Earth Surface Processes and Landforms最新文献

{"title":"Exploring sand ridge formation and preservation in a semi-enclosed tideless basin, Puck Bay, Baltic Sea","authors":"Rucińska Maria,&nbsp;Wróblewski Radosław,&nbsp;Pałgan Dominik,&nbsp;Trzcińska Karolina,&nbsp;Belicki Jaromir","doi":"10.1002/esp.70098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70098","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sand ridges are primarily associated with tide- and storm-dominated continental shelves, as documented in various studies. However there is a knowledge gap regarding the development and presence of such features in a semi-enclosed bays of non-tidal intra-continental seas. In the Puck Bay area, part of the Gulf of Gdańsk in the southern Baltic Sea, the field of large sand ridges, aligned obliquely to the shoreline, is present at water depths ranging between 5 m and 27 m. The ridges extend up to 5,000 m in length and 250–350 m in width, following a general SSW–NNE orientation. This field was characterised through high-resolution hydroacoustic data analysis, including bathymetry, backscatter and seismic profiling, complemented by ground-truthing samples such as surface sediments, vibrocores and video recordings. The sand ridges form two series apparent in seabed morphology, each with a distinct ridge axis orientation. High-resolution seismic data revealed the internal structure of the sand ridges, showing varying stages of their development and preservation. Parts of the sand ridges are well-preserved in their original structure, while the most distal parts, at the greatest water depths, are truncated. These parts are buried beneath younger sediments and no longer outlined in the seabed morphology.</p><p>For the first time, a system of sand ridges associated with the Holocene transgression in the southern Baltic Sea is documented, providing new perspectives on their evolution in a semi-enclosed bay of an intra-continental sea. The discovery of these ridges in the shallow, low-energy Puck Bay is unforeseen, suggesting that distinct hydrodynamic and morphodynamic conditions existed in the region in the past.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144213921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controls on geomorphological stage of trough blowout evolution: Evidence from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) airflow modelling","authors":"Duc Nguyen,&nbsp;Sarah Wakes,&nbsp;Mike Hilton","doi":"10.1002/esp.70095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70095","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Trough blowouts are an important component of coastal dune systems since they facilitate sand transport from the beach to the backdune which can increase foredune width and resilience to erosion. The contemporary conceptual model of trough blowout evolution supposes that airflow acceleration over the deflation basin declines when the blowout reaches a critical cross-section. To date, however, there is little evidence for this model. The current study examines how trough blowout morphology - including the slope of the bed surface (from 10° to 25°), the slope of lateral walls (from 60° to 90°) and trough width (from 10 to 50 m), controls airflow dynamics and shear velocity during various incident wind speeds and directions. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to model flow where the incident wind angle varies from 0° to 80° relative to the long axis of the blowout. The results support the contemporary conceptual model. Increasing bed slope, decreasing wall slope and increasing blowout width result in a decrease in average shear velocity on the lateral walls and bed surface of the blowout. We also found that measurements of wind speed at the middle of the blowout might not be sufficient to predict trough blowout evolution in oblique incident wind conditions because of the occurrence of helicoidal flow inside the blowout, which results in a complex erosion pattern on the lateral walls and bed surface. We also found a strong linear relationship between the shear velocity of incident winds and the average shear velocity on the lateral walls and bed surface of the blowout. This relationship could assist coastal managers to select locations where the incident wind speed is strong enough to maintain artificial trough blowouts to address coastal problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144214011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drainage evolution in accretionary thrust systems as responses to tectono-climatic variability: Insights from sandbox modelling","authors":"Qin Li,&nbsp;Yiquan Li,&nbsp;Xianyan Wang,&nbsp;Dong Jia,&nbsp;Rui Li,&nbsp;Yuqiong Mao","doi":"10.1002/esp.70099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70099","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Orographic evolution is a dynamic process that unfolds as structural deformation and climate-driven surface processes interact. In these topographic regions, the intricate ways in which fluvial processes respond to tectonics and climate require a more quantitative investigation. Given the inherent challenges in directly observing these evolutionary processes in nature, here we employ an analogue sandbox modelling approach to explore the dynamic interplay among orographic evolution, structural deformation and climate-driven surface processes within accretionary thrust systems across a spectrum of tectono-climatic conditions. Specifically, we investigate how the development of drainage and the evolution of fluvial processes adapt to varying tectonic shortening rate and precipitation. The results show that the formation and orientation of longitudinal rivers are not solely dictated by structural elements such as faults or folds; they are also significantly influenced by the configuration of alluvial fan as modulated by climate-induced sediment erosion and deposition. It is uncovered that increased precipitation shifts dominant river erosion patterns from predominantly lateral to headward erosion. A notable outcome is the strong positive correlation identified between drainage density (<i>D</i>_<i>d</i>) and the ratio of crustal shortening rate to rainfall rate (RSR), highlighting the intricate relationship among tectonic activity, hydrology and landscape evolution. In the context of mountain front sedimentation, it demonstrates that material derived from upstream erosional landscape exhibits varying responses to structural and climatic factors. Specifically, bedding patterns are primarily shaped by tectonic forces, whereas climate exerts a controlling influence on particle size distribution. Generally, an acceleration in tectonic deformation rates or a reduction in precipitation rates results in a steeper fan slope. To validate the model's predictive capabilities, select outcomes are compared with natural examples, such as the Longmen Shan, showcasing the high accuracy of the models in replicating real-world scenarios. Overall, this study contributes novel perspective on the intricate mechanism linking tectonic movements, surface processes and climatic fluctuations, enhancing our comprehension of landscape evolution in tectonically active regions with accretionary thrust systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144214008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term geomorphic response of a southwestern USA river following establishment and removal of an invasive riparian tree","authors":"Michael L. Scott,&nbsp;Erin J. Williams,&nbsp;Jonathan M. Friedman,&nbsp;John R. Spence,&nbsp;Phoebe B. McNeally","doi":"10.1002/esp.70103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70103","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Invasion of non-native riparian vegetation along southwestern USA rivers is associated with channel narrowing and simplification, prompting numerous and varied removal efforts. Channel width and migration rate often, but not always, increase following treatment. The cause of this variability and the duration of response is poorly understood. Using flow records and aerial imagery we quantified measurement uncertainty, change in channel width and rates of floodplain formation and erosion relative to annual peak flows before and during the invasion of Russian olive (<i>Elaeagnus angustifolia</i> L.), and following removal, along the Escalante River, Utah, over a fifty-year period. Prior to the invasion, the Escalante River was undergoing a decades-long narrowing process following large, turn-of-the-20th-century floods. Russian olive created a unique geomorphic shift in the observed pattern of channel change. Dense, channel-edge establishment and morphological traits including dense, inflexible branches, resulted in enhanced channel narrowing. Because the initial spread of Russian olive was from upstream to downstream, the Russian olive forest was wider and older upstream than downstream. Consequently, channel narrowing was greater and floodplain erosion rates had already decreased in upstream reaches compared to downstream. Russian olive removal increased channel width and floodplain erosion rates in upstream reaches, where Russian olive was most abundant. In contrast, downstream reaches continued to narrow. Small but detectable increases in rates of floodplain erosion across all reaches, and increased sinuosity in some, suggest the channel is becoming more mobile in the absence of Russian olive. Results indicate channel adjustment to Russian olive removal is spatially variable and may take a decade or more. With continued expansion of native riparian vegetation, future narrowing is likely during sustained low peak flows and large-scale widening is unlikely in the absence of extreme floods or physical removal of existing riparian vegetation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144214009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating encroachment behaviour of pore water on pore structure of unsaturated loess using continuous NMR technique","authors":"Biao Qin,&nbsp;Xi-An Li,&nbsp;Li Wang,&nbsp;Hao Chai,&nbsp;Hong Zheng,&nbsp;Qian Liu","doi":"10.1002/esp.70096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70096","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To study the influence of the evolution of pore structure and pore fluid state on the loading effect of unsaturated loess, a series of oedometer tests were carried out on intact and remoulded loess, supplemented by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tests at different consolidation stages of the same specimens for the first time. The results show that the deformation of intact loess lags behind that of remoulded loess during mechanical wetting. The pore water gradually encroaches on the pore structure, which increases the debonding effect of soil and the behaviour of loess gradually converges to that of saturated loess. Under the same vertical pressure, unsaturated loess maintains a higher void ratio than saturated. The decrease in the relaxation time span predicts the compression of the pore structure and the gradual encroachment of water. Deformation caused by consolidation enhances the water retention performance of unsaturated loess. The results provide guidance for understanding the evolution of micropore fabrics in the compaction process of loess.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144214012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative geomorphological analyses reveal late Cenozoic uneven tectonic expansion at the North Qilian Shan","authors":"Jiaxin Guo,&nbsp;Wenjun Zheng,&nbsp;Yige Li,&nbsp;Qi Su,&nbsp;Dongli Zhang,&nbsp;Shiqi Wei,&nbsp;Xin Sun,&nbsp;Fuer Yang","doi":"10.1002/esp.70090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70090","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The North Qilian Shan, located in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, serves as a tectonic boundary zone both for active blocks and plateau expansion, and is characterized geomorphologically by intense shortening and uplift. To quantify the geomorphic expression of the outward expansion, we selected the Dongda River Watershed as the study area, divided it into three tectonic regions (A, B and C) to conduct quantitative geomorphological analyses. We then calculated the geomorphic indices—normalized channel steepness (<i>ksn</i>), slope, relief and hypsometric integral (HI)—for 212 sub-basins in the Dongda River Watershed using TopoToolbox and the Topographic Analysis Kit (TAK). The distribution of parameters showed that the tectonic activity in the study area is Region A &gt; Region C &gt; Region B, which indicated that the North Qilian Shan exhibits geomorphic evidence of uneven tectonic uplift, reflecting differential tectonic activity along the North Qilian Shan fault zones during the Late Cenozoic. When combined with previously established tectonic evolution models for the North Qilian Shan, the results in this study suggest that tectonic activity here is driven both by the northward expansion of the plateau boundary and by stress transmission within block boundary zones.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144206832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mineralogical characterisation of aeolian sands using multispectral satellite datasets: Implications for dune field evolution, Wahiba Dune Field, Oman","authors":"David Cousins,&nbsp;Gary Kocurek,&nbsp;Mohammed Al Kindi,&nbsp;Omer Al Mashaykhi,&nbsp;Caroline Hern,&nbsp;Calum Macaulay,&nbsp;Robert Campbell,&nbsp;Michelle Thompson","doi":"10.1002/esp.70064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70064","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Wahiba Basin of NE Oman has been the focus of numerous studies involving satellite imagery that demonstrate the complex interactions between diverse source terrains and fluvial/marine/aeolian sediment transport pathways. Building upon previous work, our study resolves the mineralogy of the dune field and grain provenance utilising a multispectral dataset derived from visible to near-infrared and short-wave infrared bands of Worldview-3 (WV-3) and Sentinel-2, alongside select thermal infrared bands of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). Spectral signatures identified from remote sensing were confirmed through selective surface sampling, followed by petrographic analysis, powder X-ray diffraction and grain-size analysis. We employed the spectral angle mapper algorithm (SAM) and band ratio analysis to classify the WV-3 covered megadunes, and validate our scenes with the ground sample data. The spectrally superior WV-3 dataset was resampled and compared, pixel-for-pixel, against a SAM-classified Sentinel-2 scene, providing a framework necessary to expand our observations regionally. The resulting datasets offer spatially expansive classified scenes that provide mineralogical context regionally and at the fine resolution of individual megadunes. Regional observations are mostly consistent with the spatial distribution of mineral phases previously defined across the dune field, highlighting the contemporary influx of sand with mineralogical affinities of proximal source regions that imprint locally. We challenge the prevailing hypothesis that the Al Hajar Mountains to the north of the dune field is the primary supplier of quartz, proposing instead that the siliciclastic-rich Huqf Arch in the south is a more likely contributor. The combined scales of resolution reveal contemporary megadune deflation and sediment reworking that contrasts the mineralogy of the contemporary flux, suggesting that dominant and subordinate regional wind trends were reversed during glacial periods. Our detailed mineralogical observations reveal the sensitivity of contemporary geomorphic surfaces to local sediment dynamics and highlight the value of multi-scale analysis in interpreting dune field evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between the fractal dimension of soil aggregates and erosion in degraded lands in the Qinling–Ba mountainous area of China","authors":"Wenfeng Ding,&nbsp;Xunchang Zhang,&nbsp;Li Li,&nbsp;Xiaoxia Tong,&nbsp;Jianmin Li,&nbsp;Yu Zheng","doi":"10.1002/esp.70092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70092","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The aggregate size distribution (ASD) is an important soil characteristic that is influenced by soil erosion processes and land degradation. However, very few studies have aimed to explore the responses of the soil ASD to land degradation. With respect to the Qinling–Ba mountainous area in southern Shaanxi Province, China, this study aimed to investigate the soil ASD in different degraded land ecosystems and their responses to erosion using fractal theory. Thirty-three plots (7 m²) classified into five land use types representing different degrees of degradation (agriculture, horticulture, grassland, coppices and mature forest) were established to determine and compare runoff and sediment yield. A total of 99 soil samples were collected, and the soil ASD was analysed to determine the fractal dimension (FD). The results revealed that the aggregate FD values ranged from 2.21 to 2.44 for the dry-sieving method (FD_dry) and from 2.70 to 2.82 for the wet-sieving method (FD_wet). The average FD_dry values followed the order of coppices &gt; agriculture &gt; mature forest &gt; horticulture &gt; grassland, whereas the average FD_wet values followed the order of grassland &gt; horticulture &gt; agriculture &gt; coppices &gt; mature forest. Lower FD_wet values were associated with soil dominated by larger aggregates. Statistically significant differences in runoff and sediment were found between agriculture, horticulture, grassland and coppices and mature forest at the 0.05 level of significance. The erosion rate was positively and linearly related to the FD_wet value (<i>R</i>² = 0.74, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) and negatively related to the FD_dry value (<i>R</i>² = 0.136, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.5). The results indicated that erosion is more notably related to the FD_wet value than to the FD_dry value. This study highlights the importance of understanding the soil ASD and its implications for erosion processes, which can inform sustainable land management practices and strategies for soil conservation in this region.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144148627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of paraglacial sediment supply using detrital 10Be in postglacial landscapes of southwest British Columbia","authors":"Elizabeth H. Dingle,&nbsp;Erin Seagren,&nbsp;Aaron Steelquist,&nbsp;Julia Carr,&nbsp;Isaac Larsen,&nbsp;Jeremy Venditti","doi":"10.1002/esp.70085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70085","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The legacy of glaciation persists for tens to hundreds of thousands of years in postglacial landscapes, where transient storage and release of paraglacial sediment masks signals of primary landscape denudation (i.e., bedrock incision). The timescales over which glacial legacies persist are difficult to quantify without detailed information on fluvial sediment load or landscape denudation. Here, we present 33 new detrital ¹⁰Be cosmogenic radionuclide analyses from the Fraser River basin in western Canada. We combine ¹⁰Be concentrations with paraglacial terrace distributions and present a sediment mixing model to assess the extent to which paraglacial terrace sediment contributes to fluvial sediment loads. Estimated basin-averaged denudation rates are ~0.23 mm yr⁻¹ and largely invariable along the Fraser Canyon, a 375-km bedrock influenced reach, despite a doubling in drainage area and extensive paraglacial terrace distribution. Denudation rates are poorly correlated with landscape morphometry (slope, channel steepness) and climate. To reproduce patterns in ¹⁰Be concentrations along the canyon, terrace sediment contributions must be limited to ~15% of the total flux. We attribute the low terrace inputs to limited connectivity between the terrace fill and the Fraser River channel, which is now incised into bedrock. Longitudinally invariant specific sediment yields are likely a consequence of limited floodplain storage for sediment that is instead transported through the Fraser Canyon to the delta. Sediment derived from bedrock denudation exceeds sediment inputs from paraglacial terrace deposits in the lower Fraser River. Despite widespread prevalence of paraglacial terrace fill in the landscape, our results indicate that basin-scale paraglacial effects diminish once channels re-incise into bedrock and terrace fills become disconnected from lateral river channel erosion. These findings shed new light on the processes controlling the timescales of paraglacial effects on modern river sediment loads and wider postglacial landscape evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Instability mechanism and control measures of loess slope induced by heavy rainfall","authors":"Guangcheng Shi,&nbsp;Xiaojie Yang,&nbsp;Fan Yang,&nbsp;Zhigang Tao,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Zhang,&nbsp;Jie Dong","doi":"10.1002/esp.70088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70088","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Loess slopes are susceptible to rainfall due to the water sensitivity and collapsibility of loess. The aim of this study is to investigate the instability mode, failure mechanism and control effect of homogeneous loess landslide under rainfall by using physical model experiments and numerical simulation, combined with a new anchor cable with negative Poisson ratio (NPR) structural effect. The findings indicated that the loess slope's failure under heavy rainfall is characterized by progressive shallow flow-slip instability, encompassing three deformation modes and seven deformation characteristics. Water content, pore water pressure and earth pressure monitoring instruments capture the dynamic response of internal hydromechanical properties within the loess slope during intermittent heavy rainfall, clarifying its failure mechanism. Rainfall leads to soil softening and a reduction in strength. The effective stress of shallow soil and potential sliding surfaces diminishes due to decreased matrix suction and increased pore water pressure. The accumulation of internal and external deformation eventually leads to the disintegration of the shallow layer of the loess slope. Numerical simulation results indicated that rainfall significantly affects the shallow layer of the loess slope, with greater subsidence deformation observed at the slope's crest. Indoor and field monitoring findings revealed the pattern of Newton force on the loess slope in response to rainfall and demonstrated its seasonal dynamics, characterized by an increase during the thaw-collapse and flood periods, followed by a decrease in the frost-heave period.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144135675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}