Early human development最新文献

{"title":"Chrononutrition: 24-hour variation in macronutrients in very preterm human milk","authors":"Alja Bijlsma ,&nbsp;Demy van Gilst ,&nbsp;Inês Chaves ,&nbsp;Irwin K.M. Reiss ,&nbsp;Koen F.M. Joosten ,&nbsp;Stefanie M.P. Kouwenhoven ,&nbsp;Marijn J. Vermeulen ,&nbsp;Jorine A. Roelants","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Human milk composition varies in time to meet the evolving growth and developmental requirements of infants. While 24-hour (diurnal) variations in human milk composition for term-born infants have been reported, evidence concerning diurnal variation of preterm human milk composition remains inconclusive.</div></div><div><h3>Research aim</h3><div>To examine the presence of diurnal variations in macronutrient content in very preterm human milk.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Milk samples were donated by mothers of very preterm infants (&lt;30 weeks gestation). Milk series (defined as sequential milk samples collected from one mother) consisted of 13 to 17 (median 15) samples, collected over three consecutive days. Milk macronutrient (fat, true protein and carbohydrates) content were measured using mid-infrared spectrophotometry (Miris HMA™). Rhythmicity analyses and logistic regression analyses were performed to explore associations between macronutrient rhythmicity and pregnancy duration (weeks), infants' sex, and lactational stage).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the 22 milk series studied, 12 (55%) showed 24-hour rhythmicity in one or more macronutrients. Fat content showed rhythmicity in 41% of the series, with varying peak times. For carbohydrates, protein and calculated energy content, rhythmicity was only identified in 18%, 14% and 27% of the milk series, respectively. Longer pregnancy duration was associated with increased odds of rhythmicity (odds ratio 2.1 (95% confidence interval 1.02–4.21), <em>p</em> = 0.04), but not with sex or stage of lactation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Over half of the preterm human milk samples exhibited diurnal macronutrient rhythmicity, mainly in fat levels. The observed rhythms had varying peak times, suggesting phase differences of the maternal rhythms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106481"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digit ratio (2D:4D) and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO)","authors":"Barbara Ślawski ,&nbsp;John T. Manning ,&nbsp;Bogusław Antoszewski ,&nbsp;Anna Elgalal ,&nbsp;Anna Kasielska-Trojan","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) is produced in sex-dependent amounts (males&gt;females) by the paranasal sinuses which are formed in utero and which show sex differences in volume (males&gt;females). Digit ratio (2D:4D) is sexually dimorphic (males&lt;females) and is a correlate of prenatal sex steroids.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>To investigate the association between 2D:4D and FeNO.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Participants were medical students. Triple measurements of (FeNO) in exhaled air [ppb] were recorded and log transformed means calculated. Digit lengths were measured twice. Sex, age, height, mass and BMI were recorded.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There were 159 participants (100 females). Sex differences were present in FeNO, right and left 2D:4D, height, mass and BMI. For females, right and left 2D:4D were negatively related to FeNO with strongest relationship for the former. Mass was positively related to FeNO. Digit ratios remained significant after effect of mass was controlled. For males, seven participants reported allergies and had higher volumes of FeNO than non-allergy subjects. There was a trend for negative relationships between 2D:4D and FeNO but this was not significant.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Low 2D:4D is linked to high FeNO volumes in women but further work is needed to clarify this relationship in men. Because 2D:4D ratio is positively related to lactate under anaerobic conditions during exercise, we speculate that 2D:4D may be a biomarker for the interaction between lactate and FeNO during vigorous exercise.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106496"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outcomes in extremely preterm neonates after the introduction of early low-dose hydrocortisone treatment: A retrospective case-control study","authors":"Ellie Purcell ,&nbsp;Pooja Sachdev ,&nbsp;Dushyant Batra","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Assess the association between use of early low-dose hydrocortisone (ELDH) in extremely preterm neonates, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)-free survival at 36 weeks completed gestational age (CGA), as well as additional secondary outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Retrospective, matched, case-control study.</div></div><div><h3>Setting</h3><div>Tertiary neonatal intensive care units in Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (Queens Medical Centre and Nottingham City Hospital).</div></div><div><h3>Patients</h3><div>188 extremely preterm neonates. 94 historical controls born between 1 October 2017 and 30 September 2019. 94 cases born between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2021.</div></div><div><h3>Interventions</h3><div>ELDH using the published PREMILOC study protocol (total dose of 8.5 mg/kg over 10 days) initiated within the first 24 h of life.</div></div><div><h3>Primary outcome measure</h3><div>Survival without BPD at 36 weeks CGA.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There were no statistically significant associations between the sex, gestational age or birthweight of the groups. There was no significant association between the use of ELDH and increased survival without BPD at 36 weeks CGA (<em>p</em> = 0.153) or reduction in mortality (<em>p</em> = 0.814). Using ELDH was significantly associated with an increased incidence of culture positive late-onset sepsis (<em>p</em> = 0.006), higher non-invasive respiratory support days (<em>p</em> = 0.032) and a longer total length of stay (<em>p</em> = 0.004).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>ELDH use was not associated with an improvement in BPD free survival in extremely preterm neonates. The cases had a higher incidence of culture positive late-onset sepsis and longer duration of respiratory support. Further research exploring stratification of preterm neonates that will benefit from ELDH is needed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 106463"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145827294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glucose-to-lactate ratio in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy treated with hypothermia","authors":"Carlo Dani ,&nbsp;Giulia Remaschi ,&nbsp;Elia Benelli ,&nbsp;Alessandra Cecchi ,&nbsp;Clara Lunardi ,&nbsp;Camilla Fazi ,&nbsp;Andrea Bianchi ,&nbsp;Elisa Scola ,&nbsp;Enrico Fainardi ,&nbsp;Vittorio Miele ,&nbsp;Caterina Coviello","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Glucose-to-lactate ratio and abnormal values of glucose and lactate blood values, as well as neuroimaging, have been reported to predict neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) treated with therapeutic hypothermia (TH). Our aim was to confirm or confute these correlations.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We retrospectively studied 48 late preterm and term infants, 31 with favourable and 17 with unfavourable outcome. Glucose-to-lactate ratio, glucose and lactate values were recorded before and during TH. They were studied with aEEG, cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the Bayley-III scales for assessing psychomotor development at 24 ± 2 months corrected age.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that glucose (OR 30.219, 95 % Cl 1.473–62.069, <em>P</em> = 0.027) and lactate (OR 1.923, 95 % Cl 1.027–3.601, <em>P</em> = 0.041) blood level at 24 h of TH and MRI score (OR 2.668 95 % Cl 1.060–6.713. <em>P</em> = 0.037) were positively correlated with unfavourable outcome.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Glucose-to-lactate ratio did not predict neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with HIE treated with TH. Further investigation is needed to explore the prognostic significance of this biomarker. Glycemia and lactate blood levels measured at 24 h of TH, as well as cerebral MRI, are positively correlated with an increasing risk of unfavourable outcome.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 106458"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digit ratio (2D:4D) and neonatal head circumference: Evidence for oestrogenization in human brain evolution?","authors":"Barış Özener ,&nbsp;John T. Manning ,&nbsp;Berna Ertuğrul ,&nbsp;Fatih Aydık","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is widely thought to be a correlate of first trimester sex steroids, such that it is negatively correlated to testosterone and positively correlated to oestrogen. The 2D:4D has been linked to many physical and behavioural traits, including intelligence. However, little attention has been paid to its association with neonatal characteristics. Here we focus on associations between neonatal 2D:4D and head circumference as the latter variable is correlated with intelligence.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>Our sample was 225 full-term (37–41 weeks) newborns comprising 125 girls and 100 boys. Recumbent length, weight, head circumference and right and left second and fourth digit lengths were measured. In addition to biological measures, maternal education was recorded as a proxy for sociodemographic status. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were conducted separately for each sex to assess associations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>For males, recumbent length and right 2D:4D were significantly positively associated with head circumference. Mother's education level was not related to head circumference. For females, recumbent length and birth weight were significant positive predictors of head circumference, digit ratios and mother's education showed no association. The independent variables accounted for more variance in head circumference for male newborns than for females.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>We have found that right 2D:4D of newborns is positively correlated to head circumference, the effect was strongest for boys and independent of recumbent length and weight. High 2D:4D is associated with high prenatal oestrogen and head circumference is positively linked to intelligence. We discuss our findings in the context of oestrogenization in human brain evolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 106479"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145965657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Effectiveness of an oral-motor intervention for premature infants: Feeding and maternal self-efficacy” [Early Human Development 210 (2025) 106382]","authors":"Zohar Meroz ,&nbsp;Jennifer R. Budman ,&nbsp;Aviva Yochman ,&nbsp;Alona Bin-Nun ,&nbsp;Anat Golos","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106390","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 106390"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145008181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between parental stress, parent-infant bonding, and infant neuromotor functioning","authors":"L.C. Span ,&nbsp;E.M. Rodenboog ,&nbsp;N.H. van Dokkum ,&nbsp;A.F. Bos ,&nbsp;C.A. Hartman","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>The young developing brain is very sensitive to many environmental influences, both positive and negative. Parental stress and parent-infant bonding have been shown to be associated with neurodevelopmental delays in toddlers. However, it is not known at what age these associations become relevant which we aim to study as early as three-months of age, paving the way for new intervention strategies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study included 339 parent-infant dyads or triads from the Dutch TRAILS-NEXT cohort. Parental stress and parent-infant bonding were assessed at three months of age using the ‘Nijmeegse Ouderlijke Stress Index – Korte versie’ (NOSI-K) and Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ), respectively. Infant neurodevelopment was assessed using the General Movement Assessment (GMA), including the Motor Optimality score – Revised (MOS-R). Perinatal risk factors with known associations with infant neurodevelopment were included as potential confounders.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>210 infant-mother dyads and 147 infant-partner dyads were included in the main analysis. Parental stress levels were elevated in 7 % of mothers and 18 % of partners, but no significant correlations were found between parental stress, bonding, and MOS-R scores. After adjustments for confounders, neither parental bonding nor stress showed significant relationships with general movement characteristics in regression analyses, suggesting that other factors may influence individual differences in early motor development.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Parental stress and parent-infant bonding were not associated with infant neurodevelopment at age of three months, suggesting a wider window of opportunity to intervene in case of parental stress or suboptimal parent-infant bonding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 106459"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145899287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the burden of preterm infant care in Africa: A comprehensive review of current research","authors":"Mary Mayowa Adetoye ,&nbsp;John Ehi Aboje ,&nbsp;Mercy Chisom Agu ,&nbsp;Praise Oluwatobi Ogunleke ,&nbsp;Eno Abasi Sunday ,&nbsp;Babalola David Olaoluwa ,&nbsp;Alexander Idu Entonu ,&nbsp;Tahav Joshua Kachina ,&nbsp;Gbolahan Olatunji ,&nbsp;Emmanuel Kokori ,&nbsp;Nicholas Aderinto","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective(s)</h3><div>Preterm birth, delivery before 37 weeks of gestation, remains a major contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, with sub-Saharan Africa disproportionately affected. This review aimed to examine the multidimensional burden of caring for preterm infants in African contexts, focusing on economic, psychological, social, and health system challenges experienced by caregivers and healthcare providers.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>A narrative review approach was adopted. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and African Journals Online (AJOL), as well as relevant grey literature. Thirty-three studies meeting predefined inclusion criteria were analyzed to identify recurring themes and intervention gaps related to preterm infant care across diverse African settings.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The review revealed substantial financial strain on families due to high out-of-pocket expenditures, inadequate insurance coverage, and logistical challenges such as transportation barriers, especially in rural areas. Caregivers frequently experienced anxiety, depression, and social isolation, compounded by poor communication and limited emotional support within health facilities. Health systems were characterized by shortages of essential neonatal equipment, inadequate staffing, inconsistent clinical protocols, and limited training in evidence-based neonatal care. Promising interventions identified included kangaroo mother care, antenatal corticosteroid use, and automated oxygen titration systems.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion(s)</h3><div>Caring for preterm infants in Africa involves intersecting economic, emotional, and systemic challenges. Strengthening policy and research frameworks, expanding caregiver support, and implementing culturally sensitive, evidence-based interventions are essential to reduce preterm mortality and alleviate caregiver burden across the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 106464"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145827364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parenthood after neonatal care -parenting sense of competence and coparenting three years after discharge","authors":"Christine Persson ,&nbsp;Jenny Ericson ,&nbsp;Mats Eriksson ,&nbsp;Raziye Salari ,&nbsp;Renée Flacking","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many parents of infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) experience trauma and a loss of their parental role, which may affect their parenting following discharge. This study aimed to compare parenting competence and coparenting between parents of NICU and non-NICU infants three years postpartum. We also examined factors influencing parenting among NICU parents.</div><div>We used a comparative cohort design to collect data from 561 parents who completed a set of questionnaires, including measures of parenting sense of competence, coparenting, dyadic relationship quality, social support, and depressive symptoms.</div><div>Three years postpartum, no differences were found in parenting sense of competence or coparenting between NICU parents and non-NICU parents. For both NICU mothers and fathers, a higher parenting sense of competence in satisfaction and efficacy was associated with a higher quality in the couple relationship. Mothers reported higher parenting satisfaction if they had not experienced a traumatic birth. Fathers reported higher parenting satisfaction if they had no depressive symptoms, and higher parenting efficacy if they had a longer couple relationship, received greater social support, had a shorter infant hospital stay, or were rooming-in with their partner and infant during hospitalization. Factors associated with more coparenting problems among NICU parents included lower couple relationship quality, a 7–14-day hospitalization for mothers, and lower social support for fathers.</div><div>This study highlights that early possibilities for parents to initiate parenthood together and receive adequate mental and social support during and after NICU hospitalization should be a priority for enhancing parents' sense of competence and coparenting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 106462"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145788767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From the first months to later ages: Early spontaneous movements and developmental outcomes in extremely low birth weight infants","authors":"Doğan Porsnok ,&nbsp;Bilge Nur Yardımcı-Lokmanoğlu ,&nbsp;Hasan Tolga Çelik ,&nbsp;Akmer Mutlu","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Extremely low birth weight (ELBW; &lt;1000 g) infants are at high-risk for developmental problems; however, no such long-term study has been conducted in this group before in our country. This study aimed to compare the early spontaneous movements and later developmental outcomes of ELBW infants with those of term born normal birth weight (NBW) infants, and to examine the association between the early spontaneous movements and later developmental outcomes at 9-to 12-months of corrected age and at 24-to 42-months in ELBW infants.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Early spontaneous movements of all infants were assessed using the Motor Optimality Score-Revised (MOS-R) at 9-to 20-weeks of corrected age. Developmental outcomes, including cognitive, language and motor domains, were performed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition (Bayley-III) at 9-to 12-months of corrected age in ELBW infants, and at 24-to 42-months of age in both ELBW and term NBW infants.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study included 61 ELBW infants and 50 term NBW infants. ELBW infants had lower MOS-R results (<em>p</em> = 0.017) and lower cognitive (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), language (p &lt; 0.001), and motor domains (p &lt; 0.001) outcomes at 24-to 42-months of age compared to term NBW infants. MOS-R and its subcategories were found to be associated with all Bayley-III domains (<em>r</em> = 0.492–0.603, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) at both the 9-to 12-months and 24-to 42-months of age.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>It is highlighted that ELBW infants have lower results than NBW infants, including MOS-R from the early period of life. MOS-R results may serve as a crucial tool to identify ELBW infants who are at higher risk for developmental parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 106478"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}