Early human development最新文献

{"title":"Crying behavior and emotional-behavioral outcomes in high-risk very preterm infants: A prospective cohort study","authors":"Babette Steigelmann ,&nbsp;Nienke H. Van Dokkum ,&nbsp;Arend F. Bos ,&nbsp;Elisabeth M.W. Kooi ,&nbsp;Kirsten R. Heineman","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Regulatory problems (RPs), including excessive crying (EC), sleeping, and feeding difficulties, affect 5–20 % of infants. Their association with later behavioral and emotional problems remains unclear, particularly in preterm populations at elevated neurodevelopmental risk.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This prospective observational study included 329 high-risk very preterm infants (gestational age &lt;30 weeks and/or birthweight &lt;1000 g). Parental reports of crying behavior (hours/day) were collected at three and six months corrected age. Emotional and behavioral outcomes were assessed using the Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA) at 12 months and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) at 24 months. Univariable and multivariable linear regressions were conducted, correcting for perinatal risk factors and maternal trait anxiety.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 329 infants (56 % male; mean gestational age 28 weeks), 42 (13 %) exhibited EC (≥3 h/day) at three months of age. Crying behavior was associated with higher BITSEA problem scores in univariable analysis (<em>β</em> = 0.187, <em>p</em> = 0.009), but not in multivariable analysis (<em>β</em> = 0.157, <em>p</em> = 0.215). No significant associations were observed between crying behavior and CBCL internalizing or externalizing scores in univariable (<em>β</em> = 0.066, <em>p</em> = 0.459; <em>β</em> = 0.038, <em>p</em> = 0.672) or multivariable analysis (<em>β</em> = 0.301, <em>p</em> = 0.052; <em>β</em> = 0.202, <em>p</em> = 0.222). Maternal trait anxiety was significantly associated with higher BITSEA problem scores (<em>β</em> = 0.353, <em>p</em> = 0.006).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In very preterm infants, crying behavior was not associated with emotional or behavioral problems, offering reassurance to families. Further studies should explore its influence on other developmental domains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106326"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prenatal exercise regulates influence of parental body mass index on birth outcomes","authors":"Alex Claiborne ,&nbsp;Filip Jevtovic ,&nbsp;Ericka M. Biagioni ,&nbsp;Breanna Wisseman ,&nbsp;Dylan Steen ,&nbsp;Kara Kern ,&nbsp;Brittany Roenker ,&nbsp;Lindsey Rossa ,&nbsp;Caitlyn Ollmann ,&nbsp;James Devente ,&nbsp;Perrie F. O'tierney-Ginn ,&nbsp;Tomoko Kaneko-Tarui ,&nbsp;George A. Kelley ,&nbsp;Joseph A. Houmard ,&nbsp;Nicholas T. Broskey ,&nbsp;Linda E. May","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Offspring body mass index is often higher in parents with overweight or obesity, thereby increasing the risk of obesity later in life. As data has shown that exercise during pregnancy reduces gestational weight gain and offspring adiposity, we believe the intergenerational risk of obesity could be reduced.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to test the influence of paternal and maternal overweight or obesity on neonatal body mass index and other birth measures, and whether exercise during pregnancy would improve outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Prenatal exercise (aerobic, resistance, or combination) was provided as a supervised exercise intervention throughout pregnancy. Pre-pregnancy body mass index was reported by mothers and fathers at enrollment. Gestational age (GA), neonatal resting heart rate (rHR), morphometrics (body circumferences, weight-to-length, body mass index), Apgar, and reflex scores were obtained at birth. Independent samples <em>t</em>-tests assessed the effect of exercise, while one-way ANOVA was used to detect group differences. Pearson product-moment correlations tested the intergenerational relationship of body mass index.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Birth outcomes were obtained for 220 women (CON: 62, AE: 68, RE: 39, AERE: 51). Women participated in exercise for an average of 17 weeks during pregnancy. Birth weight tended to be higher in offspring born to 1 or 2 parents with overweight or obesity (<em>p</em> = .07), thereby increasing birth weight-length ratio (<em>p</em> = .05). BMI was reduced for neonates born to exercising mothers (<em>p</em> = .08) and fathers with OB.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These data suggest exercise during pregnancy could prevent the intergenerational cycle of obesity from parent to offspring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106313"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144489569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antenatal corticosteroid exposure and neonatal outcomes in term infants","authors":"Hao-Wei Chung ,&nbsp;Chia-Hung Yu ,&nbsp;Chiao-Yun Huang ,&nbsp;Fu-Wen Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) are widely used to mitigate respiratory distress in preterm infants. Although the benefits of ACS in preterm births are well established, less is known about the short-term neonatal risks when ACS is administered during pregnancies that result in term delivery. Additionally, the impact of gestational age at the time of ACS exposure in this population remains unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>To evaluate the association between ACS exposure and short-term neonatal outcomes in term-born singleton infants, and further assess outcome variation by gestational age at exposure.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>This retrospective, population-based cohort study used data from the Taiwan Maternal and Child Health Database and the National Health Insurance Research Database to compare term-born singleton infants exposed to ACS for threatened preterm labor with those unexposed, whose mothers had no diagnosis of preterm labor and no recorded ACS administration. Neonatal outcomes were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 800,024 term births, 5577 (0.6 %) were exposed to ACS due to preterm labor. ACS-exposed infants had higher rates of SGA, CPAP, oxygen use, NICU admission, sepsis, hypoglycemia, TTNB, and jaundice (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). Adjusted analyses revealed higher odds of SGA (aOR 1.30; 95 % CI 1.20–1.41), NICU admission (aOR 1.16; 95 % CI 0.99–1.36), and hyperbilirubinemia (aOR 1.49; 95 % CI 1.38–1.61) in the exposed group. Exposure between 28 and 33 weeks was associated with increased odds of oxygen therapy (aOR 1.42; 95 % CI 1.21–1.67) and TTNB (aOR 1.40; 95 % CI 1.00–1.94).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>ACS exposure is associated with increased risks of short-term neonatal complications among term-born infants, especially when exposure between 28 and 33 weeks' gestation. Even when pregnancies end in term delivery, ACS exposure may still increase neonatal morbidity risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106325"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144471202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of 2D:4D digit ratios in patients with Hashimoto's and Graves' diseases: A systematic review","authors":"Tuba Güner Emül ,&nbsp;Emine Kaplan Serin ,&nbsp;Özlem Elvan","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This systematic review includes three descriptive studies that investigated the relationship between biological markers such as the 2D:4D digit ratio and morphological femininity and thyroid diseases. Two of the studies involved only female participants, while one included both males and females. Participants ranged in age from 20 to 80, and all studies applied inclusion criteria such as being of the same ethnic origin and having no history of hand or finger injuries. The studies suggest that autoimmune thyroid disorders like Hashimotos thyroiditis and Graves' disease may be associated with prenatal exposure to sex hormones. A higher 2D:4D ratio is considered indicative of greater prenatal estrogen exposure, whereas a lower ratio reflects higher testosterone exposure. Individuals with Hashimoto's thyroiditis were found to have significantly higher 2D:4D ratios compared to healthy controls, while those with Graves' disease had lower ratios. Differences in the right-hand 2D:4D ratio were more pronounced than those in the left hand. One study also found a positive correlation between morphological femininity and the severity of Hashimoto's disease, as measured by TPOAb levels. These findings indicate that hormonal influences during prenatal and adolescent periods may have lasting effects on the immune system and thyroid function. However, all studies included in this review are descriptive in nature, and thus, the results are correlational rather than causal. Further prospective studies and systematic reviews are needed to better understand these associations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106323"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of eating behaviors and parental feeding attitudes with weight-for-height Z score in children aged 0–2 years","authors":"Lina Lv,&nbsp;Xin Xu,&nbsp;Ye Qi,&nbsp;Shasha Wang,&nbsp;Liuyan Zhu,&nbsp;Jie Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this study was to develop a questionnaire suitable for the 0–2 years old children with feeding problems in pediatric outpatient clinics and to investigate the association of eating behaviors and parental feeding attitudes with weight-for-height Z score (WHZ). We developed the questionnaire of Children's eating behaviors and Parental feeding attitudes (CEB-PFA), including 7 subscales with Eating behaviors, Picky eating, Food texture, Parental psychology, Feeding behaviors, Feeding knowledge, and Family factors, which was completed by parents of children aged 0–2 years in pediatric clinics. We conducted a reliability analysis of the CEB-PFA and examined gender and age differences in eating behaviors and parental feeding attitudes. Regression models assessed the association of eating behaviors, parental feeding attitudes, and weight-for-height Z scores of children aged 0–2 years, by controlling for month of age, sex, height-for-age Z scores (HAZ), small for gestational age infant (SGA), premature, Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA), the child's Primary feeder, and the questionnaire filler. The subscales demonstrated satisfactory internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha ranging from 0.539 to 0.808). Significant age differences were observed in the Parental Feeding Behaviors subscale, and a correlation was found between WHZ and both parental psychology and feeding behaviors. This study confirmed that parental psychology and feeding behaviors were significantly associated with weight-for-height Z scores in infants and young children and provide child healthcare professionals with a potential tool to identify the primary causes of feeding difficulties in infants and young children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106324"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The predictive value of maternal inflammation markers for neonatal early-onset sepsis","authors":"Xuelian Wang ,&nbsp;Hoi Ying Sharon Lau ,&nbsp;Hugh Simon Lam","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Maternal infection is a known risk factor for neonatal early-onset sepsis (EOS). However, the relationship between maternal inflammatory makers near delivery and neonatal EOS remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate these associations and explore whether maternal blood parameters could contribute to EOS risk assessment strategies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this retrospective multicenter study in Hong Kong, we included mother‑neonate pairs where the mother underwent a complete blood count (CBC) or C-reactive protein (CRP) test between 48 h before and 72 h after delivery from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2017. We assessed associations between maternal white blood cell count (WCC), absolute neutrophil count (ANC), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and CRP with subsequent neonatal EOS.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 380,455 mother‑neonate dyads, 460 neonates developed EOS. Markedly elevated maternal WCC, ANC, NLR, and PLR within 24 h before delivery were significantly associated with neonatal EOS, particularly in neonates born at ≥30 weeks' gestation. Within 12 h before delivery, the estimated likelihood ratios (LRs) for WCC &gt; 30 × 10^9/L, ANC &gt; 30 × 10^9/L, NLR &gt; 50, and PLR &gt; 800 were 23.8, 73.1, 45.7, and 45.6, respectively, in neonates born at 30–36 weeks, and 36.4, 92.9, 20.9, and 17.5, respectively, in term neonates. LRs were even higher when markers were elevated earlier (within 24 to 12 h) before delivery, suggesting a temporal relationship between maternal inflammation and neonatal EOS risk.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Although maternal sepsis biomarkers are insufficient to diagnose neonatal EOS independently, their elevation is associated with increased risk and may support clinical risk stratification, particularly when occurring well before delivery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106321"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144330022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of maternal fatigue on the risk of fetal growth retardation","authors":"Zhanhong Fan,&nbsp;Akinyemi Lydia Idowu,&nbsp;Li Sun,&nbsp;Zhiqiu Cao,&nbsp;Feng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of fatigue trajectories on fetal growth during pregnancy.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Pregnant women and their fetuses were recruited at 11–13 weeks of gestation. Fatigue was assessed using the Chalder Fatigue Scale. Fetal growth was monitored through three ultrasound examinations. Growth Mixture Models characterized fatigue trajectories during pregnancy, while Generalized Estimating Equations analyzed the relationship between fatigue and fetal growth. Latent Growth Curve Models further explored how changes in fatigue and fetal growth affected their trajectories.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The analysis included 782 pregnant women. The GEEs revealed significant differences in fetal growth metrics—BPD, AC, and FL, across four groups based on fatigue trajectory (P _total &lt; 0.001). Compared to the non-fatigued group, the persistent fatigue group showed significantly lower BPD (β = 0.067, 95 % CI 0.021–0.220 <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), AC (β &lt; 0.001, 95 % CI 1.432E⁻⁰⁸–0.001; <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), and FL (β = 0.073, 95 % CI 0.027–0.196; P &lt; 0.001), next was the early fatigue group. Parallel process LGCM results showed that higher initial levels of maternal fatigue during pregnancy were associated with lower baseline BPD (<em>r</em> = −0.062, <em>P</em> = 0.022), AC (<em>r</em> = −0.147, <em>P</em> = 0.030), and FL (<em>r</em> = −0.458, <em>P</em> = 0.004) measurements. In addition, we observed that the change in the slope of maternal fatigue also affected the change in the AC measurements (β = −0.917, <em>P</em> = 0.015).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Maternal fatigue during pregnancy impacts fetal growth. Initial levels of fatigue predicted the trajectory of fetal growth changes, and the slope of change in fatigue simultaneously affected the slope of change of infant growth, highlighting the importance of comprehensive management and intervention for excessive fatigue.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106322"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early-life thyroid hormones and neurodevelopmental assessment in one-year old children: DSAN-12m birth cohort study","authors":"Nathália Ribeiro dos Santos ,&nbsp;Homègnon Antonin Ferréol Bah ,&nbsp;Erival Amorim Gomes Júnior ,&nbsp;Daisy Oliveira Costa ,&nbsp;Victor Otero Martinez ,&nbsp;Elis Macedo Pires ,&nbsp;Maria Isabel Santos Silveira Souza ,&nbsp;Chrissie Ferreira de Carvalho ,&nbsp;Nara Côrtes Andrade ,&nbsp;José Antonio Menezes Filho","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Maternal thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy has been implicated in adverse infant neurodevelopmental outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study investigates the complex interplay between maternal and children's thyroid hormones and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children of the DSAN-12m birth cohort in the Recôncavo Baiano, Brazil.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and total triiodothyronine (TT3) levels were measured in serum samples collected during the second trimester of pregnancy and infants at 19 months old. Neurodevelopmental assessment was conducted using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition (BSID-III). A total of 66 mother-infant pairs were evaluated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In general, thyroid hormones were within the reference range for both mothers and infants. However, 79.4 % of children had low FT4 levels. Higher FT4 levels in children were significantly associated with enhanced motor skills, particularly among boys, underlining the gender-specific associations. In pregnant women, TT3 levels were positively associated with language development, while TSH concentrations were negatively associated with the language domain. A non-linear association was observed, indicating better motor development scores with increasing TSH levels, within reference range, in all children. No associations were observed between thyroid hormones and BSID-III scores in girls.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study elucidates the multifaceted relationship between maternal and infant thyroid function, and subsequent neurodevelopmental outcomes. These findings emphasize the importance of thyroid health during pregnancy and infancy, highlighting the need for further research to better understand this relationship.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106320"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144306577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is prenatal testosterone-estrogen balance related to enchondroma?","authors":"Semih Yaş ,&nbsp;Asim Ahmadov ,&nbsp;İbrahim Kaya ,&nbsp;Resul Bircan ,&nbsp;Mustafa Çeltik ,&nbsp;Tayfun Özel ,&nbsp;Coşkun Ulucaköy","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106319","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106319"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144270698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refining the therapeutic understanding of prenatal singing: Reflections from an art therapy perspective","authors":"Ke Meng,&nbsp;Yu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106318","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106318","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106318"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144313703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}