Early human development最新文献

{"title":"Daughters of PCOS mothers and AMH plasma concentrations in pre-puberty and puberty: A meta-analysis","authors":"Polina Pavli,&nbsp;Theodoros Kalampokas,&nbsp;Makarios Eleftheriades,&nbsp;Irene Lambrinoudaki,&nbsp;Nikolaos F. Vlahos,&nbsp;George Valsamakis","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>to compare the Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) plasma concentrations of pre-pubertal and pubertal daughters born to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) mothers to daughters born to control mothers and to investigate their alterations during pre-puberty and all stages of puberty.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We critically investigated and meta-analyzed observational studies, which compared the plasma concentrations of AMH in pre-pubertal and pubertal daughters of PCOS pregnancies. A search of the literature was completed till the end of June of 2024 in the PubMed, Scopus, and Medline for the eligible studies. The meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The primary outcome included AMH plasma concentrations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our search yielded 961 potentially eligible studies, 5 of which were finally studied. Pre-pubertal female offsprings of PCOS mothers present higher plasma concentrations of AMH, with the pooled mean difference 10.08, while also pubertal daughters of PCOS mothers present higher plasma concentrations of AMH, with the pooled mean difference 15.79.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Pre-pubertal and pubertal female offsprings of PCOS mothers show higher AMH plasma concentrations, when compared to daughters of healthy mothers without PCOS. The main pathophysiological pathways of these findings seem to be hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinemia, and also genetic, epigenetic and intrauterine factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 106194"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142969996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parental occupational exposure to anticancer drugs and radiation: Risk of fetal loss and physical abnormalities in The Japan Environment and Children's Study","authors":"Shunsuke Yamamoto ,&nbsp;Masafumi Sanefuji ,&nbsp;Hirosuke Inoue ,&nbsp;Masataka Inoue ,&nbsp;Yu Shimo ,&nbsp;Shunichiro Toya ,&nbsp;Maya Suzuki ,&nbsp;Nozomi Abe ,&nbsp;Norio Hamada ,&nbsp;Utako Oba ,&nbsp;Kentaro Nakashima ,&nbsp;Masayuki Ochiai ,&nbsp;Reiko Suga ,&nbsp;Yuhki Koga ,&nbsp;Mayumi Tsuji ,&nbsp;Kiyoko Kato ,&nbsp;Shouichi Ohga ,&nbsp;Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS) Group","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Many studies have indicated an association between maternal occupational exposure to hazardous agents, such as anticancer drugs and ionizing radiation, and an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including stillbirths or miscarriages and physical abnormalities in offspring. However, the effects of recent advancements in protective measures to reduce these risks have not been clarified.</div><div>Aim</div><div>To investigate the current impact of parental occupational exposure to anticancer drugs and ionizing radiation on stillbirths or miscarriages as well as physical abnormalities under the circumstances of the developed safety protocols.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This cohort study utilized The Japan Environment and Children's Study dataset, which included 96,606 fetuses born between January 2011 and March 2014. This study focused on the association between occupational exposure to these agents during pregnancy and the incidence of stillbirths or miscarriages and physical abnormalities in offspring, employing Poisson regression models for adjusted relative risk.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>From the study population, 471 cases of stillbirths or miscarriages and 4493 infants with physical abnormalities were identified. Fisher's exact tests indicated no significant differences in fetal loss or physical abnormalities between the exposure groups. A multivariable analysis also found no significant association between maternal exposure to anticancer drugs and ionizing radiation and these adverse outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Under improved safety measures, maternal occupational exposure to anticancer drugs and ionizing radiation does not significantly affect the occurrence of stillbirths or miscarriages and physical abnormalities in offspring. These findings highlight the critical role of current safety practices and indicate lower reproductive risks with proper precautions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 106195"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142969998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct evidence of fetal responses to noxious stimulations: A systematic review of physiological and behavioral reactions","authors":"Carlo V. Bellieni ,&nbsp;Kanwaljeet J.S. Anand","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fetal pain is usually debated using data extrapolated from physiology and anatomy; whereas direct observation of fetal pain reactions is only marginally used. We present the first systematic review to carefully analyse this direct evidence.</div><div>Our objective was to summarize the scientific literature based on the direct observation of fetal responses to noxious stimulation.</div><div>We retrieved 17 clinical studies focused on the direct observation of fetal responses to noxious stimulation. This systematic review suggests that direct trials of fetal responses to acute pain/stress caused by tissue injury are scarce, but nonetheless informative for therapeutic interventions using fetal surgery or fetal invasive procedures. The current evidence indicates that responses to fetal pain develop from mid-gestation onward, but further high-quality research is needed to confirm these findings and guide clinical practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 106196"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143001986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"General movements and neurodevelopmental outcome at 6 years in extremely preterm born children","authors":"Piia Lönnberg ,&nbsp;Marjo Metsäranta ,&nbsp;Irmeli Rajantie ,&nbsp;Ritva Haajanen ,&nbsp;Elina Wolford ,&nbsp;Aulikki Lano","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Infants born extremely preterm (EPT) face a variety of neurodevelopmental challenges. Those most at risk of adverse outcomes should be detected early.</div></div><div><h3>Aims</h3><div>To assess General Movements (GMs) at fidgety age in EPT infants and to investigate whether fidgety movements (FMs) and Motor Optimality Scores – Revised (MOS-R) are associated with neurodevelopmental outcome at six years.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Longitudinal cohort study.</div></div><div><h3>Subjects</h3><div>Thirty-eight EPT children (&lt; 28 weeks of gestation, 11 girls).</div></div><div><h3>Outcome measures</h3><div>GMs were assessed from video recordings at three months corrected age using the Prechtl General Movements Assessment and The Motor Optimality Score for 3- to 5-Month-Old Infants – Revised. Neurological (Touwen), cognitive (WPPSI-III) and neuropsychological (NEPSY-II, visuospatial and attention) outcomes were evaluated at six years.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Nine (24 %) of the infants had aberrant (abnormal/sporadic/absent) FMs and all but one had abnormal movement character. Median MOS-R was 21. Infants with aberrant FMs had significantly higher odds ratio (OR) for full-scale intelligence quotient ≤ 85 (FSIQ, OR 7.7, <em>p</em> = 0.03) and auditory attention ≤ −1SD (OR 12.8, <em>p</em> = 0.04). MOS-R scores correlated positively with FSIQ (Spearman <em>r</em> = 0.39, <em>p</em> = 0.02), performance IQ (<em>r</em> = 0.47, <em>p</em> = 0.004), visuospatial processing (Geometric Puzzles, <em>r</em> = 0.53, <em>p</em> = 0.006) and visual attention (<em>r</em> = 0.29, <em>p</em> = 0.01). Overall outcome or neurological outcome did not reach statistical significance in associations with aberrant FMs or MOS-R.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Aberrant FMs and lower MOS-R are associated with worse neurodevelopmental outcomes when compared to normal FMs and/or higher MOS-R.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 106205"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143074105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal outcomes of a parent-administered sensorimotor intervention in preterm infants at 4 and 18 months","authors":"Lorraine Smith ,&nbsp;Adele McParlan ,&nbsp;Talia Niss ,&nbsp;Sandra Fucile","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2024.106171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2024.106171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Despite the increasing focus on early parent-delivered interventions in neonatal intensive care units to enhance infant development, there remains a research gap concerning the sustained benefits of such interventions in preterm infants. This study evaluated the impact of the parent-administered sensorimotor intervention (PASI) on developmental outcomes of infants previously enrolled in a randomized clinical trial (RCT).</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A prospective longitudinal follow-up study following the RCT at 4 and 18 months corrected gestational age (CGA) was conducted. A blinded examiner conducted the follow-up assessments. The study outcomes developmental outcome at both time points and the child's health-related quality of life at 18 months CGA using various means: Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP), the Feeding and Developmental Milestone Questionnaire (FDM), diagnosis of severe neurological disorder, the Infant Development Inventory (IDI) and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At 4 months CGA, 47 infants participated in the follow-up, with more infants in the experimental group receiving direct breastfeeds compared to the control group (38 % vs. 12 %, <em>p</em> = 0.032). At 18 months CGA, 51 infants were followed, showing no significant differences in developmental outcomes or health-related quality of life between groups. However, more parents in the control group reported developmental concerns about their child compared to those in the experimental group.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The PASI appears to have lasting positive effects on breastfeeding outcomes for infants and on parents' perceptions of developmental concerns. These findings underscore the importance of early postnatal experiences in influencing the long-term developmental trajectories of infants born preterm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 106171"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142812618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prenatal human brain development is not spared by IUGR: A systematic review","authors":"Danilo Rodrigues Honório,&nbsp;Ana Luiza da Silva Ribeiro,&nbsp;Tamires Lorrayne Morais da Silva,&nbsp;Daniela Cristina Machado Tameirão,&nbsp;Luciano Rezende Vilela,&nbsp;Fernando Felicioni","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a severe condition in which the fetus fails to reach its genetically predetermined growth potential, impairing prenatal development and predisposing individuals to postnatal consequences that may persist into adulthood. Although fetal mechanisms such as the brain-sparing effect have been proposed to protect the brain against IUGR-related deficits, the extent of this protection remains unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To conduct a systematic review that demonstrates prenatal morphofunctional abnormalities in the brain of individuals with IUGR.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive literature search was performed in the MEDLINE/PubMed database using keywords and Boolean operators: IUGR AND newborn AND nervous system NOT review. Inclusion criteria used: free and full-text availability, publication date from January 1, 2013, to July 31, 2024, newborns (birth to 1 month), and both sexes. Exclusion criteria included studies of older infants, lack of focus on the central nervous system, multiple pregnancies, concurrent pathologies with IUGR, use of animal models, and review articles. The review protocol is registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD42024542500).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Seventeen studies were identified, totaling 2085 individuals. Of these, 1203 had some form of IUGR (early- or late-onset, symmetrical or asymmetrical, with or without circulatory centralization), whereas 882 were appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and served as controls. Across all studies, individuals with IUGR showed biometric, morphological, and/or cerebral vascular abnormalities, even when biparietal diameter or head circumference measurements were similar to those of AGA individuals.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Prenatal human brain development is not spared by IUGR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 106199"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142982645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Daily participation in preterm-born children: An exploratory and comparative study","authors":"Sharon Zlotnik ,&nbsp;Ronen Bar-Yoseph ,&nbsp;Kareem Nasser ,&nbsp;Ori Hochwald","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106200","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106200","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Preterm birth, particularly with lower gestational age and respiratory complications, can impact neurodevelopmental outcomes and participation in daily activities. Understanding how these children engage in everyday tasks, particularly from the perspective of their parents, is critical for assessing long-term health outcomes and quality of life.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aims to assess parental perceptions of participation and daily performance in children born preterm, comparing early preterm infants with and without chronic lung disease, late preterms, and term-born children.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>A total of 48 children aged 7–11 years (M = 8.9, SD = 1.1) were examined: 25 born at term (GA ≥ 37.0 weeks), 23 early preterms (GA ≤ 30 weeks) with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), 15 early preterms without BPD, and 21 late preterms (GA 34.0–36.6 weeks). Daily functioning and participation were evaluated using the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>While atypical executive function scores were more prevalent among early preterm children with BPD (14.2 %), no statistically significant differences were found in participation across groups. Children with BPD participated in leisure activities at rates comparable to their full-term and preterm peers.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Despite executive function impairments, children born preterm, including those with BPD, exhibited similar participation levels as full-term peers. These findings highlight the participation patterns, which may reflect potential compensatory strategies or other factors of preterm children in daily activities. Long-term monitoring of executive function is necessary, particularly in academic settings, to ensure ongoing support and interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 106200"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143001981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation the modified subjective global nutrition assessment (mSGNA) for assessing malnutrition among hospitalized children","authors":"Thi Thu Lieu Nguyen ,&nbsp;Thi Mai Anh Than ,&nbsp;Ha Anh Nguyen ,&nbsp;Thu Huyen Doan ,&nbsp;Thi Thanh Xuan Le ,&nbsp;Thi Huong Le ,&nbsp;Thi My Thuc Luu","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To validate a modified Subjective Global Nutritional Assessment (mSGNA) for assessing nutritional status among Vietnamese children.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>A cross-sectional study was conducted at the National Children's Hospital in Vietnam, where 200 children were assessed using mSGNA, Subjective Global Nutritional Assessment (SGNA), and a standardized method developed by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND) and the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The mSGNA showed high accuracy with 82.9 % sensitivity and 90.8 % specificity when compared to SGNA, and moderate accuracy (72.0 % sensitivity, 77.3 % specificity) against AND/ASPEN. The kappa value for mSGNA-SGNA agreement was 0.8 (95 % CI 0.686–0.849), indicating substantial agreement, while the kappa value for mSGNA-AND/ASPEN agreement was 0.5 (95%CI 0.304–0.567), reflecting moderate agreement.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The results suggest that mSGNA is a reliable tool for identifying malnutrition in Vietnamese pediatric patients, with high sensitivity and specificity in comparison to SGNA and moderate effectiveness against AND/ASPEN standards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 106201"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143028324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal gestational weight gain and the long-term physical and neurological outcome of small for gestational age children: A 4-year real-world study based on a longitudinal cohort","authors":"Yimin Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuming Shao ,&nbsp;Jiong Qin ,&nbsp;Zheng Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaorui Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2024.106180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2024.106180","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Globally, small for gestational age (SGA) is increasingly prevalent, paralleling the common high-risk pregnancies with inappropriate gestational weight gain (GWG). However, whether maternal GWG was associated with their SGA offspring's long-term development remained unresolved.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Objective&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;To examine the associations of maternal GWG with the long-term physical and neurological development of SGA children based on a real-world cohort in our hospital.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Study design&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;This retrospective cohort was conducted at our hospital between July 1, 2020, and December 2022. At baseline, we included 319 children diagnosed as SGA and followed up with these children for 12 to 48 months (median: 29 months). The primary outcomes were children's physical and neurological development at follow-ups which were grouped into those with inadequate, adequate, or excessive maternal GWG. We standardized the weight, height (length), body mass index, and ASQ-3 / ASQ:SE domain scores of children with different ages and genders into &lt;em&gt;Z&lt;/em&gt;-scores to increase comparability. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) and its 95 % confidence interval (CI) controlling for covariates were calculated using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test model to assess the risk of impaired neurodevelopment.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Firstly, the birth weight and birth length of newborns in the inadequate GWG group were both smaller than those in the adequate GWG group and excessive GWG group. The proportions of severe SGA, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia were higher in the inadequate GWG group compared to the adequate GWG group. Secondly, follow-up observations found that inadequate GWG group had significantly lower weight Z scores(0.12 vs 0.34), height Z scores(−0.11 vs 0.32)and high emaciation incidence (14.3 % vs. 5.0 %) compared to the adequate GWG group. Thirdly, in the follow-up of the neurodevelopment, children in the adequate GWG group had statistically higher Z scores in the gross motor, fine motor, problem-solving and personal-social domains compared to those in the inadequate GWG group and had statistically higher Z scores in the gross motor domain compared to those in the excessive GWG group; children in the excessive GWG group had statistically higher Z scores in the fine motor and personal-social domains compared to those in the inadequate GWG group. Inadequate GWG group was significantly correlated with a higher risk of delayed development in gross motor (OR 1.79, 95 % CI 1.15–2.77), fine motor (OR 1.6, 95 % CI 1.06–2.78), problem-solving (OR 2.08, 95 % CI 1.16–3.56), personal-social (OR 1.51, 95 % CI 1.05–2.18), and social-emotional (ASQ:SE) (OR 1.84, 95 % CI 1.05–3.22) domains than adequate GWG group. Meanwhile, excessive GWG group was significantly correlated with a higher risk of delayed development in gross motor (OR 1.6, 95 % CI 1.02–2.48) domain than adequate GWG gr","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 106180"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142893028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between maternal androgen levels and early fetal sex differentiation: Anogenital distance and genital tubercle length in the first trimester","authors":"Ezgi Başaran,&nbsp;Pinar Calis,&nbsp;Deniz Karcaaltincaba","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To evaluate the use of anogenital distance (AGD) and genital tubercle length (GTL) between 11 and 13 + 6 weeks of gestation for fetal sex determination and to assess the impact of maternal androgen levels on these measurements.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to June 2017 with patients undergoing first trimester Down syndrome screening. Inclusion criteria were: (1) female age 18–49, (2) gestational age between 11 and 13 + 6 weeks, (3) optimal visualization of AGD and GTL, and (4) nonsmoking status. Maternal androgen levels (total testosterone, free testosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrostenedione) were measured simultaneously with ultrasound.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>AGD was significantly higher in male fetuses compared to females. With a cutoff of 5.0 mm, fetal sex was identified in 82 % of female fetuses and 70 % of male fetuses after the 12th week. Linear regression analysis showed that only AGD was a significant predictor of fetal sex (β: 0.54, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). In the 12–12 + 6 week group, a positive correlation between AGD and maternal androstenedione was found in female fetuses (r: 0.23, <em>p</em> = 0.038). In contrast, negative correlations were observed between AGD and both androstenedione (r: −0.475, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) and total testosterone (r: −0.282, <em>p</em> = 0.026) in male fetuses.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>AGD and GTL measurements show sexual dimorphism in the first trimester, with AGD correlating positively with maternal androstenedione in females and negatively in males. These findings suggest that AGD and GTL are reliable, non-invasive methods for early fetal sex determination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 106204"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143037604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}