-02796-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-024-02796-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ongoing global climate crisis increases temperatures in polar regions faster and with greater magnitude than elsewhere. The decline of Arctic sea ice opens up new passages, eventually leading to higher anthropogenic activities such as shipping, fishing, and mining. Climate change and anthropogenic activities will increase contaminant transport from temperate to Arctic regions. The shipping industry uses copper as an antifouling coating. Copper is an essential element but becomes toxic at excess concentrations, and its use may inadvertently affect non-target organisms such as copepods. Copper affects copepods by lowering reproductive output, prolonging developmental time, and causing increased mortality. As data on copper sensitivity of polar copepods at low temperatures are rare, we conducted onboard survival experiments with the Arctic region's most common copepod species (Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis, C. hyperboreus). Acute survival tests were done for up to 8 days on individuals in 70 ml bottles at 1 °C with nominal copper concentrations ranging from 3 to 480 μg L^-1. We used a reduced General Unified Threshold model for Survival (GUTS) to analyse the data, and placed our results in the context of the few published copper sensitivity data of the Antarctic and temperate copepod species at low temperatures. The sensitivity of Cu exposure was similar between the three Calanus species. However, a model comparison suggests that the tested C. glacialis population is less sensitive than the other two species in our experiments. Compared to published data, the three Arctic species appear slightly less sensitive to copper compared to their Antarctic counterparts but more compared to their temperate ones. Our literature search revealed only a few available studies on the copper sensitivity of polar copepods. In the future, this species group will be exposed to more pollutants, which warrants more studies to predict potential risks, especially given possible interactions with environmental factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1026-1038"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11480128/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142079666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyrethroids and reproductive function: some endocrine disrupting perspectives from molecular simulations.","authors":"Ishfaq Ahmad Sheikh, Mohd Amin Beg, Muzafar A Macha","doi":"10.1007/s10646-024-02801-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-024-02801-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pyrethroids are widely used insecticides with huge applications for household as well as agricultural purposes and contribute to improved product quality and higher yields. In recent decades, the demand for pyrethroids has increased significantly due to advantages such as broad-spectrum efficacy, high insecticidal potential, and lower pest resistance. However, several studies have suggested that human exposure to pyrethroids leads to reproductive problems. Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is an important hormone transport protein regulating the availability of steroids at their target site. The aim of our study was to investigate the structural interactions of commonly used pyrethroids, cypermethrin and deltamethrin, with ligand binding pocket of SHBG. Cypermethrin and deltamethrin were docked into the steroid binding pocket of SHBG using Schrodinger's induced fit docking (IFD) followed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies. The resultant SHBG-pyrethroid complexes from IFD experiments were subjected to structural analysis including the molecular interactions followed by binding energy estimation. The analysis revealed that both the ligands were tightly bound in the SHBG pocket with high percentage of commonality among the SHBG residues between the indicated pyrethroid ligands and the SHBG native ligand, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The estimated binding energy values for cypermethrin were less but close to the values calculated for the SHBG native ligand, DHT. However, the estimated binding energy values for deltamethrin were higher compared to the values calculated for SHBG native ligand, DHT. Furthermore, the MD simulation results also revealed the higher stability of SHBG-deltamethrin than SHBG-cypermethrin complex. To sum up, the results suggested that deltamethrin has a greater capability than cypermethrin to prevent sex steroid hormone from binding to SHBG, even though both pyrethroids have this ability. Consequently, this might hamper the circulatory transport of sex steroid hormones and their availability at the target site, subsequently interfering with reproductive function.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1086-1095"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142105470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}