Early human development最新文献

{"title":"Therapeutic hypothermia in mild hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: A clinical dilemma with uncertain long-term outcomes","authors":"Ceyda Acun ,&nbsp;Rakesh Lavu ,&nbsp;Wei Liu ,&nbsp;Nicholas Nicoletti ,&nbsp;Jennifer Ramsey ,&nbsp;Hany Aly","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate short-term and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18–24 months in infants with mild hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) treated with therapeutic hypothermia (TH), a population with limited long-term outcome data.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>We conducted a retrospective cohort study of neonates ≥36 weeks gestational age (GA) diagnosed with mild HIE and treated with TH at a single center from March 2017 to February 2022. Neonates with severe congenital malformations or chromosomal anomalies were excluded. Data were extracted from medical charts of eligible neonates and their mothers. Outcomes assessed included short-term measures (neuroimaging findings, seizure incidence, length of hospital stay (LOS), and background electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities) and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes (Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development) at 18–24 months or pediatrician-documented developmental delays.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the 64 infants meeting inclusion criteria, 17 (27 %) had MRI findings consistent with HIE, and 8 (13 %) experienced seizures. Long-term outcome data were available for 57 (89 %); of whom 9 (16 %) had abnormal outcomes. Among the 39 infants who underwent Bayley assessment at 22 ± 2 months, 6 (15 %) scored &lt;85 in language, cognitive, or motor domains. Of the 17 infants without Bayley assessment but with pediatrician follow-up, 3 (18 %) had documented developmental delays.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Although TH is increasingly applied to mild HIE, evidence on long-term benefit remains scarce. In our cohort, infants with mild HIE treated with TH exhibited seizures, MRI abnormalities, and developmental impairments, underscoring the persistent risk of morbidity. These findings highlight the limited outcome data available and the urgent need for well designed prospective studies to clarify the role of TH in mild HIE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106427"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145408183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep variability and learning outcomes in preterm and full-term children: An observational study","authors":"Yusuke Mitani ,&nbsp;Yuko Yoshimura ,&nbsp;Shinichiro Mizutomi ,&nbsp;Tetsujiro Shirahashi ,&nbsp;Hidenori Iwasaki ,&nbsp;Ikuko Hama ,&nbsp;Takashi Ikeda ,&nbsp;Sanae Tanaka ,&nbsp;Chiaki Hasegawa ,&nbsp;Hidenobu Ohta ,&nbsp;Akiko Ando ,&nbsp;Kazutoshi Cho ,&nbsp;Mitsuru Kikuchi ,&nbsp;Taizo Wada","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Advances in perinatal care have improved survival rates of preterm infants; however, concerns regarding their neurodevelopmental outcomes persist. This study investigates the relationship between intraindividual variability (IIV) in sleep duration and crystallized intelligence in very low birth weight (VLBW) children at the preschool stage. This study had 38 participants, including 18 VLBW children and 20 full-term children aged 5 to 6 years. Sleep duration was assessed using actigraphy and sleep diaries, while crystallized intelligence was evaluated using the Achievement Scale (ACH) of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC). Statistical analyses, including correlation and multiple regression analyses, were conducted to examine the effect of preterm birth on the relationship between sleep variability and learning outcomes. The results revealed that sleep duration IIV adversely affected ACH scores of preterm children but had no impact on those of full-term children. In multiple regression analysis, the interaction term between sleep variability and preterm birth significantly predicted ACH scores (<em>p</em> = 0.032), suggesting that early childhood learning in preterm children is more vulnerable to the effects of sleep instability. Additionally, among VLBW children, older age was associated with lower ACH scores, implying that learning difficulties may become more pronounced with age. These results show the potential role of sleep regulatory mechanisms in cognitive development. The findings show the importance of monitoring and supporting healthy sleep habits in preterm children to mitigate potential learning difficulties. Early interventions targeting sleep stability may play a critical role in improving academic performance in this high-risk population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106413"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145415003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutritional status of Egyptian children with cow's milk allergy: A case-control study","authors":"Mohammed Gamal ,&nbsp;Ahmed Adel Fathy Mohamed ,&nbsp;Khaled Amin Nasef Ahmed ,&nbsp;Zakaria Elkhayat","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate Egyptian children's anthropometric measures, hematological parameters, and nutritional indicators with cow's milk allergy (CMA) compared to healthy controls and assessed if these variables had gender-specific relationships.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>We included children with clinically evidenced CMA non-IgE-mediated histories of CM sensitivity and its protein fractions and positive CM results in the challenge test as the case group, while healthy children without any food allergies were controls. Patients' demographics, clinical characteristics, anthropometric measures, hematological parameters, and dietary intake were collected and assessed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This study involved 102 children with CMA and 100 controls, aged 4.62 to 8.5 years. While 72.5 % of CMA children had normal heights, 61.8 % had impaired weight, and 49 % had a low BMI. CMA children showed significant reductions in iron levels associated with decreases in hematological parameters. CMA children had significantly deficient calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D levels compared to controls, but there were non-significant differences regarding phosphate and zinc levels. The CMA group revealed significant anthropometric indicators differences between males and females and significant differences between genders in the deficient levels of Hb, mean corpuscular volume, calcium, zinc, and vitamin D, while no significant differences between the deficient levels of iron and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. The logistic regression demonstrated that none of the studied factors had predictive potential for distinguishing between CMA patients and control participants.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Children with CMA exhibited impaired growth and significantly reduced hematological parameters and nutrients, emphasizing the importance of individualized nutritional monitoring to ensure adequate nutrient intake and proper growth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106400"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145400092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parental perceptions of academic competence following extremely preterm birth","authors":"Kaitlyn Corso ,&nbsp;Peter J. Anderson ,&nbsp;Michael Takagi ,&nbsp;Alice Burnett ,&nbsp;Deanne K. Thompson ,&nbsp;Lex W. Doyle ,&nbsp;Jeanie Cheong ,&nbsp;Leona Pascoe ,&nbsp;Simonne E. Collins","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Children born extremely preterm (EP) and/or extremely low birthweight (ELBW) face increased risk of academic difficulties and gaps exist in providing educational support. Parental perceptions of academic competence influence educational support access; however, little is known about parental perceptions in the EP/ELBW population.</div></div><div><h3>Aims</h3><div>To 1) examine parental perceptions of academic competence in children born EP/ELBW and full-term/normal birthweight (FT/NBW) at 6–7 and 17–18 years; 2) characterise the relationship between perceived competence and educational support access; and 3) explore factors associated with parental perceptions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Participants surveyed from two cohorts within the Victorian Infant Collaborative Study, including parents of 71 EP/ELBW and 76 FT/NBW children aged 6–7 years, and parents of 28 EP/ELBW and 34 FT/NBW adolescents aged 17–18 years. Parents completed the Academic Competence subscale of the MacArthur Health and Behaviour Questionnaire and reported on educational support access.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Parents of EP/ELBW children rated their children's overall academic competence below parents of FT/NBW children (6–7 years: standardised mean difference [SMD] = −0.92, 95 % CI [−1.35, −0.50]; 17–18 years: SMD = −0.73, 95 % CI [−1.41, −0.05]), with differences observed across core and non-core academic subjects. Lower parental perceptions were associated with increased school-based educational support, particularly for those born EP/ELBW (6–7 years: OR = 0.38, 95 % CI 0.22, 0.67; 17–18 years: OR = 0.42, 95 % CI 0.19, 0.91), but not external support access.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Understanding parental perceptions of academic competence in children born EP/ELBW provides insight for supporting families during educational transitions and ensuring appropriate educational support access.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106408"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145450592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the neurological impact of prematurity: Shared mechanisms in periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and hydrocephalus","authors":"Oludamilola Adeshina ,&nbsp;Tara P. Menon ,&nbsp;Ayushi Ambekar ,&nbsp;Collin Tanchanco ,&nbsp;Jordan Darden","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The earlier a baby is born, the greater the risk for developing complications, particularly relating to the development of the brain and neurological development. Common conditions seen with premature infants are periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), also known as white matter injury, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and hydrocephalus. These conditions may result in varying degrees of structural damage to the brain parenchyma. This paper aims to discuss the shared pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical presentation, and current treatment approaches for PVL, IVH and hydrocephalus in premature infants with a focus on future research directions at improving neurodevelopmental outcomes. While the basic science continues to evolve rapidly, it is essential that future work prioritizes clinical translatability. Our review highlights an urgent need for therapies that balance efficacy and safety in these vulnerable patient populations. Collaborative efforts between clinicians and researchers will be vital to bridge this gap and ultimately improve outcomes for preterm infants affected by PVL, IVH, and hydrocephalus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106435"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145450541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A scoping review of responsive caregiving in diverse populations and its association with child development","authors":"Eunice Lobo ,&nbsp;Sandeep Mahapatra ,&nbsp;Joshua Jeong ,&nbsp;Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu ,&nbsp;Prashanth Nuggehalli Srinivas ,&nbsp;Debarati Mukherjee ,&nbsp;Onno C.P. van Schayck","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Responsive caregiving is a key component of nurturing care and crucial for early child development. While responsive caregiving has been examined in multiple studies, a comprehensive review summarizing findings from these studies across diverse caregiver, child, cultural, and socio-economic contexts is currently lacking.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a scoping review to synthesize evidence on (1) caregiver, child, and contextual factors influencing responsive caregiving and (2) association between responsive caregiving and children's neurodevelopment and mental health. We included peer-reviewed English articles describing responsive caregiving for children aged 0–8 years. Articles were systematically searched in PubMed, Web of Science, APA PsychInfo, APA PsycArticles, SocINDEX, Google Scholar, and the reference lists of included articles. Relevant data were extracted, collated, and synthesized into descriptive summaries and associations with children's development.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We retrieved 7412 unique studies for title/abstract screening and 541 full-texts were screened and 138 studies met the inclusion criteria. Caregiver characteristics, including caregiver type, maternal health, and demographics, influenced responsive caregiving, with notable differences between mothers and fathers. Child-level factors, such as developmental disabilities, age, term or preterm birth status, and gender, also shaped responsive caregiving. Cultural context and socio-economic status also influenced responsive caregiving across populations. Language development was the most frequently reported with responsive caregiving.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This scoping review maps how caregiver, child, and contextual factors influence responsive caregiving. Significant gaps remain in understanding caregiving in the under-researched Global South settings. Policymakers and practitioners should consider socio-cultural contexts, along with the pathways and mechanisms, when designing inclusive interventions that strengthen caregiving and support child development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106424"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145369778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In utero lead exposure and auditory neural myelination in premature infants","authors":"Radhika S. Amin ,&nbsp;Mark S. Orlando ,&nbsp;Sanjiv B. Amin","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In studies of term infants, in-utero low level lead exposure was associated with developmental neurotoxicity, including abnormal auditory neural myelination (ANM). However, this association has not been well-studied in premature infants who may be more susceptible to lead associated developmental neurotoxicity.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>To evaluate if low level in-utero lead exposure is associated with developmental neurotoxicity as evaluated by ANM in premature infants.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A prospective observational study was performed in singleton infants 24–33 weeks gestational age (GA). Cord blood lead level was measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Auditory brainstem evoked response (ABR) was performed in each ear at 35 weeks post-menstrual age (PMA) to evaluate inter-peak latencies (IPL), a measure of ANM.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 103 infants were studied. The mean (standard deviation) GA was 29.3 (1.8) weeks. The mean (range) cord blood lead level was 0.54 (0.065–5.30) ug/dL. On multiple linear regression analyses, controlling for confounders, cord lead levels were not associated (p &gt; 0.05) with right ear IPLs (beta coefficients, 95 % confidence intervals): I-III (−0.001, −0.014–0.012), III-V (0.005, −0.007–0.018), or I-V (0.002, −0.015–0.020). There was also no association (p &gt; 0.05) with left ear IPLs: I-III (−0.002, −0.017–0.012), III-V (−0.003, −0.015–0.008), or I-V (−0.006, −0.026–0.013).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our findings suggest that in-utero low level lead exposure of ≤5.30 μg/dL is not associated with adverse effects on ANM when evaluated at 35 weeks PMA in infants ≤33 weeks GA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106425"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145415005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extreme temperature and preterm birth: Time windows and geographical disparities","authors":"Meng-Wei Ge ,&nbsp;Wei Du ,&nbsp;Lu-Ting Shen ,&nbsp;Ur-Rehman Attiq ,&nbsp;Wei Li ,&nbsp;Xi-Yuan Peng ,&nbsp;Li Shi ,&nbsp;Juan Miao ,&nbsp;Rui Feng ,&nbsp;Kang Zhong ,&nbsp;Si-Qi Gao ,&nbsp;Hong-Lin Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To thoroughly explore how exposure to heat or cold influences the preterm birth (PTB) risk in different time windows.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Embase, Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus were systematically searched for studies about the association of abnormal temperature exposure and PTB risk from inception to March 2025. Corresponding data like the time window of temperature exposure, temperature, and PTB prevalence etc. were extracted. A random effects model was employed to merge effect estimates (risk ratios, RR) in the statistical analysis, stratified by temperature percentile and exposure time window, and a total of six independent meta-analyses were performed. This research was carried out and documented in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This study incorporated 32 studies. High temperatures within one week before delivery significantly increased PTB risk (RR = 1.05, 95 % CI: 1.02–1.08), particularly in subtropical regions (RR = 1.09, 95 % CI: 1.01–1.18), developing countries (RR = 1.06, 95 %CI: 1.01–1.12), and prospective studies (RR = 1.23, 95 % CI: 1.02, 1.49). For exposure windows of 1–4 weeks before delivery, a positive association was found (RR = 1.07, 95 % CI: 1.02–1.12), with subtropical regions at highest risk (RR = 1.10, 95 % CI: 1.01–1.20). Exposure beyond four weeks before delivery also increased PTB risk (RR = 1.20, 95 % CI: 1.00–1.44). Cold exposure did not significantly increase PTB risk, but did so more than four weeks (RR = 1.21, 95 % CI: 1.05–1.39).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study indicates that prenatal high-temperature exposure is associated with an elevated risk of preterm birth, particularly during early pregnancy and in subtropical climates. The impact of cold exposure on PTB is unclear, but highlights the need for climate-resilient prenatal care amid global warming, including heat health warnings and cooling aid. This evidence is vital for tackling climate change's health risks to mothers and infants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106426"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145415004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neopterin as a marker of congenital cytomegalovirus infection","authors":"Aleksandra Pietrzyk ,&nbsp;Justyna Czech-Kowalska ,&nbsp;Michał Zarzecki ,&nbsp;Agata Leśniewska ,&nbsp;Agata Pleskaczyńska ,&nbsp;Ewa Kowalska-Ciszek ,&nbsp;Katarzyna Patla ,&nbsp;Joanna Klimiuk-Balas ,&nbsp;Dariusz Gruszfeld","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and aims</h3><div>Neopterin is a marker of cellular immune activation during viral and parasitic infections, with levels typically declining during treatment. Elevated neopterin levels have been observed in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with neuroinfections. This prospective case-control study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of neopterin concentrations in body fluids in congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Neopterin concentrations were measured in serum, urine and CSF of neonates with confirmed cCMV and compared with a control group. Clinical and audiological examination, biochemical tests, neuroimaging, viral loud in blood and urine and CMV DNA in CSF were performed at baseline and during treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study group included 58 infants with cCMV (45 (78 %) symptomatic). There were higher baseline neopterin concentrations in the study group than in the control group. Baseline serum neopterin concentrations were higher in infants with intrauterine growth restriction, microcephaly, hepatosplenomegaly, petechiae and with hearing loss. There were higher neopterin concentrations in CSF in infants with clinical symptoms, hearing loss, and those with neuroimaging abnormalities. Neopterin concentrations in body fluids demonstrated good discriminatory ability as a diagnostic marker for cCMV, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) values of 0. 977 for CSF, 0.895 for serum and 0.87 for urine. Neopterin concentrations were decreasing during treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Serum neopterin concentration may serve as an diagnostic marker reflecting disease severity and can be useful for monitoring the effectiveness of the antiviral treatment. Neopterin concentration in CSF indicates the role of the local immune response of CNS injury.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 106399"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145198802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between cardiorespiratory fitness, activity behavior, physical literacy and parental sports participation in children with a critical congenital heart disease","authors":"J.J. Noordstar ,&nbsp;M.C.A. Sprong ,&nbsp;F.C. Lenderink ,&nbsp;M.G. Slieker ,&nbsp;E.H.J. Hulzebos ,&nbsp;T. Takken","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study investigated associations between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), activity behavior (i.e. physical activity and sports participation), physical literacy (motivation, confidence, knowledge and understanding), and parental sports participation in children with critical congenital heart disease (CCHD), and explore differences in children with a single ventricle physiology (SVP) and children with biventricular physiology (BVP).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Ninety children with CCHD (median age 10.0 [7.0–13.0] years) participated in this prospective observational study. CRF was measured through cardiopulmonary exercise testing (VO₂peak). Activity behavior, physical literacy, and parental sports participation were assessed using validated questionnaires.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>CRF was moderately associated with physical activity (<em>r</em> = 0.36, <em>p</em> &lt; .001) and weakly associated with motivation and confidence (<em>r</em> = 0.25, <em>p</em> = .019). No association was found between CRF and sports participation. Children's sports participation was positively associated with maternal (<em>r</em> = 0.23, <em>p</em> = .034) and paternal (r = 0.23, <em>p</em> = .042) sports participation, as well as with motivation and confidence (<em>r</em> = 0.28, <em>p</em> = .009). Children with a SVP (<em>n</em> = 11) had significantly lower CRF than those with BVP (<em>n</em> = 79) (<em>p</em> &lt; .001). No other differences were found between children with a SVP and children with a BVP.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>CRF is positively associated with physical activity, motivation and confidence in children with CCHD. Additionally, parental sports participation is associated with children's sports participation. These findings suggest integrating a physical literacy and family-centered approach in interventions aimed to enhance CRF in children with CCHD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 106397"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145148430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}