Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics最新文献

{"title":"Behavior of Long-Slotted Perforated Steel Plate Fuses in Timber Brace End Connections","authors":"Yahia Ahmed,&nbsp;Hossein Daneshvar,&nbsp;Ying Hei Chui","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70141","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.70141","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Steel perforated plate fuses have emerged as a promising solution for mass timber seismic force-resisting systems, offering tunable energy dissipation mechanisms, such as flexural and shear yielding, through geometric adjustments. This study examines the cyclic performance of perforated steel plate fuses employed in timber braced frames, with a focus on long-slotted perforations that exhibit flexural yielding behavior. Fourteen full-scale specimens were tested under the ASTM E2126 Method C cyclic loading protocol. The study explored the effects of slot length, number of links, number of dowels, and double-ended fuse arrangements. The long-slotted perforation pattern consistently exhibited plastic hinge formation at the ends of the link elements between the slot openings. Increasing the link length from 75 mm to 100 mm significantly enhanced the ultimate deformation capacity, attributed to greater flexural rotation at the plastic hinge regions within link elements. However, this improvement in ductility came at the cost of a 30% reduction in load capacity. To address this issue, increasing the number of links from 5 to 15 resulted in substantial gains in load capacity, with a linear proportional relationship observed. Dowel connections in fuse-controlled systems provide capacity protection within an overstrength factor range of Ω = 1.3 to 1.6. The results underline the feasibility of using long-slotted perforated plate fuses, owing to their high ultimate deformation capacity and the ability for both fuse ends to yield simultaneously, effectively doubling the ultimate deformation potential and enhancing the overall seismic resilience of the system. System-level analysis showed that these plates can improve the drift ratio by up to 2.25%. By utilizing this yielding fuse connection, the system can be classified as moderately ductile, indicating the promising performance of this seismic fuse, pending more comprehensive verification at the system level.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 6","pages":"1247-1269"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.70141","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147667985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional Adjustments to NGA-West2 Ground-Motion Models for Turkey","authors":"Mao-Xin Wang,&nbsp;Gang Wang","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70139","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.70139","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a ground-motion model updating (GMMU) framework to adjust NGA-West2 models for predicting a set of intensity measures in Turkey, including peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), and pseudo-spectral acceleration (PSA) at periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 s. The GMMU framework integrates bias identification and coefficient updating for the NGA-West2 models based on more than 9000 Turkish ground-motion records from over 500 earthquakes during 1977–2023. Only a portion of coefficients mainly related to the small-to-moderate magnitude scaling, distance scaling, and linear site response are adjusted using the regional data, whereas the other well-constrained aspects (e.g., hanging wall and nonlinear site response) are retained. The GMMU is based on a series of crossed-nested mixed-effects regressions incorporating between-event, site-to-site, and event-site-corrected residual terms. The results show that the global NGA-West2 models developed by using less than 70 Turkish records exhibit notable incompatibilities with the current large database, especially for short-to-moderate spectral periods within the earthquake magnitude range of 4.5–6.5. In contrast, the region-adjusted models provide improved estimates of both medians and standard deviations by incorporating the Turkish ground-motion attenuation characteristics. Additionally, a distance- and site-condition-dependent directionality model is developed for Turkey to estimate the maximum intensities over horizontal orientations (RotD100), mitigating the slight overestimation by the NGA-West2 model for periods longer than 0.2 s. The updated models can be applied for shallow crustal earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from 3.5 to 7.8 and distances shorter than 400 km.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 6","pages":"1313-1332"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.70139","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generalised Kinematic Single-Impact and Multi-Impact Models for Rocking Structures","authors":"Georgios Vlachakis,&nbsp;Carla Colombo,&nbsp;Anastasios I. Giouvanidis,&nbsp;Paulo B. Lourenço","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70130","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.70130","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rocking motion is fundamental in earthquake engineering, as it reflects the dynamic behaviour of many structural systems. However, simulating the impacts during rocking motion remains a challenging topic, as they occur in a very short time, generate high impulsive forces, cause sudden changes in velocities and result in rapid energy losses. Several non-smooth and continuous impact models have been proposed in the literature to describe such complex phenomena, yet the notable experimental variability of the angular coefficient of restitution is not adequately interpreted. This study introduces novel single-impact and multi-impact models tailored to the dynamic peculiarities of rocking motion. The proposed single-impact model effectively captures a wide range of impact conditions of the contact interface and demonstrates notable versatility as it uniquely combines the strengths and features of available models in the rocking literature. Subsequently, the model is extended into a multi-impact model, enabling the effective simulation of consecutive impacts and possible free-flights. This enhancement increases the model's efficacy and broadens its scope of application. Importantly, the proposed models are calibrated and validated against an extensive experimental campaign of 120 free rocking tests on blocks with various aspect ratios, demonstrating enhanced predictive capabilities. Finally, a series of comparative numerical analyses reveals the influence of the proposed impact models on the dynamic response of rocking blocks.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 6","pages":"1179-1202"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.70130","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Evaluation of Simplified Models for Seismic Soil–Pile–Structure Interaction: Limitations of Rigid-Base and Equivalent SDOF Approaches","authors":"Sumin Song,&nbsp;Louis Ge,&nbsp;Lee-Yi Wang,&nbsp;Yu-Wei Hwang","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70145","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.70145","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The prediction of seismic responses in soil–pile–structure (SPS) systems presents a significant challenge due to the complex effects of soil–structure interaction (SSI). Conventional design methods, such as the rigid base assumption and lumped mass (single-degree-of-freedom, SDOF) modeling, often oversimplify these interactions, potentially leading to unsafe or overly conservative designs. This study presents a series of 1-g shaking table tests conducted to experimentally investigate the seismic behavior of SPS systems, with results interpreted at prototype scale. Time-frequency analysis using frequency sweep tests and the Stockwell transform was employed to systematically identify modal characteristics and higher-mode effects. The experiments were conducted on dry sand with varying relative densities and subjected to a range of peak base accelerations (PBAs). Dynamic responses, including natural period shift, damping ratio variations, base shear forces, and inter-story drifts, were systematically compared across rigid base, SDOF, and fully modeled SPSs. The findings reveal that simplified models significantly overestimate structural stiffness and underestimate seismic demands, particularly under higher PBAs. Specifically, the SDOF method was found to underestimate the resonant period of the SPS, limiting its ability to accurately simulate dynamic behaviors. In addition, the base shear forces measured from pile-supported systems were higher than rigid base systems because of the amplification by SSI. The findings provide a direct, experimental quantification of the discrepancies between simplified models (SDOF and rigid base) and a realistic MDOF system. This study's primary contribution is the experimental validation that highlights the conditions under which simplified models can be non-conservative, providing critical data for practicing engineers to refine their design assumptions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 6","pages":"1377-1392"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Coupling Coefficients Method for Seismic Design of Mid-Story Isolated Structures","authors":"Giovanni De Francesco,&nbsp;Min Thit Khant","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70146","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.70146","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study proposes a new seismic design procedure for mid-story isolated structures that reduces design complexity, computational effort, and time. In the proposed procedure, referred to as the coupling coefficients (CCs) method, the isolated superstructure and the substructure are initially treated as decoupled and analyzed separately. CCs are then used to capture the interaction effects among seismic isolation, substructure, and superstructure. We first derived the CCs in closed form using basic concepts of modal analysis. Then, we validate these analytical expressions using statistical results obtained through comprehensive numerical simulations. We described the dynamic problem using mass and stiffness ratios. For stiffness ratios (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mi>k</mi>\u0000 <annotation>$k$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>) limited to <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>k</mi>\u0000 <mo>≤</mo>\u0000 <mn>0.05</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$kle 0.05$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, and stiffness-to-mass ratios (<i>t</i>) limited to <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>t</mi>\u0000 <mo>≤</mo>\u0000 <mn>0.1</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$tle 0.1$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, simplified expressions for modal periods, masses, participation factors, and damping ratios are developed. A reduced damping in the first mode captures the amplification effects of the substructure on the isolated superstructure. An increased damping in the second mode captures the tuned mass damper effects of the isolated superstructure on the substructure. For small stiffness ratios, the seismic demand of the isolation system can be approximated by that of the independent isolated superstructure on the ground, and the demand of the substructure can be approximated by that of the independent substructure, with adjustments made only for the viscous damping effects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 6","pages":"1449-1466"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transmissibility Physics-Guided Deep Learning Network for Seismic Response Prediction Under Limited Domain Knowledge, Sparse Measurements, and Unknown Excitations","authors":"Yuntai Zhang,&nbsp;Wang-Ji Yan,&nbsp;Li-Zhong Jiang,&nbsp;Ka-Veng Yuen","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70134","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.70134","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Swift seismic inspections are crucial for assessing structural safety before reoccupation. The prediction of seismic responses at unmeasured locations in scenarios with sparse response measurements, aided by physical models, has garnered significant attention to expedite inspection processes and safety assessments. However, existing techniques encounter challenges such as low efficiency due to costly seismic excitation measurement setups, limited scalability from incomplete sensor deployment, and substantial discrepancies stemming from insufficient knowledge, including the failure to address nonlinear effects adequately. To tackle these obstacles, a novel Transmissibility Physics-guided Deep Learning (TPDL) framework is introduced for predictions at arbitrary locations under unknown excitations, sparse measurements, and limited knowledge. Leveraging the governing equation of nonlinear structural dynamics in the frequency domain, the nonlinear Transmissibility Function (TF), defined as the ratio of two nonlinear frequency domain responses, is analytically derived by decomposing it into a linear-fidelity term associated with linear transmissibility information and a compensation term linked to unidentified nonlinearities. Guided by this formulation, a physics-guided deep network comprising two modules has been devised, simplifying the learning task from full structural dynamics to nonlinear behavior. The first module directly embeds known linear structural parameters to establish a training-free mapping to linear responses at unmeasured locations, thereby eliminating the need for explicit seismic excitation and facilitating rapid framework deployment. In parallel, the second module encodes the nonlinear compensation term by identifying unknown nonlinearities to correct the linear responses. Given the ill-posed nature of the nonlinear compensation term due to sparse measurements, a channel-sparse regularization technique incorporated into the loss function is employed to promote sparse outputs, mitigating the ill-posed dilemma and enhancing the model's generalization capabilities for unmeasured locations. Numerical studies and shaking table experiments validate TPDL's effectiveness in scenarios with uncalibrated numerical models, demonstrating its advantages of requiring fewer training samples and achieving superior accuracy at unmeasured locations compared to conventional approaches.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 6","pages":"1203-1225"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Resilience Assessment for Substation Systems Considering Multi-Source Uncertainties in the Recovery Process","authors":"Dai-En-Rui Guo,&nbsp;Xing Fu,&nbsp;Hong-nan Li,&nbsp;Liang Ren","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70126","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The post-earthquake recovery of substation systems is a complex, multidimensional, and highly uncertain dynamic stochastic process. To quantify its uncertainties and enhance the flexibility and efficiency of seismic resilience assessment for substations, this study proposes a novel resilience framework, which integrates the Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN)-based stochastic recovery model with the Bayesian Network (BN)-based system analytical model. Firstly, a probabilistic recovery model of the component is developed. Training data are generated according to equipment seismic fragility, expert knowledge and correlations among uncertainties, and then parameter learning is conducted to accurately evaluate the time-varying probability distribution of component functionality. Secondly, the BN analysis model is established using a typical 220/110/35 kV substation as a case study. The functional probabilities of components are updated sequentially at each time step based on the system recovery path, producing the functional recovery curves and the resilience metrics. Finally, the effects of seismic intensities, recovery strategies, and uncertainty factors on the resilience assessment of the system are investigated. This method quantifies the uncertainties of the recovery process and evaluates the system functionality from a probabilistic perspective. Therefore, it avoids the extensive Monte–Carlo simulations required in the traditional functionality recovery assessments, enhancing the flexibility and efficiency of system resilience evaluation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 5","pages":"1050-1070"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147565945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling the Probability of Tsunami Fire Ignition Based on Data From the 2011 Tohoku and 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquakes, With Recommendations to Reduce Emerging Fire Risk in Tsunami Vertical Evacuation Structures","authors":"Tomoaki Nishino","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70128","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent tsunamigenic earthquakes in Japan have highlighted the emerging fire hazard triggered by tsunami inundation and its impact on tsunami vertical evacuation (TVE) structures. This new type of fire following earthquake, referred to as “tsunami fires,” may be a potential universal hazard that tsunami-prone countries face; however, it has not been considered in earthquake-related risk management. As part of initiatives to evolve regional fire-following-earthquake risk assessments, this study focuses on modeling the uncertainty of tsunami fire occurrences. An analysis of 92 tsunami fires following the 2011 Tohoku and 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquakes reveals the following. (1) In areas of high tsunami intensity where numerous wooden houses and automobiles are washed away, tsunami fires may mostly start from tsunami debris that is washed away and accumulated by the tsunami or may start while tsunami debris is being transported by the tsunami and then accumulated while burning; conversely, in areas of low tsunami intensity where few wooden houses and automobiles are washed away, tsunami fires may mostly start from electricity-related sources in tsunami-inundated buildings and automobiles. (2) The probability of tsunami fire ignition is approximately 2–6 fires on average per 10,000 tsunami-inundated buildings, depending on the building washout ratio, and varies from approximately 1/3 to 3 times that of the average within one sigma due to unobserved regional differences. Recommendations to prevent losses of life in TVE structures caused by tsunami fires are presented. These findings will help us better understand and prepare for tsunami fires as earthquake-related cascading hazards.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 5","pages":"1116-1133"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.70128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147566923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Study on Seismic Performance of Hybrid Coupled Wall Systems With Friction Steel Truss Coupling Beams","authors":"Qi Tang,&nbsp;Yao Cui,&nbsp;Haoyang Wang,&nbsp;Tao Wang","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70131","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The reinforced concrete coupled wall system is a prevalent lateral force-resisting system for mid- to high-rise buildings. To enhance the seismic performance of such systems, this study proposes a friction hybrid coupled wall (FHCW) system, which integrates friction steel truss coupling beams (FTCBs). The FHCW system is designed with explicit performance objectives across different earthquake levels: it remains elastic under service level earthquakes (SLEs); experiences first and second sliding of the FTCBs during design basis (DBE) and maximum considered earthquakes (MCE), respectively; and allows wall pier reinforcement to yield under very rare earthquakes (VREs). To validate the seismic performance of the proposed system, a large-scale quasi-static test was performed on a three-story subassemblage extracted from a 24-story prototype. Realistic boundary conditions were simulated by applying varying axial loads to the wall piers. Test results confirmed the predefined performance objectives. Up to the VRE level, wall piers remained elastic, with inelastic deformation concentrated in the replaceable friction dampers of FTCBs. The FTCBs exhibited full and stable hysteretic responses, contributing 67% of the total energy dissipation. Beyond VRE, plastic hinges formed at the wall bases, eventually leading to flexural failure. The FHCW specimen achieved a maximum roof drift of 0.02 rad, while FTCBs attained a chord rotation up to 0.045 rad, demonstrating excellent ductility and considerable safety redundancy. An elastic coupling ratio of 67% was measured, indicating reliable FTCB-to-wall-pier connections and efficient coupling action. The results confirm that the FHCW system offers a promising alternative for the design of resilient building structures.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 5","pages":"1096-1115"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147566005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time- and State-Dependent Damage Accumulation Due to Aftershocks Under an M9.0 Megathrust Earthquake in the Cascadia Subduction Zone","authors":"Hongzhou Zhang,&nbsp;Yazhou Xie","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70135","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study develops a comprehensive framework for assessing time and state-dependent aftershock damage accumulation under an M9.0 megathrust interface earthquake in the Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ). The framework integrates aftershock probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (APSHA) and state-dependent fragility analysis (SDFA) within a Markovian model to quantify unit-time probability transitions to higher damage states under aftershocks. Key advances and novelties include: (1) a full Poisson-process formulation to deal with high aftershock occurrence rates, (2) CSZ geometry and rupture-consistent simulations for developing conditional aftershock distance distributions, and (3) the utilization of ordinal regression to deal with the nonlinearity observed in the state-dependent seismic demand data for efficient and reliable SDFA. The framework is applied to assess the damage accumulation of existing steel moment-resisting frame buildings located in Vancouver and Victoria, Canada. The multi-step application consists of site-specific APSHA, the state-of-the-art subduction ground motion model, a realistic CSZ geometry model, and the selection and pairing of subduction zone mainshock and aftershock motions for nonlinear response history analyses. Results show that the transition to higher damage states under aftershocks increases sharply within the first few days after the mainshock. The damage accumulation is more significant when the building sustains severe mainshock damage. This study provides a detailed multi-step procedure for aftershock damage accumulation assessment when facing forthcoming megathrust interface earthquakes in the CSZ.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 5","pages":"1157-1175"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.70135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147567398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}