Adaptive resilience in wetlands: An integrative review of principles, research gaps, and ways forward for better adaptive management

Adaptive resilience is increasingly recognized as vital for managing socio-ecological systems, such as wetlands. The study examines wetland resilience through the lens of three key frameworks – engineering resilience, ecological resilience and complex adaptive resilience. This paper presents an integrative review to explore adaptive resilience in wetlands through five key objectives: identifying significant research trends and focus topics; uncovering research gaps; identifying major themes in the literature on wetland adaptive resilience; pinpointing critical principles necessary for the sustainability of wetland ecosystems; and analysing different resilience frameworks to propose an innovative approach to wetland management. The findings underscore climate change as a central factor influencing wetland resilience, closely linked to human activities. By synthesizing multidisciplinary insights, the study highlights the urgent need for practical, adaptive strategies to strengthen wetland resilience. Through an in-depth examination of resilience principles and framework elements, this research proposes a new integrated framework as a pathway for more effective wetland management.