Ecological Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Enhanced carbon storage in the Sichuan-Yunnan Ecological Barrier Zone: the impact of land use changes driven by ecological engineering","authors":"Mairui Yan,&nbsp;Jiangliu Xie,&nbsp;Changjing Wang,&nbsp;Rui Chen,&nbsp;Gaofei Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon storage is crucial for ecosystem stability. However, human activities, such as, ecological engineering, drive the Land use/ land cover (LULC) changes and hence pose a significantly impact on carbon storage. Timely and effective assessment of the impact of LULC conversion on carbon storage is therefore, crucial for regional carbon cycling. This study links Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) models to analyze the potential impacts of LULC changes on carbon storage in the Sichuan-Yunnan Ecological Barrier Zone (SYEBZ). The results indicated that carbon storage of SYEBZ experienced an overall increasing trend, at a rate of 0.396 Tg/yr, during the period of 1995 to 2020. The conversion of cropland and grassland into forests are the main cause of reginal carbon storage increasing, highlighting the positive role of ecological engineering in carbon storage. Projections suggested that enhancing ecological conservation could further boost carbon sequestration by 0.6633 Tg/yr, while prioritizing cropland conservation may lower the ecosystem's carbon sequestration potential, thereby reducing carbon storage by 0.3512 Tg/yr. These findings deepen our understanding of the role of ecological engineering in carbon dynamics and provide valuable insights for future ecological management and sustainable development of the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 107588"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodiversity assessment in a floating treatment wetland established in a stormwater pond","authors":"Cristina S.C. Calheiros ,&nbsp;Martina Ilarri ,&nbsp;Mariana Godinho ,&nbsp;Paula M.L. Castro ,&nbsp;Sofia I.A. Pereira","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107598","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107598","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Floating treatment wetland (FTW) are a nature-based solution delivering a wide range of ecosystem services when applied in water bodies, such as lakes and rivers. They are recognized for delivering biodiversity, aesthetic integration, and water quality enhancement through phytoremediation processes, although research is still needed to go deeper into the processes underlying the performance of these systems and evaluate the extent of biodiversity promotion especially on pond ecosystems. This study aimed to assess the plant establishment and biodiversity associated with an FTW set up in a rural artificial stormwater pond, with a polyculture comprising <em>Iris germanica</em>, <em>Acorus gramineus</em>, <em>Caltha palustris</em>, and <em>Typha latifolia</em> set in a cork agglomerate platform. For this, it was assessed the culturable bacterial communities associated to the floating platform and the rooting system, and the macroinvertebrates associated to the FTW and to the pond margin. Culturable bacterial communities colonizing the floating platform biofilm and the plant rhizosphere were isolated, identified by 16S rRNA, and characterized for their ability to produce plant growth-promoting substances (e.g., indole-acetic acid, siderophores). There was a high bacterial genera diversity associated with the FTW and with the ability to produce plant growth-promoting substances. Bacterial strains with outstanding growth-promoting traits can be used in the future to support phytoremediation strategies or plant resilience to climate change-related abiotic stresses. Regarding the biodiversity of macrofauna, namely macroinvertebrates, associated with FTW, they were mostly from the order Odonata. The FTW attracted mainly individuals of the genus <em>Coenagrion</em>, which represented more than 80 % of the associated fauna. The full life cycle of dragonflies and damselflies occurred in the FTW. These systems proved to be a hotspot of biodiversity supporting water and landscape management plans, besides aesthetics integration. This study gives new insights into broadening the FTW applications in stormwater or prospects to polluted water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 107598"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143594130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influences of mangrove species on the carbon release of the decomposed leaf litter in the restored mangrove forests with different site elevations","authors":"Jiahui Chen ,&nbsp;Guanqun Zhai ,&nbsp;Guangcheng Chen ,&nbsp;Shunyang Chen ,&nbsp;Yong Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107602","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107602","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Leaf litter decomposition is one of the main carbon release pathways in mangrove forests. Mangrove species and site elevation are important factors for successful restoration of mangrove forests. Carbon sequestration capacity is an important parameter for functional restoration of mangrove ecosystems. The combined influences of mangrove species (<em>Kandelia obovata</em> vs <em>Avicennia marina</em>) and site elevation (low site elevation vs high site elevation) on the carbon release of decomposed leaf litter were seasonally quantified through litterbag method from April 2018 to February 2019. At high elevation site (higher than local mean elevation, 375 cm vs 365 cm), the annual average carbon release of decomposed leaf litter in the <em>A. marina</em> forest (37.04 ± 9.78 g C m⁻², 57.3 %) was significantly higher than that in the <em>K. obovata</em> forest (36.14 ± 8.85 g C m⁻², 52.9 %), because of faster decomposition rate of leaf litter in the <em>A. marina</em> forest. For low elevation site (lower than local mean elevation, 335 cm vs 365 cm), the annual average carbon release of leaf litter in the <em>A. marina</em> forest (33.56 ± 11.33 g C m⁻², 53.2 %) was similar to that in the <em>K. obovata</em> forest (35.65 ± 7.35 g C m⁻², 52.5 %). These results suggested that <em>K. obovata</em> should be selected at high elevation site for mangrove restoration to minimize carbon release in view of carbon release of decomposed leaf litter.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 107602"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143594129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon emission analysis of ecological slope protection based on lifecycle theory and sobol method","authors":"Xu Jiangbo ,&nbsp;Wu Xiong ,&nbsp;Qiao Wei ,&nbsp;Wang Shaowei ,&nbsp;Chen Xinyu ,&nbsp;Zhao Danni ,&nbsp;Zeng Xianglong ,&nbsp;Shu Sheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To analyze the main contributors to carbon emissions throughout the lifecycle of ecological slope protection, this study employed a novel lifecycle carbon emission assessment model alongside the Sobol method. The emissions across various project stages were calculated, and the sensitivity of different emission sources was analyzed, resulting in targeted reduction strategies. The findings indicate that the total carbon emissions for ecological slope protection over its lifecycle reached 4338.20 tons, with 4470.12 tons emitted during the construction phase and 131.92 tons absorbed during maintenance. The retaining wall and anchor beam slope protection projects accounted for approximately 75 % of construction emissions, while vegetation contributed to the absorption of around 3 % of the project's carbon emissions. Sensitivity analysis revealed that rebar and C30 concrete were the most significant carbon emission sources. The results demonstrate that ecological slope protection offers a substantial carbon reduction effect compared to other slope protection methods. The construction phase is critical for controlling emissions, with a focus on reducing carbon emissions during material production. Strategies should include improvements in raw materials, production processes, and product quality. Additionally, selecting native plants and implementing a reasonable maintenance plan can further enhance carbon reduction effectiveness. This study provides theoretical support and technical references for the design and construction of ecological slope protection projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 107584"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal patterns on eco-engineered coastal infrastructure depend on topographic complexity and spatial scale","authors":"Franz Bauer ,&nbsp;Antony M. Knights ,&nbsp;Mick E. Hanley ,&nbsp;John N. Griffin ,&nbsp;Andy Foggo ,&nbsp;Austin Brown ,&nbsp;Melanie J. Bishop ,&nbsp;Katherine A. Dafforn ,&nbsp;Mariana Mayer-Pinto ,&nbsp;Louise B. Firth","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Topographic complexity is a key driver of microhabitat formation, due to its critical role in providing refugia for organisms from environmental stressors. On marine infrastructure, low topographic complexity can lead to the homogenisation of associated thermal microclimates (‘thermal habitat complexity’), with potential impacts on species settlement and establishment, as well as long-term effects on biotic community composition. While marine eco-engineering techniques hold great potential for shaping thermally complex habitats through topography manipulation, effective design and implementation require a greater understanding of topography-temperature relationships. Here, we assessed <em>in situ</em> thermal patterns on a large (11 × 2 m) intertidal eco-engineering installation, using six panel topographies, five spatial scales (1, 3, 5, 10, 30 cm), two topography metrics (rugosity, fractal dimension), and two temporal factors (time since emersion, full-seawall shading). Thermal imaging, combined with 3D topographic analysis, revealed mean temperatures on topographically complex panels to be significantly lower than on flat controls across three natural air temperatures on separate days (mean air temperatures of 20, 27, 29 °C). Spatial temperature variability (i.e., thermal microhabitat range) was highest at intermediate or high topographic complexity, depending on spatial scale. Topography-driven thermal buffering increased disproportionately with air temperature. Our findings provide quantitative mechanistic insights and a proof-of-concept methodology for assessing topography-temperature relationships at high spatial resolution, with practical implications for creating complex thermal environments on urbanized shorelines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 107596"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The process and driving mechanism of abandoned terraces in mountain region at the watershed scale","authors":"Huili Guo ,&nbsp;Liquan Sun ,&nbsp;Shufang Wu ,&nbsp;Kadambot H.M. Siddique","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Terraces, an important cultivation resource in hilly and gully areas, are increasingly being abandoned due to various factors affecting the regional ecological environment. This abandonment poses a significant threat to national food security. Consequently, it is crucial to investigate the extent, spatial distribution, and driving factors behind terrace abandonment in these regions. The driving factors of abandoned terraces in mountainous areas are different from those in plain areas. However, our understanding of the driving factors of abandoned terraces in mountainous areas remains limited. To address this knowledge gap, we used deep learning and change detection methods to identify abandoned terraces in hilly and gully regions. We analyzed the temporal and spatial characteristics of multi-year terrace distribution, and used a geographic detector to determine the driving factors and degree of terrace abandonment. We found that: (1) between 2009 and 2012, the terrace abandonment rate ranged from 10.55 to 31.66 %, with an average annual growth rate of 7.03 %, and between 2013 and 2022, the abandonment rate of terrace ranged from 31.79 to 36.68 %; (2) terraces with prolonged abandoned durations were located primarily in high-elevation areas with limited accessibility. More than 50 % of the abandoned terraces have been unattended for more than 8 years, with the largest proportion (22.28 % of the total abandoned terrace area) abandoned for 11 years; (3) in a relatively consistent socioeconomic context, the distance to unclassified roads emerged as the main driving factor influencing terrace abandonment, explaining 80.5 % of the variation. Unlike unterraced land, the terrace platform size also played a significant role; (4) the global Moran's index of 0.562 indicates that adjacent terrace abandonment significantly affects terrace abandonment. Our study introduces novel methods for identifying abandoned terraces and highlights important driving factors behind their abandonment. These findings offer valuable insights and serve as a reference for future research on abandoned terraces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 107582"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of channel sinuosity and hydrodynamics on fish-habitat suitability in high-gradient meandering rivers","authors":"Nan Wang ,&nbsp;Shikang Liu ,&nbsp;Xiwei Guo ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Li ,&nbsp;Nan Cong ,&nbsp;Meixia Bao ,&nbsp;Qianqian Wang ,&nbsp;Weiwei Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107586","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rivers that exhibit meandering characteristics are ubiquitous in both alluvial and confined geomorphic settings, yet the relationship between habitat suitability for fish species and channel sinuosity has not been well understood. In this paper, we look to tackle this issue by conducting a hydro-morphodynamic modeling of meandering structures with different sinuosity and assessing habitat suitability for two representative species, <em>Schizothorax wangchiachii</em> and <em>Coreius guichenoti</em>, living in high-gradient meandering rivers. We find that the increased discharge and sinuosity would maximize the range of flow velocity and channel depth, thereby exerting notable hydraulic influences on fish species. Specifically, meandering structures with greater sinuosity can typically produce greater suitable areas within the channel in the sense of the magnitude of suitability and the associated area due to increased channel area, especially the convex bank, as it is subject to less channel deformation when situated in highly sinuous channels. Over time, sediment at the concave bank and immediately downstream gets eroded and transported, tending to deposit in places toward the thalweg and the convex bank, which allows the convex bank to foster larger areas suitable for both fish species than concave bank. Among the three flow levels that we modeled, the medium flow generates the greatest habitat suitability. Beyond a specific region, this study provides a theoretical and practical basis for linking fluvial geomorphology with ecohydrology, stressing the necessity of ecological assessments for high-gradient meandering river restoration and hydraulic engineering projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 107586"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lake pollution control and restoration: A critical review of strategies and measures for plateau lakes in Southwestern China","authors":"Shengjiong Deng ,&nbsp;Lingjuan Tao ,&nbsp;Yang Li ,&nbsp;Ping Lan ,&nbsp;Lixia Wang ,&nbsp;Deshou Cun ,&nbsp;Junjun Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many lakes around the world are facing severe issues of water pollution and ecosystem deterioration, which poses great threats to sustainable socio-economic development and human health. Therefore, effective protection of lake environment has garnered intensive attention worldwide, and numerous strategies and measures have been developed for water quality improvement and ecological restoration of lakes. However, there is still lack of a comprehensive synthesis and assessment of these methods and their applicability in lake protection. In this review, strategies and measures commonly applied for control and treatment of exogenous (including soil and water erosion reduction, sewage treatment, interception of surface runoff, establishment of riparian buffer strip, etc.) and endogenous (including algae removal, sediment dredging, clean water diversion and aquatic biological restoration, etc.) pollution sources of the nine plateau lakes in Yunnan Province, southwestern China are summarized and assessed. Specifically, the practicality, implementation status, benefits, drawbacks and challenges of the strategies and methods are evaluated and summarized in order to provide general guidance for lake protection, depsite the methods should be specialized based on the unique properties of lakes. Restoration of submerged vegetation is highly desirable for improvement of water quality and establishment of healthy aquatic ecosystems in lakes. Furthermore, the potential applicability of some emerging measures and significance of management policies in lake protection are proposed. There are still big challenges in lake pollution control and restoration, especially more practical application of diverse measures for lake protection in field scale is needed in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 107583"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slope stability time evolution of a shallow landslide restored by Soil and Water Bioengineering (SWBE) techniques: A case study in Northwest Tuscany (Italy)","authors":"Federico Preti ,&nbsp;Andrea Dani ,&nbsp;Yamuna Giambastiani ,&nbsp;Emanuele Giachi","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The well-known extreme flood event occurred on 19 June 1996 in Versilia, north-western Tuscany, Italy, causing an impressive number of landslides and debris flows, dramatic floods and 15 fatalities. The Tuscany Region financed Soil and Water Bioengineering (SWBE) interventions to restore slope stability and mitigate soil erosion. The Pomezzana landslide was the greatest one restored by such kind of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) in 1998, applied in Tuscany for the first time.</div><div>The study presents the 2023 landslide monitoring surveys, concerning the vegetation evolution state and the slope stability conditions of two different situations: AdS1-SWBE restored landslide and AdS2-unrestored landslide. The root systems of the main tree species present (chestnut, alder, and hornbeam) have been characterised and used to evaluate the effects of vegetation on slope stability according to the historical monitoring 1998–2013-2023.</div><div>The Root Area Ratio (RAR) values obtained in the field, and therefore soil cohesion values also considering the deterioration of the wooden crib wall, drove us to calculate the Factor of Safety (FS) through SSAP 2010™ software. Various scenarios of slope stability were evaluated with the infiltration depth obtained with the landslide back analysis with the event rainfall obtaining the time evolution of the slope stability. The study confirms the technical effectiveness of the slope stabilisation of the SWBE interventions, as in the restoration of superficial landslides triggered by rainfall the research also shows the positive effects of vegetation evolution over slope stability and ecological succession, triggering natural native species succession with increasing soil reinforcement. The results show the SWBE restoration project hastened the slope stabilisation process through the combination of vegetation development and SWBE techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 107570"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Encouraging investments in economic forests for revegetation will reduce cost-effectiveness of Chinese Sloping Land Conversion Program","authors":"Ding Zhenmin ,&nbsp;He Yulong ,&nbsp;Lin Ying ,&nbsp;Zhang Xiao ,&nbsp;Liu Shuohua ,&nbsp;Chen Shuai ,&nbsp;Yao Shunbo","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As China's largest ecological restoration program, the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) aims to improve vegetation coverage and mitigate soil erosion<em>.</em> The policy change of lifting the planting limitations on forest species and providing equal subsidies would encourage farmers to plant more economic forests than ecological forests in the new round of SLCP. However, these changes might lead to uncertainties in revegetation risks in the future because the cost-effectiveness of planting different forest species for revegetation remains unknown. Therefore, we are to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of planting economic and ecological forests in Shaanxi Province, China. Since the implementation of the SLCP, greening trends in Shaanxi Province have increased. It takes approximately four years after afforestation to maximize its ecological benefits. The main investment effect of ecological forests on revegetation is significant and positive; however, the investment return of economic forests is less pronounced. Furthermore, the remarkable crowding-out effect indicates that more economic forest investments would reduce the marginal contribution of ecological forest's to revegetation. Finally, all financial funds invested in ecological forests would bring maximum ecological returns. Hence, policy changes would result in risks of degraded vegetation and a decrease in the efficiency of fiscal investment. The government should be cautious regarding the forestry policy changes in the new round of the SLCP and encourage farmers to select appropriate forest species for afforestation aimed at ecological goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 107580"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}