Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics最新文献

{"title":"Smart bridge bearing monitoring: Predicting seismic responses with a multi-head attention-based CNN-LSTM network","authors":"Omid Yazdanpanah,&nbsp;Minwoo Chang,&nbsp;Minseok Park,&nbsp;Sujith Mangalathu","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4223","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper introduces a novel method to spontaneously predict displacement time histories and hysteresis curves of bridge lead rubber bearings under seismic loads and axial forces. The method leverages a stacked convolutional-bidirectional Cuda Long Short Term Memory network, enhanced with multi-head attention, skip connections, exponential learning rate scheduler, and a hybrid activation function to improve performance. The framework utilizes the functional application programming interface provided by the Python Keras library to build a model that takes input features such as horizontal and vertical ground accelerations, actuator loads in both lateral and vertical directions, and the superstructure mass. The effectiveness of the deep learning model is evaluated using a considerable experimental dataset of 53 real-time hybrid simulations, spanning various earthquake intensities and superstructure masses (Chi-Chi: 15 scenarios, El Centro: 15 scenarios, Kobe: 13 scenarios, and Northridge: 10 scenarios). Initially, Northridge earthquake data serves as unseen data, while the rest is used for training and validation. In a subsequent trial, the unseen data is centered on Kobe earthquake scenarios. By employing a hybrid loss function merging mean square and mean absolute errors, the model exhibits a substantial correlation of over 83% between predicted displacement time series and empirical measurements for the unseen data. In summary, the proposed model offers miscellaneous benefits, including time and cost savings in experimental efforts by decreasing the need for additional tests. It further delivers a swift and precise insight into the bridge bearing performance and its energy dissipation, facilitating timely and accurate bridge design in different scenarios for engineers.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"53 14","pages":"4379-4403"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142430287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-laminated timber for seismic retrofitting of RC buildings: Substructured pseudodynamic tests on a full-scale prototype","authors":"Stylianos Kallioras,&nbsp;Dionysios Bournas,&nbsp;Francesco Smiroldo,&nbsp;Ivan Giongo,&nbsp;Maurizio Piazza,&nbsp;Francisco Javier Molina","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4222","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents an experimental study on an innovative timber-based retrofit solution for reinforced concrete (RC) framed buildings, with or without masonry infills. The intervention aims to enhance seismic resistance through a light, cost-effective, sustainable, and reversible approach integrating energy efficiency upgrades. The method employs cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels as infills or external retrofitting elements, mechanically connected to the RC frame through steel fasteners. The system is combined with thermal insulation for improved energy efficiency. The seismic performance of the proposed retrofit technique was assessed experimentally on a full-scale building model at the European Laboratory for Structural Assessment (ELSA). The experiments included tests on two five-story building configurations: a masonry-infilled RC building as a reference and the same structure strengthened with CLT panels. Each building was subjected to unidirectional earthquake simulations of increasing intensity using the pseudodynamic (PsD) testing method with substructuring. The physical substructure of the hybrid model consisted of the first story of a two-story mockup built and retrofitted in the laboratory, while stories two to five were simulated numerically. The paper discusses major observations from the tests, comparing the damage evolution and hysteretic responses of the two configurations. The experiments yielded promising results, showing that the suggested retrofit solution significantly increased displacement and energy dissipation capacity. The retrofitted building survived earthquake intensities up to 50% higher than the non-retrofitted counterpart, exhibiting only slight structural damage. These pioneering experiments provide compelling data on the high effectiveness of the proposed CLT-based retrofit system in enhancing the seismic performance of full-scale RC buildings.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"53 14","pages":"4354-4378"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.4222","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142430341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solving large numerical substructures in real-time hybrid simulations using proper orthogonal decomposition","authors":"Jian Zhang,&nbsp;Hao Ding,&nbsp;Jin-Ting Wang,&nbsp;Okyay Altay","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4221","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) technique significantly streamlines experimental procedures by allowing researchers to study a substantial portion of the structure through numerical analysis. For effective real-time interconnectivity between the investigated substructures, the numerical component must be solved within an extremely tight time frame. However, achieving a real-time solution for large numerical substructures presents a major challenge. Hence, this paper proposes the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) method to reduce computational burden in RTHS and shows its implementation. The merits of the approach are shown by comparisons between the full-order and reduced-order numerical substructures, including nonlinearities. A shear frame retrofitted with superelastic shape memory alloy dampers is investigated as a numerical model. The soil-structure interaction is also included using a finite element half-space model with an artificial viscous-spring boundary. Furthermore, the numerical substructure is coupled with shaking table experiments of a tuned liquid column damper to prove the feasibility of the method. With POD, the studied nonlinear numerical substructure can simulate up to 2655 degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) with a given hardware setup, while the full-order model is limited to 135 DOF, underscoring the significance of the POD method in RTHS.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"53 14","pages":"4334-4353"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142430166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic fragility and resilience assessment of large-span cable-stayed bridges under multi-support ground motions with non-Gaussian characteristics","authors":"Yucong Lan,&nbsp;Jun Xu,&nbsp;Jian Zhong,&nbsp;Yang Li","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4220","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Seismic fragility analysis and resilience assessment of large-span cable-stayed bridge structures are critical for evaluating their seismic performance. However, there is a scarcity of research on the effects of multi-support ground motions and their non-Gaussian characteristics on seismic fragility and resilience. This paper aims to addresses this issue. Initially, random ground motions with spatial variability and non-Gaussian characteristics are simulated using the Spectral Representation Method (SRM) and the Unified Hermite Polynomial Model (UHPM). Subsequently, the Fractional Exponential Moments-based Maximum Entropy Method (FEM-MEM) and the Adaptive Gaussian Mixture Model (AGMM) are employed for seismic reliability-based fragility analysis, overcoming the shortcomings of conventional lognormal assumption. Component- and system-level fragility analyses are conducted sequentially, followed by seismic resilience assessment of bridge structures based on the results of system-level fragility analysis. A numerical example is presented to validate the proposed method. Computational results indicate that: (1) The proposed method offers higher accuracy and broader applicability for seismic fragility analysis of large-span cable-stayed bridge structures compared to traditional assumptions. (2) The non-Gaussian characteristics of ground motions may significantly impact the seismic fragility analysis and resilience assessment of large-span bridge structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"53 14","pages":"4310-4333"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142430109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic vulnerability assessment of electrical substation system based on the hybrid fragility functions and Bayesian network","authors":"Xing Fu,&nbsp;Dai-En-Rui Guo,&nbsp;Gang Li,&nbsp;Hong-Nan Li,&nbsp;Deng-Jie Zhu","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4219","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Substations function as neural hubs within power systems and play pivotal roles in the aggregation, transformation, and distribution of electrical energy. Previous experiences indicate that substation systems are highly susceptible to damage under earthquakes, resulting in a subsequent decrease in power supply functionality. To mitigate the risk of earthquake-induced damage, a novel approach based on Bayesian theory is proposed to assess the seismic vulnerability of complex engineering systems. The proposed method initially obtains the prior distribution of seismic fragility parameters for electrical equipment through numerical simulations of coupled finite element models. Subsequently, seismic damage survey data and Bayesian updating rules are applied to update the prior probability, obtaining a hybrid fragility function for electrical equipment. The Bayesian network was constructed using logical relations among internal electrical components in the substation, aiming to quantify the seismic vulnerability of the system across different functionality indicators. Finally, the causal inference technique was employed to quantify the importance of various components and equipment. A realistic case study on a typical 220/110/35 kV substation system was performed using the proposed method. The results demonstrate that the method improves the confidence level of the equipment fragility curves, reduces the computational workload of the system vulnerability analysis, and provides a theoretical basis for improving substation performance and formulating post-disaster maintenance plans.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"53 14","pages":"4287-4309"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142429989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Earthquake-induced damage assessment of critical medical equipment using experimentally validated rolling and sliding nonlinear models","authors":"Jaime Guamán-Cabrera,&nbsp;Juan Carlos de la Llera","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4217","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hospital functionality relies not only on the building's structural robustness but also on the seismic performance of its Nonstructural elements, Systems, and Contents (<i>NSC</i>). The objective of this study is to characterize the earthquake-induced damage to the medical equipment deployed in the full-scale, five-story concrete building tested at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) in 2012 when subjected to Design (DE) and Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) levels of demand with Fixed-to-the-Base (FB) support condition. The experimental equipment displacement responses are extracted using the Camera Projection Technique (CPT). Then, sophisticated rolling and sliding models, including instantaneous motion tracking and impact detection are developed to reproduce the equipment behavior obtained from CPT. It was found that CPT was capable of extracting the observed responses and identifying impacts despite the severity of the shaking as long as no significant uplift of the equipment occurred. In addition, both numerical models were capable of reproducing the equipment's displacement trajectories, rotations about the vertical axis (yaw), and impacts as long as no interlocking of the equipment's parts occurred. Moreover, a case study of a partially equipped Emergency Room (ER) was set up to demonstrate that even for low-intensity motions, the damage to equipment may be significant. Finally, the impact acceleration (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mover>\u0000 <mi>a</mi>\u0000 <mo>⃗</mo>\u0000 </mover>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>i</mi>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 <mi>p</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>$vec{a}_{imp}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>) is proposed as a proxy indicator of damage to medical equipment; however, more functionality tests accompanied by detailed pre- and post-inspections are needed to define robust damage limit states and performance objectives for medical equipment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"53 14","pages":"4248-4268"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142429923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A locally resonant metamaterial and its application in vibration isolation: Experimental and numerical investigations","authors":"Haibin Ding,&nbsp;Nianyong Huang,&nbsp;Changjie Xu,&nbsp;Yifei Xu,&nbsp;Zhigang Cao,&nbsp;Chao Zeng,&nbsp;Lihong Tong","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4214","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Vibration isolation metamaterial barrier has been extensively studied in mitigating the damage induced by vibration, while a deeper understanding of the vibration isolation characteristics based on laboratory experiments is still lacking. In this work, a locally resonant metamaterial barrier is proposed, and a large-scale laboratory experiment was first designed to investigate the isolation mechanism of the proposed metamaterial barrier. The metamaterial vibration isolation barrier is assembled by arraying 5 × 5 resonators. To better explain the observations in experiments and unveil the underlying isolation mechanism, COMSOL Multiphysics was also employed to simulate the laboratory experiment. Subsequently, the vibration isolation effect is quantitatively analyzed by analyzing the acceleration amplitude reduction spectrum (ARS) of the ground surface. The vibration isolation mechanism is discussed by monitoring the acceleration field around the metamaterial barrier. The results indicate that two significant locally resonant attenuation domains are observed, which are induced by the first-order and second-order vertical resonance frequencies of the metamaterial. Another experimental scheme that simultaneously monitored the acceleration of the mass block and the bottom of resonators was implemented to investigate vibration in the resonator. The vibration energy distribution on the mass block and the bottom of the resonator is found to depend significantly on the vibration frequency. When the frequency is lower than a certain frequency, the locally resonant is dominant. Otherwise, the geometric scattering is dominant. The vibration isolation mechanism of the locally resonance metamaterial was investigated by laboratory experiments and provided an effective solving path for isolating the low-frequency vibration.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"53 13","pages":"4099-4113"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142169970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid damage state identification of structures using generalized zero-shot learning method","authors":"Mengdie Chen,&nbsp;Sujith Mangalathu,&nbsp;Jong-Su Jeon","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4218","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Identification of damaged structures after natural disasters, such as earthquakes, is crucial for ensuring public safety and facilitating timely repairs. Recently, machine learning-based models have shown promise in this direction. Traditional machine-learning approaches require a significant amount of labeled data for training. However, obtaining labeled data for damage identification can be challenging because it is time-consuming and expensive. To resolve this issue, this study proposes a generalized zero-shot learning (GZSL) methodology to identify the degree of structural damage in images. The proposed methodology was used for assessing the failure mode of reinforced concrete shear walls involving pixel images on a scale of 0–1. The GZSL model with ResNet18 as its backbone demonstrated good performance, achieving 100% and 86.7% accuracies on training and test sets, respectively. This methodology was also utilized for assessing building damage using wavelet images with a broader color spectrum; the ResNet50-based GZSL model demonstrated excellent performance, achieving an accuracy of 68%, even with a smaller number of samples that included both seen and unseen classes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"53 14","pages":"4269-4286"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142429988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of local site conditions on seismic performance of free-spanning submarine pipelines: Underwater shaking table tests and numerical simulations","authors":"Haiyang Pan,&nbsp;Chao Li,&nbsp;Hong-Nan Li,&nbsp;Ruisheng Ma,&nbsp;Jin Guo","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4216","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Local site conditions may pose a significant influence on the seismic responses of submarine pipelines by altering both the offshore motion propagation and soil-structure interaction (SSI). This paper aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the influence regularity of local site conditions on the seismic performance of free-spanning submarine pipelines (FSSPs). For this purpose, a suite of underwater shaking table tests were performed to investigate the seismic responses of FSSP subjected to the offshore spatial motions at three site categories. Response comparison factor (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;χ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;j&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;${chi }_{R.ij}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) is defined to quantify the structural response discrepancies caused by the seismic inputs at different sites. The test results indicate that responses of the studied model FSSP gradually increase as spatial offshore motions at softer soil sites are employed as inputs; and the values of &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;χ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;j&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;${chi }_{R.ij}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; vary with a maximum magnitude of up to 40%–60% for different response indices when the site soil changes from fine sand to clay. Subsequently, the corresponding numerical simulations are carried out to reproduce the seismic responses of the test model. The experimental and numerical results meet a good agreement, indicating that the developed numerical modeling method can accurately predict the seismic responses of FSSPs. Following this verified modeling method and using the p-y approach to address the SSI effect, fragility surfaces of the studied FSSP are derived in terms of PGA and site parameter &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;S&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;30&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;${V}_{S30}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; (shear-wave velocity in the top 30 m of the soil profile) via probabilistic seismic demand analyses. The impact of local site conditions on the seismic performance of the FSSP is quantitatively examined by comparing the fragility curves corresponding to various &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;S&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"53 14","pages":"4223-4247"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142429764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of the choice of intensity measure and seismic demand model on seismic risk estimates with respect to an unconditional benchmark","authors":"Archie Rudman,&nbsp;Enrico Tubaldi,&nbsp;John Douglas,&nbsp;Fabrizio Scozzese","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4208","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Many methods for seismic risk assessment rely on the selection of a seismic intensity measure (<i>IM</i>) and the development of models of the seismic demand conditional on the <i>IM</i>. The <i>individual</i> importance of these two features to accurately assess seismic performance is well known. In contrast, this study aims to evaluate the impact that the <i>combined</i> selection of <i>IM</i> and the demand model has on risk estimates. Using a hypothetical seismic source model and a non-stationary stochastic ground-motion model, we present risk estimates for a mid-rise steel structure for 15 different <i>IM</i>s and five demand models derived by cloud analysis (four based on regression and a fifth based on an empirical binning approach). The impact of these choices is investigated through a novel method of model performance evaluation using a benchmark solution obtained via the unconditional approach (i.e., directly estimating demand exceedance frequencies from simulated ground motion time histories). The obtained results are also compared against traditional <i>IM</i> performance metrics, for example, efficiency and sufficiency. Finally, we demonstrate how risk estimate inaccuracies are propagated by performing a damage assessment on two example components. The results show that, for the scenario under investigation, Arias intensity combined with the binned demand model provides the best risk estimates, if sufficient samples are available, whilst ground displacement and duration-based <i>IM</i>s ranked worst, irrespective of the demand model. The findings highlight the importance and interconnectedness of the selection of the <i>IM</i> and the demand model when using cloud analysis and present a clear method of determining the most accurate combination for risk assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"53 14","pages":"4183-4202"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.4208","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142429700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}