Earth Surface Processes and Landforms最新文献

{"title":"Denudation rates and Holocene sediment storage dynamics inferred from in situ 14C concentrations in the Feshie basin, Scotland","authors":"Anya H. Towers,&nbsp;Simon M. Mudd,&nbsp;Mikael Attal,&nbsp;Fiona J. Clubb,&nbsp;Steve A. Binnie,&nbsp;Tibor J. Dunai,&nbsp;Negar Haghipour","doi":"10.1002/esp.70043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70043","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Scotland's Highlands are tectonically quiescent but have experienced high rates of isostatic uplift in response to deglaciation. To understand the effects of both deglaciation and regional uplift on landscape evolution, we measured the concentration of cosmogenic <i>in situ</i> ¹⁴C in river sands collected in Glen Feshie (Cairngorms). Like other terrestrial cosmogenic radionuclides, <i>in situ</i> ¹⁴C can be used to calculate basin-wide denudation rates over millennial timescales. ¹⁴C has a short half-life relative to other <i>in situ</i> cosmogenic radionuclides, giving it an advantage in post-glacial landscapes: Very little ¹⁴C will be inherited from exposure before glaciation of the landscape, meaning that concentrations will reflect sediment production and transport dominantly in the Holocene. When we calculate denudation rates based on the common assumption of basin-wide homogeneity of erosion, we find no correlation between topographic metrics such as the normalised channel steepness index and inferred denudation rates, which range between 0.175 and 1.356 mm/year. Based on field and remote sensing observations, we suggest that ¹⁴C becomes diluted downstream due to sediment supply from paraglacial terrace material, and develop a mixing model to test this hypothesis. We identify the terraces that are likely to contribute sediment to the channels through flood modelling, geomorphic mapping and remote sensing observations. Our mixing model indicates that the observed distribution of ¹⁴C concentrations can be explained if terrace escarpments have basin-averaged migration distances of 8 to 30 cm during large flood events. This interpretation is consistent with remotely sensed images of channel activity and terrace bank retreat within the catchment. Our results show that paraglacial sediment stores contribute to sediment fluxes in the late Holocene and highlight the on-going glacial legacy on landscape evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct shoreline behaviour along storm-dominated and geologically controlled coastal barriers","authors":"Vincent Kümmerer,&nbsp;Óscar Ferreira,&nbsp;Carlos Loureiro","doi":"10.1002/esp.70042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70042","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Contemporary shoreline change is driven by a complex combination of factors, and as such is often highly variable along the coast. While differences in beach morphology can explain some of the variability in shoreline change, the geological constraints imposed by coastal geology are often overlooked. This work examines the influence of foreshore configurations with varying degrees of non-dynamic geological control, which are analysed in combination with hydrodynamic forcing to investigate seasonal to multiannual shoreline evolution along five coastal barriers in the Outer Hebrides, Western Scotland. These barriers are characterised by strongly geologically constrained evolution and are exposed to a storm-dominated wave climate. Due to the variable temporal interval between available cloud-free Planet Scope images, monthly averaged vegetation lines from 2016 to 2023 were derived from satellite imagery as a shoreline position indicator using an automated approach validated by visual inspection. The satellite-derived vegetation lines have a sub-pixel accuracy with a root mean square error of 3 m. Changes in monthly averaged shoreline position are statistically correlated with monthly extreme storm conditions, characterised by both extreme water levels and wave conditions. However, the control exerted by the variable geological configuration along the barriers results in distinct inter- and intra-site shoreline change behaviour, with lower shoreline variability observed in barrier sectors fronted by rocky foreshores, compared to sediment-rich foreshores. The observed multiannual shoreline change from 2016 to 2023 is characterised by a small but statistically significant accreting trend (mean 0.4 m/yr), likely representing the recovery of the barriers from extreme winter storms that impacted northern European coasts from 2013 to 2015. The results demonstrate that considering variable geological controls in shoreline change assessments improves the understanding of shoreline variability along coastal barriers, allowing to identify distinct storm-driven shoreline behaviour according to the degree of geological control.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143698940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical modelling investigation of finite-amplitude subaqueous dune saturation","authors":"Arnaud Doré,&nbsp;Giovanni Coco","doi":"10.1002/esp.70046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70046","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Observations of bedform development under various flow conditions show that an initially flatbed evolves through different phases leading to a fully developed dune field. However, the mechanisms limiting dune growth in flows with limited depth and suspended sediment transport are not fully understood. This paper presents a novel methodology to characterise the evolution of phase shifts in bed shear stress and sediment flux maxima in relation to finite-amplitude bedform crests, using a 2D Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes model (RANS) to simulate dune profile evolution. Our results indicate that increasing both profile wavelength and height enhances turbulent mixing, thereby reducing flow inertia and decreasing the phase advance of bed shear stress. We then demonstrate that increased turbulent kinetic energy levels entrain significant amounts of suspended sediment in the water column, eventually leading to profile saturation at specific parameter thresholds. This research sheds light on important mechanisms controlling the equilibrium dimensions of finite-amplitude dunes. The various saturation modes presented in this paper provide deeper insights into the diverse dune profiles found in nature.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of fossilised solution pipes and their hydrological function using electrical resistivity tomography in Apulia, Italy","authors":"Mateja Ferk,&nbsp;Matej Lipar,&nbsp;Andrej Šmuc,&nbsp;Mario Parise,&nbsp;Rok Ciglič,&nbsp;Klemen Cof,&nbsp;Primož Miklavc,&nbsp;Uroš Stepišnik","doi":"10.1002/esp.70047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70047","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Solution pipes are vertical, cylindrical karst features formed by focused vertical water flow in carbonate rocks with matrix porosity, often with well-cemented rims and filled with sediment. The objective of this study was to detect and characterise solution pipes with cemented rims along the Melendugno coast in Apulia, Italy, using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). We employed both 2D and 3D ERT profiles, using Schlumberger and Mixed Dipole-Gradient arrays, to identify cylindrical resistivity anomalies associated with solution pipes, even in sediment-covered areas where surface mapping is insufficient. The ERT results combined with stratigraphic analysis of the bedrock showed that the pipes are shallow, typically less than 2 m deep, and are associated with layers of highly porous calcarenites. Furthermore, the detected solution pipes have a higher electrical resistivity than the surrounding bedrock, indicating that the solution pipes are fossilised and no longer actively contributing to vertical water flow. These fossilised pipes now exhibit a reversed hydrological function compared to their active formation phase; presently, water preferentially infiltrates into the subsurface through the surrounding bedrock rather than through the pipes themselves. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of ERT in diagenetically immature rocks, providing insights into the geomorphological and hydrological evolution of coastal karst systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143646001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction, destruction and fan-river coupling dynamics during two consecutive debris flow events in an arid fluvial system","authors":"Albert Cabré,&nbsp;Álex Garcés,&nbsp;Germán Aguilar,&nbsp;Santiago Montserrat,&nbsp;Eneko Beriain,&nbsp;Francisco O. Alfaro","doi":"10.1002/esp.70041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the shifts in fan-river coupling during two major consecutive debris flow events (March 2015 and May 2017) on tributary-junction alluvial fans situated in the Atacama Desert in the Andes. Studying the geomorphological consequences of debris flow events in these fans provides a unique opportunity to understand the mechanisms of fan formation and destruction in arid landscapes. To do so, we integrate repeated high-resolution topography of two end-member fans representative of fans built in confined fluvial settings in the Andes, along with detailed geomorphological and sedimentological mapping.</p><p>Here, we identify how fan-river interactions shift after flood events, influenced by: (i) sediment volumes supplied and buffered in the fan, (ii) changes in feeder channel gradient and (iii) the previous position of the main river channel in the trunk valley. The primary geomorphic consequences observed in the fans include deep incisions and entrenchment of the abandoned alluvial surfaces by the feeder channels, leading to the formation of new lobes at the fan toes. In many cases, debris flow partially block the main river, diverting the main channel. We interpret that the sedimentological differences within and between fans during both debris flow events result from varying water-to-sediment ratios, which are influenced by the sediment storage characteristics of the catchments (e.g., net sediment storage, internal buffers in drainage networks, transport capacity).</p><p>Our findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms responsible for the formation of tributary-junction alluvial fans and their interactions with axial valleys in arid, confined valley settings. This approach can be applied to tributary-junction fans elsewhere, contributing to sediment budget estimates, downstream sediment propagation signals and the development of hazard mitigation strategies in regions expected to experience an increase in the frequency and intensity of rainstorm events.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143646000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legacy sediment: A conceptual model and perspective on the role of dams","authors":"Bridget Livers,&nbsp;Noah P. Snyder","doi":"10.1002/esp.70044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The term ‘legacy’ usually refers to past human activities that have long since ceased, but contemporary human activities can potentially leave future legacies. While legacy sediment is often defined as having upstream anthropogenic origins, such as from land clearing, infrastructure such as flood control structures and dams can trap sediment, whether naturally or anthropogenically derived, that can persist for centuries or more, thus leaving a legacy of past sedimentation. Dam removal is becoming more common, and accounting of sediment caused by the impoundment is an important component of planning a removal and its impacts. We provide four examples to explore mechanisms of legacy sediment generation: (1) land use changes with no infrastructure or dams, (2) a review of non-dam infrastructure that abstracts water and substantially reduces sediment transport, (3) a case study from the longest-duration geomorphic monitoring (2007 to 2023) of a short (&lt;10 m) dam removed in 2008 and (4) a review of a well-studied tall (&gt;10 m) dam removal. When dams are removed, fluvial processes typically erode sediment in and directly adjacent to newly formed or opened stream channels over short timescales, but inaccessible deposits remain as legacy sediment. We demonstrate that overbank flooding and sedimentation upstream of run-of-river dams can create unrecognised deposits outside of the modern reservoir pool. We further outline how certain dam and other infrastructure characteristics, dam removal style and sediment character can generate persistent legacy sediment and sometimes legacy landforms outside active stream channels where it is unlikely to be excavated by natural geomorphic processes except in the most extreme events. With the increase in dam building and dam removal in various parts of the world, legacy sediment deposits are becoming ubiquitous, with important consequences for river and land management.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143646128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surveys conducted a third of a century apart reveal changes to in-stream large wood, riparian vegetation and stream planform in response to management within a UK national park","authors":"Angela M. Gurnell,&nbsp;Christopher T. Hill,&nbsp;Stephen Tooth","doi":"10.1002/esp.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite their importance for the structure and biogeomorphological function of river landscapes, riparian trees and wood have long been heavily managed. In 1991, Gregory et al. (1993) undertook a walkover survey of ~60 km of streams within the Lymington River catchment, New Forest, England, including mapping the characteristics of in-stream large wood, riparian vegetation and stream planform. In 2024, the survey was repeated. Before 1991, wood and fallen trees were frequently removed from stream channels to improve drainage and support growth of non-native conifers in plantations. Arterial drains were also cut and linked to realigned, resectioned streams within planted areas. From ~1990, major stream and land management changes were progressively introduced, including a reduction in wood removal from streams, restoration of realigned streams to more natural planforms and smaller channel sizes and clearance of conifers from floodplains to permit recolonisation by native deciduous species.</p><p>Comparative analysis of the 1991 and 2024 survey data reveals &gt;100% increase in the number of wood jams and fallen trees, with fallen trees and the most hydraulically-influential wood jam types increasing by &gt;200%. These increases are particularly associated with sinuous streams draining deciduous woodland. Streams draining coniferous woodland and heath-scrub-lawn-mire show less fallen trees and wood jams and smaller increases between surveys, with particularly low abundances along streams disturbed by conifer clearance and stream restoration. This analysis has quantified the transformation of extended lengths of New Forest streams, revealed the likely degree to which the transformation is attributable to different management actions, and provided insights into possible future trajectories of change.</p><p>Following brief training, the survey is suitable for application by river volunteers and professionals. Repeat surveys in future decades and on other sites can quantify changes to in-stream wood, riparian vegetation and stream planform, providing invaluable insights into the consequences of management actions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143612571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wood jam mobility in a morphologically active river in northern Chilean Patagonia","authors":"Lorenzo Martini,&nbsp;Alberto Paredes,&nbsp;Karla Sánchez,&nbsp;Andrés Iroumé,&nbsp;Lorenzo Picco","doi":"10.1002/esp.70031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wood is crucial in river systems, influencing both ecological and physical dynamics. Understanding its behaviour in relation to fluvial morphology is essential for effective watershed management, especially after extreme events. The tendency of wood to accumulate into wood jams (WJs) adds complexity, as these dynamics remain challenging to assess. This study explored the relationship between channel morphological changes and WJ mobility in the Blanco River, Chile, which was affected by a volcanic eruption in 2008–2009. The methodological approach involved utilising multi-temporal drone surveys conducted in 2018, 2019 and 2023, over a river segment with an area of 29.5 ha and a length of 2.2 km. First, the characterisation of morphological units, quantification of geomorphic changes, and classification of morphodynamic mechanisms were accomplished using orthophotos and robust Digital Terrain Models (DTM) of Difference (DoD). Then, WJ abundance, spatial arrangement and mobility were derived from their manual delineation over 3 years. Finally, the characteristics of missing, newly formed, and persistent WJs were further analysed in relation to the morphodynamics. The results revealed that the river remains highly active, even 10–15 years post-eruption. From 2018 to 2023, at least 1.43 × 10⁵ m³ of sediment was displaced, yielding a value of 1.21 × 10⁵ m³ km⁻² year⁻¹. Most of this displacement was attributed to floodplain erosion from the channel's lateral shifts. WJs covered up to 10% of the study area annually. Mobility rates were 68% and 78% for the periods 2018–2019 and 2019–2023, respectively. In areas with no geomorphic changes, larger, less compact WJs were more likely to persist. However, persistent WJs were also associated with bank erosion and sediment deposition over bars. In contrast, missing or newly formed WJs tended to be smaller, more compact and were primarily linked to significant erosional and depositional processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling river and floodplain evolution using physics-based and reduced-complexity approaches","authors":"Andrew P. Nicholas","doi":"10.1002/esp.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Models of river-floodplain evolution have previously been classified as adopting either <i>physics-based</i> or <i>reduced-complexity</i> approaches, with the latter presumed to afford a weaker representation of fluvial processes and dynamics. Results are presented herein that enable the first direct comparison of two such approaches within a single fluvial morphodynamic modelling framework. This is achieved using a new morphodynamic model that can be implemented using two alternative hydrodynamic solvers, while all other model components are unchanged. The two solvers are a momentum conserving (MC) Godunov-type finite volume scheme; and an inertial formulation (IF) of the shallow water equations, which neglects momentum transport. Simulations reported herein demonstrate that the two modelling approaches can produce channels characterised by very similar morphology and process rates. Moreover, both solvers exhibit consistent behaviour that illustrates the key role of lateral dynamics (driven by both bank erosion and other mechanisms of floodplain reworking) as a control river channel pattern. Overall, the IF solver is characterised by greater sensitivity to changes in model parameter values and, for some parameterisations, may promote channels with unrealistic planform morphology. Moreover, the neglect of momentum transport by the IF solver restricts its capacity to represent flow acceleration over bar tops, which has implications for its ability to simulate bar-driven braiding and low sinuosity braided anabranches. Despite this, the simpler IF solver is capable of simulating the evolution of meandering channels (and their floodplains) using coarse model grids, due to its representation of streamline curvature effects on sediment transport direction. The resulting reduction in computational cost associated with implementing the IF solver suggests that such reduced-complexity approaches may be particularly suitable for use in simulating the long-term (millennial) evolution of meandering river floodplains, perhaps more so than braided channels, which have often been the focus of reduced-complexity modelling studies in the past.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cirques in the eastern Kunlun Mountains, NE Tibetan Plateau and their links to climatic and non-climatic factors","authors":"Qian Zhang,&nbsp;Han Meng,&nbsp;Yong Sun,&nbsp;Ninglian Wang,&nbsp;Chaolu Yi,&nbsp;Li Zhang,&nbsp;Lupeng Yu,&nbsp;Yubin Wu","doi":"10.1002/esp.70034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70034","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cirque metrics are widely used to deduce palaeoclimate conditions, with extensive research in the alpine regions of High Mountain Asia (HMA). Some debates remain regarding the relationship between cirque morphology and climate/topography and a detailed study is needed to deepen the knowledge of cirque development. This study delineated and analysed 375 cirques in the eastern Kunlun Mountains, northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Results show that cirque area and development degree decrease from west to east. Cirques and modern glaciers predominantly face north. In an east–west contrast, more cirques face west, with lower cirque floor altitude (CFA) than those facing east, highlighting the effect of the east Asian monsoon (EAM). The eastward decline in CFA in the eastern Kunlun Mountains implies that the palaeoprecipitation increases eastward, highlighting the dominant role of the EAM on glaciation during the last glacial period. The lower aspect asymmetry of the cirques than that of the modern glaciers implies greater glacial coverage during the last glacial period than today. By comparing the results across the HMA, it is suggested that cirque density, specific area, size, floor altitude and aspect asymmetry exhibit no distinct correlation with annual temperature, precipitation, altitude and bedrock resistance. Cirque development depends on the relative efficacy of glacial erosion, which is jointly controlled by local climate, topography and bedrock type, which may be regionally diverse. This may be an explanation for the inconsistencies in the relationships between cirque metrics and climate in different regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}