Earth Surface Processes and Landforms最新文献

{"title":"Simulation of the influence of physical crust development on the aerodynamic entrainment of sand particles on a sloping bed","authors":"Xiaolan Yu,&nbsp;Zhengshi Wang,&nbsp;Shuming Jia","doi":"10.1002/esp.70139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70139","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wind erosion is a major cause of desertification, dust release and landscape reshaping, with the aerodynamic entrainment of particles being a key physical process triggering aeolian transport. While existing parameterizations predominantly consider flat bare soils, the role of physical crust in modulating entrainment thresholds remains not comprehensive enough. This study innovatively uses the discrete element method to quantify inter-particle cohesion and precisely simulate the trajectory of aerodynamic entrainment of each sand grain. It obtains microscopic characteristics like the response time and energy accumulation process of aerodynamic entrainment, which are hard to measure accurately in experiments. The results show that the threshold friction velocity for aerodynamic entrainment escalates exponentially with the increase in crust strength and thickness. Specifically, it can increase up to 3.6 times from 0.13 ms⁻¹ to 0.60 ms⁻¹ with enhanced crust strength, and 2.5 times from 0.20 ms⁻¹ to 0.71 ms⁻¹ with greater thickness. The aerodynamic entrainment laws of physical crusts on slopes with different gradients are basically consistent. Under varying crust strength conditions, the entrainment rate decreases exponentially with an increase in slope, and the reduction can exceed 40% compared to a flat bed. However, it is worth noting that as the crust strengthens, the influence of the slope on the entrainment rate gradually diminishes and the difference in the entrainment rates among different slopes ranges from 54% to almost zero. Through a detailed analysis of the mechanical evolution process, the underlying variation law by which the crust affects the aerodynamic entrainment of surface particles was elucidated. The innovative quantification and parameterization approach proposed herein not only furnishes a more precise and in-depth comprehension of this intricate process, but also contributes to improving the simulation accuracy of large and meso-scale wind erosion prediction models.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144885343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological adjustments of alternate bars in a channelized river of the Tibetan Plateau and their hydro-sedimentary implications","authors":"Yunshuo Cheng,&nbsp;Zhiwei Li,&nbsp;Yucong He,&nbsp;Guo An Yu,&nbsp;Weiwei Yao","doi":"10.1002/esp.70141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70141","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Alternate bars are self-organized, large-scale bedforms that typically occur in channelized rivers and result from bed instability. Owing to the rapid morphological responses to changing flow and sediment regime, alternate bars can serve as sensitive indicators for reach-scale fluvial variations. The aspect is particularly relevant for the Tibetan Plateau rivers, where climatic and human disturbances are triggering rapid fluvial adjustments. We analysed alternate bars in the lower Nianchu River – a channelized tributary in the middle Yarlung Tsangpo River basin – by utilizing multi-temporal satellite imagery (2009–2012 and 2019–2021), field surveys and theoretical modelling. Key findings include: (1) a 1.5-fold decline in bar occurrence frequency (0.99 to 0.66 bars/km) and a 2.3-fold reduction in migration rates (0.36 to 0.16 channel widths/year) are observed in the recent decade, mirroring the decreased flow energy and sediment supply due to dam regulation, vegetation encroachment and altered hydrology in the midstream rivers in the Tibetan Plateau; (2) persistent bar wavelengths despite the above bar changes, indicating that hydro-sedimentary changes are not yet fundamental to alter the basic bar pattern, providing critical insights that water-sediment adjustments of midstream rivers in the Tibetan Plateau are gradual rather than abrupt; and (3) agreement of semi-empirical wavelength equation to the field data under a scaling factor of 0.7, confirming the transferability of experimental/theoretical models for natural rivers of high-altitude in bar management and regulations. Overall, morphological changes of alternate bars can provide critical insights to understand river responses to climate change and human activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144885103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysing railway sand sources in arid regions with multi-type aeolian landforms using differentiating particle size ranges","authors":"Baicheng Niu,&nbsp;Xiaomei Kou,&nbsp;Fenggui Liu,&nbsp;Zhonglin Ye,&nbsp;Hamid Gholami,&nbsp;Tao Wang,&nbsp;Qi Li,&nbsp;Lihai Tan","doi":"10.1002/esp.70138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70138","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fingerprinting techniques can be used to quantify sand source contributions with applied relevance, such as the management of sand accumulation problems for desert railways traversing complex aeolian landscapes. This study applies the FingerPro model to elucidate the sand sources impacting the Golmud-Korla Railway (GKR) in northwest China. Sand samples were collected from three distinct sources: the Gobi, a low-lying coarse sand sheet (LCSS), and a dune, alongside mixture samples from sand deposits on railway fences. Sand (&lt; 100 μm) deposited on railway sand fences predominantly originated from the LCSS, contributing 83.44% and 76.59% to the &lt; 63 μm and 63–100 μm particle size fractions, respectively. Conversely, the dune was the dominant source for particles ranging in size from 100 to 500 μm, accounting for 75.40%. Annually, an estimated 1388.0 m³ of sand from LCSS and 4987.2 m³ of sand from the dune are transported to the 2-km-long sand fence in the upwind direction of the GKR. In terms of per-unit-area contribution, LCSS contributes the most (more than 3,700 m³.km⁻²·a⁻¹), followed by the dune (1,534 m³.km⁻²·a⁻¹), while the Gobi contributes the least (29.38 m³.km⁻²·a⁻¹). These findings underscore the need for integrated sand control measures that address both LCSS and dunes. Consolidation of LCSS is needed to suppress dust emissions that affect railway equipment. Targeted dune control is needed to manage hazards from larger sand-sized particles (100–500 μm) that obstruct railway sand fences. For arid regions with complex sedimentary environments, we recommend using differentiating particle size ranges in source differentiation analyses to capture variations in sediment grain size distributions with greater precision.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144811093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of riparian vegetation on bank erosion during extreme weather events","authors":"Hamish Biggs,&nbsp;Arman Haddadchi,&nbsp;James Brasington,&nbsp;Jochen Bind,&nbsp;Justin Stout","doi":"10.1002/esp.70136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70136","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Riparian vegetation is a critical component of river ecosystems and plays an important role in sediment transport processes during floods. Riparian vegetation is commonly reported to stabilise riverbanks and reduce bank erosion; however, there is a lack of published data on bank erosion and riparian vegetation during extreme floods with significant out of channel flow. To reduce this knowledge gap, this study uses lidar and aerial imagery to investigate relationships between riverbank geomorphic change and riparian vegetation cover (i.e., trees and bushes) in the Uawa and Wairoa Rivers in New Zealand following extreme flooding during Cyclone Gabrielle in 2023. There was severe bank erosion in both rivers, with average bank material losses of −24.5 ± 5.9 m³/m for the Uawa River and −17.2 ± 5.5 m³/m for the Wairoa River, with average bank retreat of 3.99 m and 2.14 m, respectively. Geomorphic change was related to final vegetation cover and removal of riparian vegetation, with increased bank erosion where riparian vegetation was removed, compared to where it was retained. There were no clear links between bank erosion and river geomorphic units (i.e., inner, outer and straight banks), with more erosion of inner banks in the Uawa River, and more erosion of outer banks in the Wairoa River. Some of this variability was explained by differences in vegetation removal and retention; however, other factors, such as out of channel flow across floodplains (notably for inner bends) and woody debris, likely contributed to the variability of results, compared to meandering rivers where floods are confined within the channel banks.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70136","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144767696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the role of inherited rock fabric in critical zone porosity development: Insights from seismic anisotropy measurements using surface waves","authors":"Benjamin J. Eppinger,&nbsp;W. Steven Holbrook,&nbsp;Brady A. Flinchum,&nbsp;Dario Grana,&nbsp;Daniel de B. Richter,&nbsp;Jorden L. Hayes,&nbsp;Clifford S. Riebe,&nbsp;Ciaran J. Harman,&nbsp;Bradley J. Carr","doi":"10.1002/esp.70132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70132","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Within Earth's critical zone, weathering processes influence landscape evolution and hillslope hydrology by creating porosity in bedrock, transforming it into saprolite and eventually soil. In situ weathering processes drive much of this transformation while preserving the rock fabric of the parent material. Inherited rock fabric in regolith makes the critical zone anisotropic, affecting its mechanical and hydrological properties. Therefore, quantifying and studying anisotropy is an important part of characterising the critical zone, yet doing so remains challenging. Seismic methods can be used to detect rock fabric and infer mechanical and hydrologic conductivity anisotropy across landscapes. We present a novel way of measuring seismic anisotropy in the critical zone using Rayleigh and Love surface waves. This method leverages multi-component surface seismic data to create a high-resolution model of seismic anisotropy, which we compare with a nuclear magnetic resonance log measured in a nearby borehole. The two geophysical data sets show that seismic anisotropy and porosity develop at similar depths in weathered bedrock and both reach their maximum values in saprolite, implying that in situ weathering enhances anisotropy while concurrently generating porosity in the critical zone. We bolster our findings with in situ measurements of seismic and hydrologic conductivity anisotropy made in a 3 m deep soil excavation. Our study offers a fresh perspective on the importance of rock fabric in the development and function of the critical zone and sheds new insights into how weathering processes operate.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70132","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144705434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biogeomorphic assessment of natural streambank structures in the Alps: A step to improve soil and water bioengineering techniques","authors":"Juliette Rousset,&nbsp;Guillaume Piton,&nbsp;Adeline François,&nbsp;Marie Didier,&nbsp;André Evette","doi":"10.1002/esp.70126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70126","url":null,"abstract":"<p>On mountain streambanks, the feedback loops between vegetation and geomorphic processes remain largely unknown, though the mineral and vegetation components of steep mountain streams play a key joint role in bank stability. This lack of knowledge concerning the structure and functioning of high-elevation streambanks is a major obstacle to the development of soil and water bioengineering techniques. Thus, many of these banks have already been protected with civil engineering structures. Our study attempts to overcome this challenge by observing natural streambanks and mimicking their processes through nature-based solutions.</p><p>We provide herein a first analysis of intermingled geomorphological and ecological units along natural banks in mountain streams, aiming to identify the bio-geomorphological structures that remain stable under erosion. The study focused on streambank reaches located in the Vanoise mountain range (northern French Alps) that had characteristic natural riparian vegetation and stable bank toes. The sites were representative of the altitudinal range (1.480–2.150 m a.s.l.) and of various bed slopes (0.8–28%). Geomorphic surveys (slope, particle size, shear stress) and ecological surveys (vegetation cover and biological features) were conducted on the bank toes.</p><p>Our results highlight two bio-geomorphologic types of streambanks: 1) those along steep-sloped streams, where mixed mineral and plant units, dominated by green alder and a few willow species, jointly contribute to bank stability; and 2) low-gradient streambanks, where bank stability is entirely ensured by the vegetation, composed of willow species, which vary according to elevation. This study provides additional knowledge on bank structure and stability in mature high-elevation streams.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144681476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow and turbulence characteristics of bed load sediment transport for self-cleansing without deposition","authors":"Mehrnoush Kohandel Gargari,&nbsp;Ilayda Keskin,&nbsp;Mir Jafar Sadegh Safari,&nbsp;Babak Vaheddoost","doi":"10.1002/esp.70125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70125","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Investigating the structure of flow turbulence and bed load sediment transport is crucial as it provides insights into the functioning of aquatic environments, where such variations can lead to changes in ecosystem dynamics. This study focuses on the impact of sediments on the hydraulic characteristics of flow at self-cleansing without deposition conditions of sediment transport. The self-cleansing without deposition is not only a mode of sediment transport in alluvial channels, but it also serves as a criterion for the design of lined channels. Among the various design concepts for lined open channels, such as sewers and drainage channels, self-cleansing without deposition condition is implemented as the most conservative and reliable approach. However, most of the conducted experimental studies on self-cleansing without deposition have focused on measuring the basic flow and sediment characteristics for modelling purposes and neglected the effect of bed load, sediment size, flow discharge, and channel bed slope on turbulence characteristics. This study addresses this gap by examining the impact of bed load, sediment size, bed slope, and discharge on turbulence characteristics through a series of experiments conducted in a 12.5 m flume with a rectangular cross-section, equipped with an automatic control system (ACS) at the Hydraulic Laboratory of Yaşar University. The channel bed slope, sediment discharge, flow discharge, and depth were adjusted and measured using ACS. Discharge and flow depth were measured using an ultrasonic flow-meter and depth sensors, respectively. Flow characteristics were measured using a Vectrino profiler device. The study reveals that bed load sediment transport reduces streamwise velocity, especially for coarse particles. Additionally, at a constant bed slope, velocity differences remain small at lower discharges but become more significant as discharge increases. Turbulence intensity rises with bed load motion, more in the streamwise direction than vertically. At a constant bed slope, increasing discharge enhances turbulence, but the effect is more pronounced at lower slopes and less significant at steeper slopes. Reynolds shear stress increases with particle size and steeper slopes, indicating greater shear production. These observations suggest critical implications for the design and optimization of open-channel systems, emphasizing the need for detailed consideration of particle sizes and bed conditions in engineering practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144681475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the morphodynamics of a spit complex (Punta Rasa, Argentina): Implications for mid-term evolution of coastal plains","authors":"Manuel F. Isla,&nbsp;Emilia S. Guisado-Pintado,&nbsp;Ernesto Schwarz","doi":"10.1002/esp.70130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70130","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The northern boundary of the Barrera Oriental on the Atlantic coast of Argentina holds the spit complex of Punta Rasa, a well-exposed without subsequent coverage, beach-ridge system. Here, the long-term interaction between the sandy beach, an extensive coastal dune field, and a tidal flat system have created a suite of depositional and erosional coastal features, for which storms seem to be the main driver. Thus, the spit complex represents an ideal example to understand the evolution of the beach-ridge system during the Holocene by extrapolating the morphodynamics conditions currently governing the spit. Through the analysis of 15 years (2005–2019) of wave and wind time series and further simulation of hydrodynamic parameters generated by storm events, changes in shoreline position were studied. Furthermore, morphometric attributes of the Holocene beach-ridge system were investigated. Results allowed us to establish two types of main storms (southeasterns and northeasterns) that have shaped the evolution of the spit during the last 20 years. The prevalence of southeastern storms boosts progradation with clockwise rotation of the spit end, while an increase in the frequency of northeastern events reduces sediment supply, making the spit more vulnerable to erosion and causing its retreat and counterclockwise rotation. The combination of morphometric analysis of beach ridges with these morphodynamic scenarios led us to establish four stages of evolution for the Barrera Oriental.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144681473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlling effect of sliding zone soil on rainfall-triggered colluvial landslide in Qinling-Bashan Mountains – A typical case study","authors":"Jinshui Yang,&nbsp;Xingang Wang,&nbsp;Sheng Hu,&nbsp;Daozheng Wang,&nbsp;Baoqin Lian,&nbsp;Chen Xue,&nbsp;Kai Liu","doi":"10.1002/esp.70134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70134","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accumulation landslide induced by rainfall is one of the most important types of geological disasters in the Qinling-Bashan Mountains, China. In recent years, nearly one hundred accumulation landslides have caused significant casualties and serious economic losses. To better understand the response mechanism of sliding zone soil to such landslides under rainfall infiltration conditions, the landslide in Zhashui County, Shaanxi Province, was taken as a typical case. The field investigation, ring shear test and creep test were carried out using sliding zone soil. Combined with the laboratory tests results, the landslide was numerically simulated and analysed. Laboratory test results show that the increase in moisture content leads to a reduction in the shear strength of the sliding zone soil, promoting slope creep and accelerating the deformation of the slope. Numerical simulation results for two typical rainfall infiltration scenarios, short-duration heavy rainfall and long-duration weak rainfall, indicate that the failure type of accumulation landslide is a creep-slide failure, and the damage degree of the heavy rainfall to the slope is greater than that of the weak rainfall. According to the results of the field investigation and numerical simulation, we find that the mechanical behaviour of the sliding zone soil controls the failure mode of the accumulation landslide in Qinling-Bashan Mountains. This kind of landslide has roughly experienced three failure stages: the early disaster-breeding stage, the interim accelerated deformation stage and the anaphase instability failure stage.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144688006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering fine-scale surface flow dynamics with particle tracking velocimetry: A new benchmark for soil erosion modelling","authors":"Lea Epple,&nbsp;Anne Bienert,&nbsp;Oliver Grothum,&nbsp;Jonas Lenz,&nbsp;Anette Eltner","doi":"10.1002/esp.70127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70127","url":null,"abstract":"<p>High-resolution measurements of soil surface flow velocity are critical for advancing the calibration and validation of physically based runoff and erosion models, yet such data remain scarce, particularly under field conditions. This study demonstrates the application and feasibility of particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) for capturing spatially distributed flow velocities during artificial rainfall simulations on agricultural plots. Combined with structure from motion (SfM) for topographic change detection, PTV enables detailed, non-invasive measurements of surface flow patterns at millimetre to centimetre scales. Two process-based models were applied and compared against these flow velocity observations. We further analysed the influence of digital elevation model (DEM) resolution on flow simulations, revealing that while average velocities remained relatively stable, spatial flow patterns and rill formation were strongly dependent on resolution. Model comparisons showed that dynamic surface updates better reflected observed flow patterns compared to a static approach. Measured flow velocities from PTV show slight variation from model outputs, due to scale and the nature of measurement. Our results position PTV as a powerful tool for future soil erosion research, enabling spatially resolved flow velocity estimation, improved validation of hydrodynamic processes, and more physically meaningful model parameterisation. This study provides a proof of concept for in-field PTV during rainfall simulations on small agricultural scales and for integrating high-resolution optical measurements into process-based runoff and erosion modelling workflows.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70127","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}