Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics最新文献

{"title":"Risk-Informed, Performance-Based Design of a Seismic Isolation System for a Nuclear Power Plant","authors":"Faizan Ul Haq Mir,&nbsp;Ching-Ching Yu,&nbsp;Mohamed M. Talaat,&nbsp;Benjamin M. Carmichael,&nbsp;Brandon M. Chisholm,&nbsp;Andrew S. Whittaker","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4359","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A methodology to achieve a user-specified performance target for a seismic base-isolation system for a nuclear power plant (NPP) is presented and demonstrated. The isolation system, composed of both isolators and damping devices, is treated as a structure, system, and component (SSC) per US nuclear practice. Acceptable performance is defined as sufficient horizontal displacement capacity of the isolators and dampers to achieve a user-specified target performance goal (TPG). The methodology involves the generation of a seismic displacement demand curve for the isolation system, expressed as the mean annual frequency of exceedance (MAFE) of a horizontal displacement, and a fragility function for the isolation system. Information is presented on the derivation of an isolation system fragility function. The methodology is described via application to six isolation systems installed beneath an advanced NPP, founded on two different soil domains, and located at Clinch River in East Tennessee, USA.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 9","pages":"2231-2245"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144256544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Simulations of Rocking, Keyed Graphite Blocks in the Core of a High-Temperature Gas Reactor","authors":"Sai Sharath Parsi,&nbsp;Andrew S. Whittaker","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4354","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper presents the numerical modeling and dynamic analysis of graphite block assemblies designed for the core of a horizontal compact high-temperature gas reactor (HC-HTGR). The reactor core is composed of prismatic graphite blocks stacked in columns using shear keys. Under earthquake shaking, the dynamic response of a column of blocks is influenced by multiple factors, including rigid-body rocking of the blocks, graphite-to-graphite friction, horizontal and vertical clearances around the shear keys, energy dissipation at contact points, kinematic constraints, and block uplift and disengagement. These effects were characterized through vibration and seismic tests conducted on standalone columns of keyed graphite blocks at the University at Buffalo. The resulting data provided critical insights into their rocking behavior, supporting the development and validation of numerical models for the seismic analysis of these graphite assemblies, as described in this paper. These models are developed using the commercial finite element software package LS-DYNA, with damping and contact parameters calibrated using the test data. The utility of the models is evaluated under a range of harmonic and earthquake inputs. The peak column displacements and block rotations are predicted to within <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mo>±</mo>\u0000 <annotation>$ pm $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>20% of the experimental measurements, with close agreement in transient response histories across columns of varying heights and shaking directions. Parametric studies are conducted to examine the sensitivity of columns’ dynamic response to factors that are challenging to assess experimentally, such as variations in the graphite-to-graphite coefficient of friction, machining tolerances, block alignment, and installation imperfections. The outcomes presented herein directly support the design of the HC-HTGR core and offer valuable insights for reactor developers more broadly.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 9","pages":"2212-2230"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144256367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Soil Nonlinearity on Physics-Based Ground Motion Simulation and Their Implications on 1D Site Response Analysis: An Application to Istanbul","authors":"Wenyang Zhang,&nbsp;Yufeng Dong,&nbsp;Jorge G. F. Crempien,&nbsp;Pedro Arduino,&nbsp;Ertugrul Taciroglu","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4360","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Previously, we have conducted a suite of 57 broadband physics-based ground motion simulations (GMSs) for a region in Istanbul, Turkey, in which soils were modeled as linear elastic materials. However, from a geotechnical earthquake engineering point of view, soil can indeed exhibit nonlinear behavior, especially in shallow crust with soft soil layers and when subjected to strong ground shaking induced by seismic waves, and hence affect the wave propagation and ground motions. To quantitatively investigate the effects of soil nonlinearity on ground motions, in this study, we select four representative earthquake scenarios and perform fully nonlinear broadband (0–8 Hz) GMSs using a 3D bounding surface plasticity model. In addition, utilizing the motions at the bedrock level from 3D simulations, we conduct 1D nonlinear site response analyses (SRAs) for 2912 sites with different bedrock depths and <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>V</mi>\u0000 <mi>s</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>$V_s$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> profiles. Results indicate that compared to 3D nonlinear simulations, the 3D linear cases can both amplify and de-amplify ground motion intensities, depending on the ground shaking levels, while the 1D nonlinear SRAs are inclined to yield over-estimations, especially for vertical motions. Twelve stations are also selected to further evaluate the applicability of 1D SRA when soil nonlinearity is considered. Some features in 1D soil profiles, such as <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>V</mi>\u0000 <mi>s</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>$V_s$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> reversal and deep bedrock depth, are shown to yield unreliably under- and over-estimations, and therefore dramatically influence the accuracy of SRA predictions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 9","pages":"2194-2211"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144255844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance Assessment of Friction Pendulum Bearings in Bridges via Data Assimilation","authors":"Xinhao He,&nbsp;Daichi Kusano,&nbsp;Shigeki Unjoh,&nbsp;Shuichi Fujikura,&nbsp;Takuya Makino,&nbsp;Chiaki Nagao,&nbsp;Akira Shibasaki,&nbsp;Shinsuke Yamazaki,&nbsp;Hiroshi Ogami,&nbsp;Tadayuki Noro","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4356","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Seismic isolation techniques are widely used in regions susceptible to earthquakes. From a long-term maintenance perspective, it is crucial to develop methodologies for assessing the post-installation performance of these systems based on monitored data. Data assimilation techniques provide a versatile framework for addressing various challenges in complex environments by estimating the posterior distribution of unknown system states, enhanced by prior physical knowledge of systems. This study explores the feasibility of assessing the performance of friction pendulum bearing systems (FPSs) in bridges using data assimilation. Specifically, dynamic data from a scaled bridge model in large shaking table tests and from an actual bridge under earthquake conditions are utilized. Both an iterative Bayesian approach and a batch Bayesian approach are applied to address time-variant and time-invariant parameter estimation challenges. The results demonstrate that the state of the bridges and their FPSs can be accurately evaluated under diverse input conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 9","pages":"2172-2193"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.4356","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144256052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of the Strain Rates in Steel Reinforcement During the Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Structures","authors":"Juan F. Velásquez,&nbsp;José I. Restrepo,&nbsp;John J. Blandón,&nbsp;Freddy Bolaños","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4352","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Predicting the seismic performance of reinforced concrete structures responding nonlinearly during strong-intensity earthquakes is one of the most vexing challenges in structural modeling nowadays. Efforts in nonlinear structural modeling have been made since the 1960s, with the latest models having increased complexity. This paper uses data collected from two reinforced concrete specimens built at full scale and tested in the National Science Foundation-funded single-axis Large High-Performance Outdoor Shake Table of the University of California at San Diego. The strain rates derived from strain gauge readings placed in longitudinal bars undergoing plastic deformations in the plastic hinge regions of these two specimens were derived and characterized. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper that reports and characterizes the strain rates recorded on longitudinal bars in plastic hinge regions of full-scale reinforced concrete specimens subjected to strong input ground motions. Test observations indicate strain rates can be high when the Lüders bands nucleate and traverse the strain gauges. The strain rate in one of the specimens reached 44%/s. Once the Lüders bands had fully developed, strain rates reached nearly 20%/s, which was still significant. Most current computational models developed to assess the seismic response of reinforced concrete structures neglect the strain rate dependency of reinforcing steel. If constitutive stress–strain relationships were made strain rate dependent, the fraction of the empirically prescribed damping in the models could be reduced.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 8","pages":"2134-2151"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of Seismically Isolated and Non-Isolated Steel-Framed Buildings: Sensitivity to Amount and Form of Inherent Damping","authors":"Shoma Kitayama,&nbsp;Michael C. Constantinou","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4355","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The amount of inherent damping assumed in nonlinear response history analysis of steel buildings is typically set at 2% or less for the fundamental mode of vibration. However, many studies have shown that actual damping levels vary depending on the building characteristics and soil conditions, and methodologies used in measurements of damping in the field. Reported inherent damping values range from 1% to more than 5% for the fundamental mode of vibration. This study investigates the effects on the computed seismic performance of the assumed level and form of inherent damping in nonlinear response history analysis, focusing on seismically isolated and non-isolated buildings with special moment-resisting and concentrically braced frames. The seismic isolation systems considered are sliding friction pendulum type. The findings demonstrate that the assumed value of inherent damping has an impact on the computed floor accelerations, affecting acceleration-sensitive non-structural components, particularly with periods less than 1 s. Collapse probabilities of isolated buildings are minimally affected by the assumption of inherent damping, leading to simplifying modeling for collapse-focused analyses. Comparative studies involving conventional non-isolated buildings reveal significant sensitivity to inherent damping values across various metrics, including floor accelerations, peak story drift ratios, residual drift ratios, and collapse probabilities. It is shown that non-isolated building models exhibit reduced sensitivity of collapse probabilities and floor spectral accelerations when inherent damping is specified using different methods—specifically, capped viscous damping as compared to modal damping. This highlights that while the performance of seismically isolated buildings shows relatively small sensitivity to the model of inherent damping, non-isolated buildings exhibit notable differences.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 9","pages":"2155-2171"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.4355","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144256053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Meta-Foundations With Imperfect Interfaces","authors":"Anchen Ni,&nbsp;Xingbo Pu,&nbsp;Zhifei Shi,&nbsp;Ioannis Antoniadis","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4357","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Seismic wave isolation through layered meta-foundations is an emerging area of research, driven by its intrinsic theoretical significance and potential practical applications. To date, the complexities associated with imperfect interfaces have often been overlooked in the development of analytical frameworks, which tend to prioritize simple yet effective closed-form dispersion laws. This work provides a further step toward the analytical study of meta-foundations under real-world conditions by incorporating the effects of imperfect interfaces. Our developed framework demonstrates that accounting for interface effects markedly enhances ultra-low-frequency wave attenuation in meta-foundations, as revealed through complex dispersion analysis and verified by transmission analysis of finite-sized meta-foundations. This enhancement is achieved by modifying the stiffness and mass of the interfaces, which affects both the location and width of frequency attenuation zones (AZs) and improves wave attenuation within these frequency domains. Overall, our meta-foundations that incorporate interface effects demonstrate superior performance compared to traditional meta-foundations. This study offers a practical analytical model for meta-foundations and explores the effects of interface imperfections on their dynamic properties, paving the way for further advancements in the design of novel meta-foundations with artificial interfaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 8","pages":"2121-2133"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.4357","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Video Tracking of Targets for Vibration Measurement of Large-Scale Structures Under Seismic Excitation","authors":"Stefania Lo Feudo,&nbsp;Yunhyeok Han,&nbsp;Gwendal Cumunel,&nbsp;Ryan Hoult,&nbsp;Alex Bertholet,&nbsp;Denis Garnier,&nbsp;Paulo Candeias,&nbsp;António A. Correia,&nbsp;João Pacheco de Almeida","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4353","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Development of video-based vibration techniques and reliability of displacement measurements have important implications in several areas, including structural testing and monitoring of large structures. Through the use of numerous targets placed on the structure, 3-dimensional (3D) analysis, and modal identification can be performed with minimal installation costs, no mass increase, and contactlessly. This study applies and validates video tracking of targets for vibration analysis of a large-scale structure, namely, a reinforced concrete U-shaped wall, tested experimentally under seismic excitation on a shake table. 2D grids of targets are placed on two orthogonal surfaces and filmed by several cameras. Values obtained from a motion capture system, digital image correlation, and traditional displacement sensors are compared. Results confirm that the 3D motion of the U-shaped wall surfaces and foundation can be accurately extracted from video analysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 8","pages":"2106-2120"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Soil–Structure Interaction Modeling Simplifications and Structural Nonlinearity on Uncertainty in EDPs: A Case Study on an Existing RC Building in Santiago","authors":"Alberto Hurtado Valdés,&nbsp;Eduardo Torres,&nbsp;Guido Camata,&nbsp;Massimo Petracca,&nbsp;Jorge G. F. Crempien,&nbsp;José A. Abell","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4340","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigates the impact of modeling simplifications on the uncertainty of seismic response in numerical simulations, focusing on a five-story, asymmetric-plan, reinforced-concrete building in Santiago, Chile, subjected to simulated seismic motions from hypothetical events at the San Ramón fault (SRF). In order to achieve this, a comparative analysis is conducted between a high-complexity reference model and lower-complexity models. The reference model incorporates three-dimensional seismic inputs using the domain reduction method (DRM) and a detailed structural model accounting for material nonlinear behavior. The complexity of the models is systematically reduced to assess the effects of different soil–structure interaction (SSI) modeling assumptions. These assumptions include the use of DRM and plane-wave (PW) input, and also the exclusion of SSI through fixed-base (FB) conditions. For each model, both linear and nonlinear material behaviors are considered. Given the lack of historical records from the SRF, the study employs source-to-structure physical simulation to address seismic performance evaluation as well as its sensitivity to modeling. Simulations are conducted in OpenSees using input motions from 10 realizations of a <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>M</mi>\u0000 <mi>w</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <mo>=</mo>\u0000 <mn>6.7</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$M_w = 6.7$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> event at the SRF, generated with the <span>ShakerMaker</span> Python library. With respect to the reference model, findings indicate that PW assumptions moderately increase uncertainty across different engineering demand parameters (EDPs) and analysis directions. Conversely, FB conditions significantly elevate modeling uncertainty, drastically changing the mean and variance of computed EDPs. A simple EDP sensitivity score is proposed to compare the statistics of computed EDPs, from which a global performance-score is constructed for ranking of models with respect to the reference model. The ranking shows that linear FB models may outperform non-linear FB models, highlighting a complex and nonintuitive relationship between structural nonlinearity and soil flexibility modeling on uncertainty. There are also indications that high-complexity modeling, accounting for the spatio-temporal complexities of the seismic wave-field through the DRM, is needed for responses quantities sensitive to high frequencies. Overall, it is shown that even for this realistic building, located on a very stiff soil, the effects of SSI cannot be neglected as this can produce unpredictable changes in mean and variance of computed EDPs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 8","pages":"2062-2083"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Axial Subassemblage Testing System for Hybrid Simulation With Large-Scale Structural Components","authors":"Diego Pizarro,&nbsp;Milan Kovarbašić,&nbsp;Giuseppe Abbiati,&nbsp;Božidar Stojadinović","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4351","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article presents the Multi-Axial Subassemblage Testing facility of ETH Zurich, Switzerland (ETHZ-MAST) for quasi-static testing and hybrid simulation (HS) of large-scale structural components and assemblies. The ETHZ-MAST features a 6-degrees-of-freedom (DOFs, 3 translations and 3 rotations) loading system based on a steel crosshead and 10 hydraulic actuators. The control system of the test system allows for mixed-mode control of applied boundary conditions meaning that some DOFs can be controlled in force while the remaining are controlled in displacement. The control system relies on a kinematic model of the system and compensates for the elastic deformation of the crosshead and the backlash in the actuator clevises. The capabilities of the facility are demonstrated with two experimental campaigns on reinforced concrete shear walls, which comprise in-plane quasi-static cyclic testing and HS of nominally identical axially loaded specimens. One of the campaigns studied the transition between flexure and rocking behavior modes in specimens with spliced reinforcement, whereas the other addressed the transition between shear and sliding behavior modes. A comparison between the testing protocols revealed that the specimens tested in HS using a ground motion excitation had a larger displacement capacity than the nominally identical specimens tested using a quasi-static cycling test protocol. However, the behavior mode transitions the specimens exhibited did not depend on the test protocol, but on the specimen strengths and the applied axial loads.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 8","pages":"2084-2105"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.4351","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}