Jintang Chen , Bingrong Liu , Shan Li , Benyan Jiang , Xuefei Wang , Wenxin Lu , Yuan Hu , Tianrong Wen , Yongheng Feng
{"title":"Actual supply-demand of the urban green space in a populous and highly developed city: Evidence based on mobile signal data in Guangzhou","authors":"Jintang Chen , Bingrong Liu , Shan Li , Benyan Jiang , Xuefei Wang , Wenxin Lu , Yuan Hu , Tianrong Wen , Yongheng Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112839","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112839","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rational assessment of the urban green space supply–demand relationship is crucial aspect to achieving Sustainable Development Goals. However, previous research predominantly focused on evaluative and indirect exposure calculations for the lack of precise geographic boundaries for urban green space and their refined visitation data. This has led to an evaluation of the supply–demand relationship that may deviate from the actual condition. In this study, the precise geographic boundaries, functional characteristics, and scale information of planned urban green space in Guangzhou were utilized. Then, the supply–demand relationship of urban green space was assessed using mobile signal data to capture real-time exposure. The results show that 20.8% of the urban green space in Guangzhou suffers from undersupply, which is especially pronounced in the central urban areas. The imbalance is more pronounced on weekends compared to weekdays, with 10.6% higher undersupply rates. In addition, the Gini for the monthly average of green space exposure is 0.71, indicating a highly unequal of green space exposure in Guangzhou. The real exposure inequality of urban green space in the central urban area is better than in the peripheral area. In particular, small-scale urban green space documents a more severe imbalance, and the exposure is significantly correlated with the scale of urban green space. Based on these findings, this study provides scientific recommendations for urban green space supply planning including scale, spatial arrangement, and indicator optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 112839"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Source-specific probabilistic health risk judgement of soil heavy metals in a typical resource-based town in North China","authors":"Yuqi Zhang , Bing Jiang , Zongjun Gao , Jiutan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112854","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112854","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The process of rapid urbanization has led to an increase in energy consumption and pollution emissions, posing a significant threat to the environment, as well as human life and health. This is particularly evident in resource-based cities and towns where factors of production rely heavily on unsustainable development patterns. It is imperative to establish an emergency response mechanism for high-priority risks. In this study, risk indices were used to analyze the characteristics of soil HM pollution. The Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) model and Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) model were used to assess the probabilistic health risks posed by HMs and were combined with the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model to identify the major sources contributing to these risks. The soil contamination and ecological risks were assessed to be at minimal levels, with Cd and Hg identified as the predominant contaminants. Probabilistic HHRA indicated that health risks were higher for children than for adults. Specifically, HMs present unacceptable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks with probabilities of 8.63% and 30.83% for children, respectively, while adults faced negligible non-carcinogenic risks and acceptable carcinogenic risks, both with a certainty of 100%. The PMF model identified five sources, including fuel combustion, agriculture, natural processes, transportation emissions, and processing and manufacturing. These sources were found to contribute insignificantly to non-carcinogenic risks for all populations but presented notable carcinogenic risks. Ni and Cr were identified as the leading elements contributing to health hazards, with transportation recognized as a priority anthropogenic source warranting regulatory attention. In this study, the assessment of pollution levels and health hazards mostly relied on HM concentrations, demonstrating a limited influence of toxicity. This research exemplifies the use of probabilistic risk assessment based on specific sources, which can offer new perspectives on the risk assessment of soil HMs in resource-dependent cities and towns as well as valuable insights into the development of risk prevention and control strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 112854"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Urban forest indicator assessment for nature-based solutions to connect biodiversity and people","authors":"Jinsuk Jeong, Chan-Ryul Park","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112843","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112843","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban forests are essential for supporting ecosystem functions that benefit both city residents and urban biodiversity. This study assessed urban forests through three key indicators—availability, accessibility, and connectivity—to create balanced, nature-based solutions for sustainable urban forest management. Availability serves as a straightforward and comparable criterion that provides resources for both humans and biodiversity in urban areas. However, accessibility and connectivity indicators exhibit distinct and sometimes contradictory characteristics, emphasizing the complexity of balancing human access with ecological continuity. At the practical management scale of urban forests, walking-based accessibility and the Integral Index of Connectivity emerged as particularly strong contrasting indicators, offering valuable insights for tailoring management strategies to local needs. These findings indicate the need to harmonize urban forest policies to meet the needs of both residents and urban biodiversity, ensuring the long-term health and resilience of urban ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 112843"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xihan Yao , Shan Jin , Zhuohui Zhao , Ranhao Sun , Chunfang Wang , Zhaowu Yu
{"title":"A novel integrated socio-ecological-economic index for assessing heat health risk","authors":"Xihan Yao , Shan Jin , Zhuohui Zhao , Ranhao Sun , Chunfang Wang , Zhaowu Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112840","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112840","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extreme heat events caused by climate change and rapid urbanization are major environmental issues affecting the health of urban populations, especially in metropolitan areas. However, few studies have employed a systematic risk assessment model to delineate heat health risk (HHR) in rapidly urbanizing metropolitan areas at a finer resolution, and rare studies have used epidemiological approaches for validation, as mortality is typically considered the most crucial indicator for assessing health impact. Here, a novel integrated socio-ecological-economic index (SEEI) was used to analyze the spatial distribution and evolution of HHR with a neighborhood resolution in Shanghai from 2000 to 2020, and four heat-related mortality indicators were applied to validate. The results showed that (1) the spatial distribution of the SEEI in Shanghai exhibited significant differences between urban and suburban areas, with the main urban areas having an average SEEI 2–3 times higher than suburban areas. (2) Overall, the SEEI peaked in 2010 and declined in 2020, with very high-risk neighborhoods decreasing from seven in 2000 to none in 2020. However, there was a slight trend towards a wider range of moderate-risk neighborhoods. (3) The heat-related mortality indicators exhibited significant correlations with SEEI, demonstrating the reliability of the SEEI as also confirmed by sensitivity analysis. The SEEI used in this study can provide a basis for decision-making for Shanghai as well as similar metropolitan areas to prevent extreme heat events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 112840"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jianghong Wu , Mengxiu Zeng , Yunfeng Liu , Cheng Zhu , Yongqiu Wu , Xinyi Mao , Nengjing Wang , Xiaolu Wang , Jiasheng Wang , Zhangrong Wu
{"title":"Drivers of prehistoric cultural evolution in the Chengdu Plain: Fire events and environmental changes during the middle and late Holocene","authors":"Jianghong Wu , Mengxiu Zeng , Yunfeng Liu , Cheng Zhu , Yongqiu Wu , Xinyi Mao , Nengjing Wang , Xiaolu Wang , Jiasheng Wang , Zhangrong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112833","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112833","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Chengdu Plain (CDP), located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and recognized as one of the cradles of ancient Chinese civilization, is closely associated with the ancient Shu culture. While previous studies have extensively explored the relationship between environmental disasters and cultural evolution in the CDP, the impact of paleofire events remains insufficiently examined. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of charcoal particles across various size (0–30, 30–50, 50–125, and > 125 μm) from sediment samples collected at the Baodun and Majie sites in the CDP. Key findings include: (1) Minimal paleofire activity is evident between 6200 and 5100 cal. a BP, aligning with low levels of human occupation. After 5100 cal. a BP, anthropogenic fire activity notably increased, associated with practices such as slash-and-burn agriculture, pottery production, bronze smelting, ritual activities, warfare, and social conflicts. (2) Large-scale fires corresponded closely with abrupt climatic shifts. An expansion of herbaceous vegetation likely contributed to heightened fire frequencies, particularly of local fires after 4500 cal. a BP, indicating that climatic conditions significantly influenced fire regimes alongside changing vegetation patterns. (3) High charcoal concentrations in the late phases of earlier cultural periods correlate with later settlements located at higher elevations and greater distances from rivers. Shifts in settlement orientation, with eastern-facing settlements showing lower average charcoal concentrations and westward-facing settlements exhibiting increased charcoal deposition, suggest changes in fire exposure related to settlement locating choices. (4) The decline of the Sanxingdui and Jinsha-Shierqiao cultures appears to be primarily driven by natural disasters, rather than solely by climate-induced environmental changes. However, in other periods, a strong correlation between climatic fluctuations and cultural transitions underscores the complex interplay between environmental dynamics and human adaptation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 112833"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tatiana A. Shestakova , Brendan M. Rogers , Brendan Mackey , Sonia Hugh , Patrick Norman , Elena A. Kukavskaya
{"title":"Tracking ecosystem stability across boreal Siberia","authors":"Tatiana A. Shestakova , Brendan M. Rogers , Brendan Mackey , Sonia Hugh , Patrick Norman , Elena A. Kukavskaya","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112841","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112841","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forests around the world are under immense pressure from human land use and climate change. Old-growth and primary forests have been degraded in recent decades, yet are generally more resilient and resistant to climate change effects compared to human-modified forests. Nowhere is this more evident than in Russian Siberia, which contains almost one-fifth of the world’s forest area and has been subjected to a variety of land uses and disturbances since the mid-20th century. Although a number of related geospatial products exist, there are no large-scale maps of old-growth and primary forests across Siberia. However, remotely sensed metrics of forest stability have been shown to relate to old-growth and primary forests in tropical and boreal environments. Here we apply stability indices from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors across boreal Siberia from 2003 to 2020. Our results indicate that forests in the central and southern taiga contain most areas of high stability, but also distinct zones of disturbance and low stability. We identified three regions with particularly low forest stability: (i) the Zabaikal region in southern Siberia, (ii) a portion of the central taiga spanning the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), and (iii) the West Siberian lowlands. This approach can be used to monitor Siberian boreal forest condition, and could be applied to other boreal forested regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 112841"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenjie Chen , Yong Lei , Long Qi , Jiaxuan Zheng , Guoru Huang , Huilin Wang
{"title":"Understanding the evolution trend of urban flood risk and resilience for better flood management","authors":"Wenjie Chen , Yong Lei , Long Qi , Jiaxuan Zheng , Guoru Huang , Huilin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112829","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Pearl River Delta (PRD) has undergone rapid urbanization over the past three decades, leading to significant changes in urban flood risk and resilience. This study addresses the critical need to understand evolution trend of urban flood risk and resilience in the PRD for both pre-urbanization (1990) and post-urbanization (2020) periods. Using 12 indices integrated within the different frameworks, the spatial and temporal evolution of risk and resilience over the past 30 years are analyze. Six new evaluative indicators are introduced to capture spatial characteristics and their evolutionary trends more accurately. Findings reveal the spatial distribution of urban flood risk and resilience. And the results further indicate that high-risk and low-resilience areas have expanded, become more interconnected, and exhibited increased fragmentation and complexity, while spatial aggregation has decreased. High-risk areas particularly show a trend of spreading southward, whereas low-resilience areas have remained relatively stable. Strategies involving green infrastructure to reduce the interconnection of flood risk patches, urban planning to limit the expansion of risk regions, and adaptive management to handle the complexity of flood-prone areas are proposed. This study provides insights into the spatiotemporal evolution of flood risk and resilience, offering valuable guidance for urban planners and policymakers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 112829"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hao Su , Mingxi Du , Qiuyu Liu , Xiang Kang , Li Zhao , Wei Zheng , Ziyan Liao
{"title":"Assessment of regional Ecosystem Service Bundles coupling climate and land use changes","authors":"Hao Su , Mingxi Du , Qiuyu Liu , Xiang Kang , Li Zhao , Wei Zheng , Ziyan Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Escalating land use and cover change (LUCC) trends and intensifying impacts of climate change have brought about a global decline in ecosystem services (ESs). Historical and current ES Bundles (ESBs) are usually investigated as representative of ES capacities. However, whether the coupling impact of future climate and LUCCs on regional ESBs will be facilitated or inhibited is still unclear. Here, we evaluate and simulate the ESBs of Shaanxi Province, a typical region of Northwest China, from 2000 to 2050. We find that future land use patterns are characterized by the incremental amount of ecological land area and construction land, while arable land faces a significant decline. Moreover, we observe trade-offs in water-related ES pairs due to precipitation latitudinal zonation and topography, while other ESs exhibit synergistic relationships. As climate and land use changes intensify, the transformation probability among ecological and barren ESBs becomes progressively stronger. We recommend focusing on ES interactions and the comprehensive rehabilitation of regional ESs to improve the ESBs of ecologically fragile and urbanized areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 112844"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haitao Chen , Chengcheng Wang , Qiuru Ren , Xia Liu , Jiaxue Ren , Gelin Kang , Yuqiu Wang
{"title":"Long-term water quality dynamics and trend assessment reveal the effectiveness of ecological compensation: Insights from China’s first cross-provincial compensation watershed","authors":"Haitao Chen , Chengcheng Wang , Qiuru Ren , Xia Liu , Jiaxue Ren , Gelin Kang , Yuqiu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112853","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112853","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the global adoption of watershed Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) to enhance water quality, their effectiveness in achieving improvements remains inadequately assessed. This study employed the Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season (WRTDS) model to evaluate water quality changes in China’s first cross-provincial Ecological Compensation (EC) watershed from 2000 to 2020, and to determine the impact of human interventions and climate change. Results showed that the WRTDS model accurately predicted concentrations and loads of TN, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, COD<sub>Mn</sub>, and TP, while human interventions, including WWTPs construction and EC measures, have improved water quality to varying extents. Specifically, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> concentrations rose sharply from 2000 to 2008 but decreased during the EC period, indicating effective wastewater treatment. However, TN concentrations continued to rise, and TP levels did not significantly decrease, probably due to the accumulation legacy N and P in soil and groundwater. Moreover, COD<sub>Mn</sub> concentrations exhibited a steady increased from 2000 to 2020. These trends collectively suggest that point source pollution controls are effective, while non-point source pollution, particularly legacy sources, remains a considerable challenge. In addition, water quality variations under different climate conditions reveal the diversity of potential pollution sources, while extreme precipitation events potentially increasing TN, COD<sub>Mn</sub>, and TP concentrations. Overall, the WRTDS model effectively evaluates the watershed EC programmes, identifies long-term water quality trends and potential sources, and offers valuable insights for optimizing pollution control strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 112853"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rongqin Yang , Zhenxia Mu , Rui Gao , Mianting Huang , Shikang Zhao
{"title":"Interactions between ecosystem services and their causal relationships with driving factors: A case study of the Tarim River Basin, China","authors":"Rongqin Yang , Zhenxia Mu , Rui Gao , Mianting Huang , Shikang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112810","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112810","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clarifying different ecosystem service (ES) interactions and their primary driving factors is essential for effective ecosystem management. Grassland degradation, interrupted river flow, and intensified human activities pose serious threats to the ESs of the Tarim River Basin (TRB). However, there is insufficient research on the between ES interactions and their causal relationships with drivers in the TRB. Therefore, this study measured four key ESs in the TRB: water yield (WY), carbon sequestration (CS), soil conservation (SC), and habitat quality (HQ). Correlation analysis and bivariate local spatial autocorrelation were employed to uncover trade-offs and synergies between different ESs from both holistic and spatial perspectives and ES bundles were identified using self-organizing maps. Geographic convergent cross-mapping was utilized to investigate the cause-and-effect relationships between ESs and their influences, pinpointing the main drivers. The findings revealed that: (1) from 2000 to 2020, WY and SC decreased, whereas CS increased markedly. HQ initially declined but then improved, with an overall insignificant change. Spatially, low-value ES regions were in the central and eastern desert areas, high WY and SC values occurred in mountainous regions, and high CS and HQ values were found in oases and mountainous areas;<!--> <!-->(2) ESs exhibited significant synergy throughout the watershed. Spatially, trade-offs and synergies coexisted, with high-high synergy predominating in mountainous regions and low-low synergy occurring primarily in the central and eastern desert areas. Trade-off effects were limited, mainly occurring in oases and parts of the Kunlun Mountains. ES bundles exhibited signs of change or deterioration, and the CS regulation bundle and WY supply bundle in particular face degradation risks; (3) the dominant direction of bidirectional asymmetric causality differed across ESs and drivers. Overall, the dominant direction of WY and drivers was that WY influenced drivers (WY → drivers), whereas SC was typically influenced by drivers (drivers → SC). The dominant orientation of CS and HQ concerning drivers is that natural factors influenced these ESs (natural factors → ESs), while human factors were influenced by ESs (ESs → human factors).<!--> <!-->The main drivers for WY and SC were precipitation, temperature, potential evapotranspiration, and elevation. The main drivers for CS and HQ were land use intensity, followed by precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and temperature. The results of this study provide a reference for the conservation and management of ESs in the TRB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 112810"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}