Earth Surface Processes and Landforms最新文献

{"title":"Geomorphology and sediment mobility on sand banks: A study of Dogfish Bank, Hecate Strait, Northeast Pacific Ocean","authors":"Kai Boggild,&nbsp;Michael Z. Li,&nbsp;Jordan B. R. Eamer,&nbsp;Cooper D. Stacey","doi":"10.1002/esp.5925","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5925","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Movement of sediment along shallow continental shelves is a natural process with wide-ranging environmental and economic implications, making it of high importance to marine spatial planning efforts in the offshore. Development of marine renewable energy, for instance, requires detailed understanding of the morphodynamics of mobile bedforms to select foundation types and ensure safe installation of infrastructure in shallow shelf environments. This study evaluates geomorphology and sediment mobility of Dogfish Bank (&lt; 20 mbsl) in the Hecate Strait offshore British Columbia, Canada, using hydroacoustic and airborne bathymetric data combined with seismic profiles and grain-size information. These data reveal current-swept features ranging from sediment-depleted lag to sediment-abundant sand ridges and dunes, with sand ribbons and furrows in-between. Seismic reflection data show up to 15 m of surficial sand concentrated beneath north-aligned sand ridges that dominate the bathymetry of northwest Hecate Strait. Sand ribbons (typically understood sediment-limited features in shallow marine environments) are notably maintained over seabed with comparable sand thickness to adjacent dunes (i.e. sediment-abundant features), suggesting local spatial variability in hydrodynamics and sediment characteristics (principally grain size) influence expression of mobile bedforms. Repeat mapping between 2008 and 2019 shows dunes and ribbons both migrate northwards, with largest seafloor changes along northeast-facing lee sides of dunes, matching closely with published models of sediment mobility which suggest northward bedform migration is largely driven by storms. Median total migration distance is 164 m (northward) for dunes (time-averaged rate of 14.9 m/year). Sand ribbons show less migration (median northward distance of 73 m) and migrate in a depth-dependent manner. Because sand ribbons are typically flow-parallel features, their lateral migration likely results from varying current directions and flow acceleration over shallower seabed. Sand ribbon migration should therefore a consideration in studies examining seabed change, particularly when they are formed over unconsolidated sediment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 13","pages":"4485-4505"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.5925","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142199138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study using spectroscopic and mineralogical fingerprinting for suspended sediment source apportionment in a river–reservoir system","authors":"Arnab Das,&nbsp;Renji Remesan,&nbsp;Somsubhra Chakraborty,&nbsp;Adrian L. Collins,&nbsp;Ashok Kumar Gupta","doi":"10.1002/esp.5972","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5972","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The need to control soil erosion has received increasing attention, but quantitative data on the sources of suspended sediment in many river–reservoir systems is still lacking. The goal of this research was to compare the application of spectroscopic [mid-infrared (MIR)] and mineralogical [X-ray diffraction (XRD)] fingerprints for assessing relative sediment source contributions from different land use groups (agricultural lands, forests and human settlements) in the Konar–Damodar river–reservoir system in India. Source apportionment was estimated using partial least square (PLS) regression for spectroscopic tracers (MIR) and the Bayesian MixSIAR model for mineralogical tracers. Both methods identified differences between the pre- and post-monsoon sediment contributions of forests (overall contribution bounds of ~35–43%). During monsoon seasons, both fingerprinting methods indicated agricultural land use as the primary source of suspended sediment. Although there were some temporal variations in the predicted contributions of the land use sources, the MIR-PLS and mineralogical–MixSIAR methods produced comparable ranges. The respective variations in contributions, using MIR-PLS and mineralogical–MixSIAR, were ~31 to 66% compared with ~36 to 61% for agricultural lands, ~21 to 43% compared with ~15 to 39% for forests and ~16 to 37% compared with ~19 to 32% for human settlements.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 13","pages":"4355-4370"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.5972","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142199194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating palaeodune orientations and contemporary wind regimes in Southeast Kazakhstan using a semi‐automated mapping framework","authors":"Maike Nowatzki, Kathryn E. Fitzsimmons, Hartwig Harder, Hans‐Joachim Rosner","doi":"10.1002/esp.5981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5981","url":null,"abstract":"The Ili‐Balkhash region in southeastern Kazakhstan hosts morphologically diverse dormant desert dune fields and presents an interesting opportunity for geomorphological and palaeoenvironmental studies. Because the morphology of aeolian dunes is primarily driven by wind dynamics, the dormant dunes in the study area may reflect past wind conditions. We assess their concurrence with modern ERA5 wind data to test whether there has been a change in wind regime since the dunes' last phase of activity. Our approach includes dune mapping, the quantification of dune orientations, the modelling of modern bedform orientations, and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating for temporal context. The centrepiece of our methodological contribution is a novel semi‐automated mapping workflow using geographic object‐based image analysis (GEOBIA) and machine learning (ML) on Sentinel‐2 satellite imagery. Within the scope of a case study, we map dune fields in the Ili‐Balkhash region and quantify dune orientations. We further apply the maximum gross bedform‐normal transport (MGBNT) concept to model bedform orientations matching modern wind regimes for each of the sites. We find that strong winds show better alignment with observed dune orientations than wind regimes comprising all wind speeds. Furthermore, bedform orientations in some of our study sites, namely those that are located in the open plain southeast of Lake Balkhash, do not reflect modern winds. The divergence between dune orientations and wind regime suggests changes in local wind dynamics since the dune fields' last phase of activity.","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142199193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-fire sediment attenuation in beaver ponds, Rocky Mountains, CO and WY, USA","authors":"Sarah B. Dunn,&nbsp;Sara L. Rathburn,&nbsp;Ellen Wohl","doi":"10.1002/esp.5970","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5970","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We evaluated the post-fire sediment dynamics in beaver ponds to examine these ponds' contributions to sediment storage following disturbance. Beaver dams and beaver mimicry structures impound water and sediment, a function that is of growing interest in wildfire-prone landscapes. Wildfires typically lead to high sediment loading into rivers in the years following fire, constituting a disturbance to aquatic ecosystems and a challenge to water resource managers. Previous work establishes that beaver dams trap substantial volumes of sediment, but sedimentation appears spatially and temporally heterogeneous and it remains unclear the extent to which short-term pulses of sediment are attenuated by these structures. We examine the conditions under which beaver dams and beaver mimicry structures store post-fire sediment by quantifying the sediment volume of 40 ponds, about half of which were burned in large wildfires in the Colorado and Wyoming Rocky Mountains in 2020. The median relative volume of burned ponds is 85%, which is greater than the median for unburned ponds (58%), meaning that burned ponds store higher relative volumes of sediment when pond size is accounted for. Furthermore, sediment accumulated at a median rate of 3.0 cm/year over the entire history of the pond. Post-fire sedimentation rates, with a median of 20.4 cm/year, were an order of magnitude higher than pre-fire rates with a median of 1.8 cm/year. In addition, vegetation and geomorphic characteristics correlated with sediment storage in ponds. Sediment surveys confirmed that ponds with greater surface areas contain higher volumes of sediment. Additionally, older ponds and ponds abandoned by beavers stored higher volumes of sediment compared to recently constructed ponds, ponds actively maintained by beaver, and beaver mimicry structures. These findings demonstrate that beaver ponds and mimicry structures may function as sediment sinks capable of attenuating post-fire sediment. The biogeomorphic context, defined across multiple scales from the pond to the catchment, provides additional explanation for the wide range of sediment storage observed and remains an important consideration for beaver-based restoration, catchment sediment management, and resilience evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 13","pages":"4340-4354"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.5970","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142199195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hedgerows enhance the size selectivity of eroded sediment from sloping farmland under simulated rainfall experiment","authors":"Hai Xiao,&nbsp;Junkui Guo,&nbsp;Zhenyao Xia,&nbsp;Ping Guo,&nbsp;Feng Gao,&nbsp;Rui Xiang,&nbsp;Deyu Liu,&nbsp;Yu Ding,&nbsp;Di Wang,&nbsp;Lun Zhang","doi":"10.1002/esp.5979","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5979","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The particle size distribution (PSD) of eroded sediment can effectively reflect changes in erosion processes. Hedgerows provide significant soil and water conservation benefits and influence erosion processes. However, the impact of hedgerows on the PSD of eroded sediment remains unclear. Therefore, three slope conditions (control check, CK; only hedgerow root, R; and whole hedgerow, P) involving the configuration of two slope gradients (15 and 25°) were established, and simulated rainfall experiments were conducted under three rainfall intensities (60, 90, and 120 mm/h). The PSD, sediment sorting process, and sediment particle agglomeration degree under the different slope conditions were compared to evaluate the influence of hedgerows on the size selectivity of eroded sediment during water erosion. Moreover, the direct and indirect effects of hedgerows on the sorting process and sediment particle agglomeration degree were revealed via correlation analysis and partial least squares path modelling (PLS–PM). Compared with those under CK slope conditions, the average clay, fine silt, and coarse silt contents under R slope conditions decreased by 1.37%, 0.06%, and 1.71%, respectively, whereas the sand content increased by 0.46%. Under P slope conditions, the average clay, fine silt, and coarse silt contents increased by 32.61%, 38.71%, and 36.14%, respectively, whereas the average sand content decreased by 47.30%. Under CK slope conditions, sediment sorting occurred primarily during the early stages of rainfall. R slope conditions caused an increase in the duration of early-stage sediment sorting but caused a reduction in the degree of sorting, whereas P slope conditions exhibited interceptive sorting of sand throughout the rainfall event. Under R slope conditions, more aggregates were dispersed into individual particles due to raindrop impact, whereas under P slope conditions, more fine particles aggregated initially, but loose aggregates were dispersed into individual particles during the later rainfall stages. The enrichment rates of fine silt and coarse silt were positively correlated with slope conditions, whereas they were negatively correlated with the enrichment rate of sand. However, there was no significant relationship between the slope conditions and the aggregation rates of particles of various sizes. PLS–PM indicated that hedgerows directly and indirectly affect sorting processes and sediment particle agglomeration degree by regulating runoff and sediment erosion, and the direct effects exceed the indirect effects. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the influential mechanisms of hedgerows on controlling soil erosion.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 13","pages":"4455-4468"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142199197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating erosion vulnerability within agricultural fields by downscaling the Daily Erosion Project (DEP): the OFEtool","authors":"Eduardo Luquin,&nbsp;Chelsea Ferrie,&nbsp;Brian Gelder,&nbsp;Daryl Herzmann,&nbsp;Emily Zimmerman,&nbsp;David James,&nbsp;Richard Cruse,&nbsp;Thomas Isenhart","doi":"10.1002/esp.5978","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5978","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Agriculture continues to be one of the most important sources of nonpoint source pollution to surface water bodies. Consequently, it is critical to identify and prioritize high-contributing agricultural fields and sub-field areas for reducing soil erosion and sediment delivery by implementing best management practices (BMPs). Current erosion risk assessment tools are either complex modelling approaches or rely on a simplified reality and generalized assumption. The Daily Erosion Project (DEP) is a daily estimator of precipitation, hillslope runoff, detachment and soil loss covering ~630 000 km² across the Midwest United States. These estimations are reported daily and publicly at the hydrologic unit code 12 watershed resolution (approximately 100 km²). The main objective of this study was to develop a new tool (named Overland Flow Element tool [OFEtool]) that downscales the watershed scale of DEP to estimate average runoff and soil displacement within a field, helping to locate erosive hotspots at multiple scales. We also demonstrated the applicability of OFEtool in Bennet Creek-Sugar Creek in East Central Iowa (the United States) and compared its results with other erosion vulnerability tools such as the Soil Vulnerability Index for Cultivated Cropland (SVI-cc) and a GIS-based Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). The same erosion risk classes and ranges (low, moderate, moderately high and high) were implemented for all indexes. The advantages of the OFEtool compared to the SVI-cc and RUSLE models are related to the use of an event-based modelling approach, such as DEP, with updated soil loss estimates based on temporal changes in climate inputs and land use and management. The OFEtool uses a 6-year time frame and a more up-to-date field inputs, while RUSLE provides a long-term average and SVI-cc only considers soil and topographical factors for risk assessment. Results indicated that the spatial distribution of vulnerable fields (and parts of the fields) followed a similar trend as other tested indices. However, the risk level associated with each tool differed (SVI-cc &gt; RUSLE &gt; OFEtool). These differences could arise from intrinsic disparities within the tools (inputs, timing, processes considered, assumptions). While currently limited to the DEP domain and relying on the DEP random sampling scheme, further research is warranted to validate the tool at other Midwest locations and ensure it captures the watershed's landscape variability (combination of terrain, soil, land use and management) required to identifying critical erosion hotspots.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 13","pages":"4444-4454"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.5978","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142199199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Islands in the stream: Wood-induced deposition and erosion in the river corridor","authors":"Anna Marshall,&nbsp;Ellen Wohl","doi":"10.1002/esp.5968","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5968","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Large wood causes and responds to deposition and erosion within a river corridor. We focus on the anastomosing, gravel-bed Swan River and two meandering, gravel-bed tributaries in northwestern Montana, USA to explore the temporal dimensions of deposition and erosion associated with channel avulsions and island formation and to introduce the concept of wood levees. Channel avulsion represents isolation of part of the existing floodplain and formation of an anastomosing channel planform, with wood-induced deposition at the point of channel bifurcation. Islands form at a wood jam that migrates upstream with time as sediment accumulates in the lee of the jam. The island creates only a local interruption of the single-channel planform. We use tree-ring and ¹⁴C dating to constrain wood-induced island ages. We interpret the three wood-induced forms of deposition and erosion that we describe here as reflecting a temporal continuum. Wood levees have primarily non-woody vegetation and may be transient relative to the other features. Tributary islands appear to persist from a decade to over a century. Tree ages of 100–200 years at the floodplain avulsion site and the characteristics of the secondary channels suggest that these wood-induced avulsion features can persist for more than a century. Understanding the temporal dynamics of wood-induced features and spatial variation in erosion and deposition provides insight into the dynamics and spatial heterogeneity of natural river corridors, with implications for river restoration.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 13","pages":"4310-4323"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.5968","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142225585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A mathematical model for bedrock incision in near-threshold gravel-bed rivers","authors":"Vanessa Gabel,&nbsp;Gregory E. Tucker,&nbsp;Benjamin Campforts","doi":"10.1002/esp.5957","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5957","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Gravel-bed rivers that incise into bedrock are common worldwide. These systems have many similarities with other alluvial channels: they transport large amounts of sediment and adjust their forms in response to discharge and sediment supply. At the same time, the occurrence of bedrock incision implies behaviour that falls on a spectrum between fully detachment-limited ‘bedrock channels’ and fully transport-limited ‘alluvial channels’. Here, we present a mathematical model of river profile evolution that integrates bedrock erosion, gravel transport and the formation of channels whose hydraulic geometry is consistent with that of near-threshold alluvial channels. We combine theory for five interrelated processes: bedload sediment transport in equilibrium gravel-bed channels, channel width adjustment to flow and sediment characteristics, abrasion of bedrock by mobile sediment, plucking of bedrock and progressive loss of gravel-sized sediment due to grain attrition. This model contributes to a growing class of models that seek to capture the dynamics of both bedrock incision and alluvial sediment transport. We demonstrate the model's ability to reproduce expected fluvial features such as inverse power law scaling between slope and area, and width and depth consistent with near-threshold channel theory, and we discuss the role of sediment characteristics in influencing the mode of channel behaviour, erosional mechanism, channel steepness and profile concavity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 13","pages":"4168-4186"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.5957","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142199198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stable rivers: A case study in the application of text-to-image generative models for Earth sciences","authors":"C. Kupferschmidt,&nbsp;A.D. Binns,&nbsp;K.L. Kupferschmidt,&nbsp;G.W. Taylor","doi":"10.1002/esp.5961","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5961","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Text-to-image (TTI) generative models can be used to generate photorealistic images from a given text-string input. However, the rapid increase in their use has raised questions about fairness and biases, with most research to date focusing on social and cultural areas rather than domain-specific considerations. We conducted a case study for the Earth sciences, focusing on the field of fluvial geomorphology, where we evaluated subject-area-specific biases in the training data and downstream model performance of Stable Diffusion (v1.5). In addition to perpetuating Western biases, we found that the training data overrepresented scenic locations, such as famous rivers and waterfalls, and showed serious underrepresentation and overrepresentation of many morphological and environmental terms. Despite biassed training data, we found that with careful prompting, the Stable Diffusion model was able to generate photorealistic synthetic river images reproducing many important environmental and morphological characteristics. Furthermore, conditional control techniques, such as the use of condition maps with ControlNet, were effective for providing additional constraints on output images. Despite great potential for the use of TTI models in the Earth sciences field, we advocate for caution in sensitive applications and advocate for domain-specific reviews of training data and image generation biases to mitigate perpetuation of existing biases.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 13","pages":"4213-4232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.5961","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142199203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geometry and thermal regime of the southern outlet glaciers of Qaanaaq Ice Cap, NW Greenland","authors":"Kristaps Lamsters,&nbsp;Jānis Karušs,&nbsp;Jurijs Ješkins,&nbsp;Pēteris Džeriņš,&nbsp;Shinta Ukai,&nbsp;Shin Sugiyama","doi":"10.1002/esp.5966","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5966","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Glaciers and ice caps surrounding the Greenland Ice Sheet are found to be sensitive to warming climate thus the knowledge of their thickness and internal structure is substantial to determine their future impact on sea level and local environment. Still, <i>in situ</i> glaciological measurements of such glaciers are very scarce. Here, we present the results of ground penetrating radar (GPR) and uncrewed aerial vehicle surveys conducted on the two southern outlet glaciers of Qaanaaq Ice Cap in NW Greenland. GPR measurements reveal up to 170 m thick ice and the lack of englacial hyperbolae indicating no developed en/subglacial drainage system. The glaciers consist mainly of radar transparent facies characteristic for cold ice, while limited scattering facies appear closer to the glacier's terminus beneath the thinnest ice and are attributed to debris inside the ice. Results show that the glaciers flow into narrow V-shaped valleys suggesting spatio-temporally limited subglacial erosion and restricted possible distribution of temperate ice in the past. The comparison of the ice thickness measurement data with global ice thickness model estimates shows considerable discrepancies emphasising the need of modelling improvements in the case of narrow valley and outlet glaciers.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 13","pages":"4275-4288"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142198961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}