Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics最新文献

{"title":"Stochastic Emulation of Seismic Structural Responses Under Recorded Ground Motions and the Significance of Intensity Measure Selection","authors":"Sang-ri Yi,&nbsp;Parisa Toofani Movaghar,&nbsp;Alexandros A. Taflanidis,&nbsp;Carmine Galasso,&nbsp;Dimitrios Vamvatsikos","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70264","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Surrogate models offer a practical route to reduce the computational cost of nonlinear response history analysis by approximating expensive finite‑element simulations from a limited set of training runs. Stochastic emulation, where seismic excitation is embedded via low‑dimensional intensity measures (IMs) and structural responses are summarized as engineering demand parameters (EDPs), is particularly attractive when only a small number of simulations are feasible, because it explicitly accounts for motion‑to‑motion (aleatoric) variability. Yet prior studies have relied predominantly on synthetically generated ground motions, leaving open whether stochastic emulators remain reliable when driven by recorded motions and how the choice of IMs affects emulator accuracy. Also, a key challenge is concept shift, defined here as a change in the statistical relationship between IMs and EDPs between training and test datasets that can invalidate learned predictions. This paper addresses these gaps through a comprehensive case study using a Gaussian‑process stochastic emulation framework. We construct a large input–response database by pairing 3,400 PEER NGA West‑2 recorded ground motions with 2,000 structural parameter realizations across steel and reinforced‑concrete archetypes (2, 5, and 10 stories). Training and test sets are drawn as subsets of this database under selection rules that preserve aleatoric characteristics and minimize concept shift. Emulator performance is evaluated both globally and locally by comparing predicted EDP distributions to ensembles of nearby IM‑space realizations, enabling assessment of local variability reproduction and predictive bias. Results demonstrate that IM selection strongly influences predictive fidelity and uncertainty quantification, and that carefully chosen, low‑dimensional IM combinations can balance parsimony and accuracy for GP stochastic emulation. We conclude with practical recommendations for IM selection and validation protocols when recorded ground motions are used in stochastic emulation for seismic risk assessment.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 14","pages":"3631-3656"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-Period Ground Motion Spatial Correlation With Path and Site Effects: Bayesian Inference and Risk Implications","authors":"Bofan Yu,&nbsp;Jack W. Baker","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70269","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Accurately characterizing cross-period spatial correlation of ground motion intensity measures is essential for regional earthquake risk assessment. We propose a model that represents multi-period within-event residuals via a principal-component decomposition and, for each latent component, specifies a spatial kernel that separates path and site influences through epicenter-to-station azimuth differences and <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>V</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>s</mi>\u0000 <mo>,</mo>\u0000 <mn>30</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>$V_{s,30}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> contrasts. Parameters are inferred in a Bayesian framework, yielding full posterior distributions, and thus uncertainty quantification. Posterior predictive checks and log pointwise predictive density (LPPD) demonstrate consistent improvements over isotropic baselines. Two synthetic regional case studies illustrate risk implications: in a near-epicenter setting with spatially heterogeneous <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>V</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>s</mi>\u0000 <mo>,</mo>\u0000 <mn>30</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>$V_{s,30}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, traditional isotropic models over-aggregate local extremes and produce heavier-tailed scenario loss-exceedance curves, whereas the proposed model reduces tail inflation; in a far-epicenter setting with relatively uniform <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>V</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>s</mi>\u0000 <mo>,</mo>\u0000 <mn>30</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>$V_{s,30}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, the exceedance curves are nearly indistinguishable, with minor corrections to the baseline's slight underestimation. By jointly capturing cross-period structure and distinct path/site effects, the formulation mitigates these biases and delivers improved portfolio-loss estimates while remaining compatible with standard scenario-based and probabilistic regional portfolio-loss workflows.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 14","pages":"3699-3713"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Response of an Immersed Tunnel on Liquefiable Sand Under Bidirectional Excitations Using Centrifuge Model Tests","authors":"Huanzhu Zhou,&nbsp;Shengan Liu,&nbsp;Bin Li,&nbsp;Weiyun Chen,&nbsp;Lei Su,&nbsp;Jun-Jie Zheng,&nbsp;Yewei Zheng","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70262","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study examines the seismic behavior of an immersed tunnel in a liquefiable sand deposit under horizontal shaking and combined horizontal and vertical shaking (i.e., bidirectional excitations). A 1:100 centrifuge model was designed to satisfy the relevant similitude requirements for geometry, material properties, structural stiffness, and input motion. Fujian fine sand was used for the liquefiable foundation, and Fujian coarse sand represented the gravel bed and backfill. A recorded offshore earthquake motion was imposed in an alternating sequence of horizontal excitation and bidirectional excitation with increasing intensity. The measurements show that liquefaction developed most readily in the middle part of the sand deposit. Once excess pore pressure accumulated, the associated loss of stiffness and increase in damping strongly reduced the upward transmission of horizontal acceleration to the tunnel. The additional vertical component promoted a faster build-up of excess pore pressure, advanced the onset of liquefaction, and further weakened the upward propagation of horizontal motion; these effects intensified as the intensity of seismic excitations increased. Consequently, the tunnel experienced smaller peak horizontal accelerations during bidirectional excitations than during horizontal excitation at the same horizontal peak acceleration. The greatest bending demand occurred at the corner between the roof and side wall and at the middle of the bottom slab, whereas the largest incremental dynamic lateral earth pressure was measured near the base of the side wall. Under stronger motions, the vertical component increased both the peak bending moment and the incremental dynamic lateral earth pressure acting on the immersed tunnel.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 14","pages":"3509-3522"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complex Versus Parsimonious Site-Based Stochastic Ground Motion Models: Which One Is Better?","authors":"Maijia Su,&nbsp;Mayssa Dabaghi,&nbsp;Marco Broccardo","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70271","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Stochastic ground motion models (GMMs) provide a probabilistic representation of seismic input and are increasingly important for uncertainty quantification (UQ) in earthquake engineering. This study focuses on site-based stochastic GMMs, which learn the statistical features of selected datasets of seismic records and generate statistically compatible synthetic ground motion (GM) time series. Such models complement conventional GM selection by generating additional statistically compatible motions, supporting rare-scenario simulation, and facilitating UQ-based earthquake engineering. Despite their long development history, a key question remains: How complex must site-based GMMs be to accurately reproduce statistical characteristics of recorded motions? To address this question, we systematically evaluate the two-step formulation of site-based GMMs. First, we compare a range of modulated filtered white-noise models (MFWNMs) with varying complexity in modeling temporal and spectral nonstationarity. Second, we model the record-to-record variability of the fitted MFWNM parameters using two alternative dependence structures: Gaussian and R-vine copulas. The considered models are assessed using a dataset of 1,001 recorded strong motions and corresponding synthetic datasets. Validation is based on key GM characteristics and linear and nonlinear response spectra. The results show that: (1) all site-based stochastic GMMs examined in this study can generate GMs that are statistically compatible with the recorded dataset with respect to the validation metrics; (2) a parsimonious 11-parameter MFWNM offers sufficient accuracy; and (3) the Gaussian and R-vine copulas provide similar performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 14","pages":"3714-3731"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.70271","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Out-of-Plane Stability of Chevron Buckling-Restrained Bracing Systems: Influence of Bidirectional Loading and Gusset Stiffener Arrangements","authors":"Hao Qin,&nbsp;Shuwen Liu,&nbsp;Junxian Zhao,&nbsp;Taichiro Okazaki,&nbsp;Yi Li,&nbsp;Peng Zhang","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70265","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) are effective seismic energy dissipation devices, but their performance can be compromised by out-of-plane (OOP) buckling in connection zones, particularly under bidirectional seismic loading. The OOP instability mechanism in bidirectionally-loaded BRBs, especially in chevron configurations with flexible central gusset plate (GP), remains poorly understood. This study comprehensively evaluates commonly used OOP stability assessment methods by designing and testing five chevron BRB-GP systems under cyclic loading, focusing on the influence of loading conditions (unidirectional/bidirectional) and central GP stiffener arrangements (single/dual center stiffeners, varied fin stiffener lengths). Bolted end plate connections were employed to fasten the BRB ends to the GPs, both to simulate the typical welded BRB-to-GP connections as per Chinese practice, and to facilitate easy replacement of the BRBs during testing. Test results show that most BRBs failed prematurely due to a three-hinge OOP instability mechanism, despite satisfying the current stability criteria for a number of methods that were considered in this study. Bidirectional loading significantly reduced seismic performance, with average decreases of 36% in compressive ductility and 83% in energy dissipation capacity. The performance could be significantly improved by the implementation of dual center stiffeners, which effectively limit OOP twisting of the central GPs, and the use of extended fin stiffeners, which enhance GP's OOP rotational rigidity and flexural strength. OOP drift introduced additional imperfections into the BRB-GP systems, which, combined with initial imperfections, promoted earlier buckling. The combined influence of initial imperfections, OOP drift, and connection zone flexibility induced OOP moments on the central GP, triggering plastic hinge formation in the central GPs upon buckling. The presence of axial force reduced the OOP flexural strength of the central GPs, which is substantially overestimated by current theoretical models that assume flexural capacity provided by the stiffeners, rather than by the GP alone. The current OOP stability assessment methods significantly overestimate the experimental buckling strengths when the GP theoretical structural parameters are employed for evaluation. Key limitations of these methods and implications for BRB OOP stability design are presented to guide future improvements in design methodologies, as well as to offer broader insights for the next-generation seismic design of BRBs and their connections under bidirectional loading.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 14","pages":"3561-3592"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Fragility of Gravity and Semi-Gravity Retaining Walls and Its Impact on the Functionality Loss of Road Infrastructures","authors":"Amendola C.,&nbsp;Conti R.,&nbsp;de Silva F.","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70260","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Retaining walls are key geotechnical components of road infrastructure, whose seismic performance directly affects the resilience of transportation networks. Despite their importance, seismic fragility models for retaining walls available in the literature refer only to specific case studies. Therefore, they are not applicable to all existing classes of different walls, preventing a comprehensive analysis of the impact of their seismic damage on the whole transportation networks.</p><p>This study presents a new methodology for developing fragility and functionality loss functions of gravity and semi-gravity cantilever retaining walls, suitable for large-scale applications.</p><p>The Generalized Newmark Method with Hardening (GNMH) was applied to perform thousands of nonlinear dynamic analyses on retaining wall-soil systems subjected to input motions recorded on different soil classes, considering several wall heights and critical accelerations. The latter define the capacity curve of the wall, that controls its sliding resistance.</p><p>The computed displacements resulted slightly affected by the wall configurations, while strongly influenced by the on-site seismic amplification. Such influence was considered by calibrating a predictive equation of the displacement as a function of the peak ground velocity, joint to the peak ground acceleration normalized by the critical acceleration of the wall. The calibrated predictive equation was exploited to compute fragility surfaces associated with damage thresholds, defined to be representative of the impact on the supported road. Finally, fragility surfaces were converted into functionality loss surfaces for the road, which can be used to support decision-makers in prioritizing mitigation and emergency management strategies. Considering that maps of earthquake-induced ground motion are generally available close to real time, the proposed approach would allow for a science-based decision on the action to take immediately after the earthquake.</p><p>The proposed generalized approach was successfully validated using two ideal case studies, by comparing its predictions against those obtained using site-specific fragility surfaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 14","pages":"3612-3630"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.70260","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy-Based Characterisation of Earthquake Damage in Masonry Infills Through Combined In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Experimental Tests","authors":"Roberto Gentile,&nbsp;Giulia Angelucci,&nbsp;Jingren Wu,&nbsp;Marilisa Di Benedetto,&nbsp;Riccardo Milanesi,&nbsp;Giulio Augusto Tropea,&nbsp;Fabrizio Mollaioli,&nbsp;Fatemeh Jalayer,&nbsp;Fabio Freddi,&nbsp;Fabio Di Trapani,&nbsp;Paolo Morandi,&nbsp;Gerard J. O'Reilly","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70251","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The seismic capacity of structural systems/members is usually defined in terms of deformation thresholds. Although this is effective in many circumstances, disregarding cumulative quantities such as hysteretic energy may be ineffective when low-cycle fatigue is relevant (e.g., long-duration ground motions, very soft soils, ground-motion sequences). This paper presents the outcomes of an experimental campaign designed to explore the suitability of hysteretic energy thresholds to characterise damage. To do so, three nominally identical masonry infill panels were subjected to in-plane (IP), quasi-static, cyclic displacement-controlled loads generating a moderate level of damage, followed by out-of-plane (OOP), dynamic shaking-table tests amplified until collapse. The study investigated the effect of the IP hysteretic energy dissipation on the observed IP damage state, and the subsequent OOP collapse capacity. Different IP loading protocols were designed to induce the same peak amplitude-based engineering demand parameters (EDPs) while modulating the energy-based demands. In the IP phase, two specimens showed a damage pattern dominated by sliding along two to three horizontal cracks, while the third specimen was dominated by a diagonal, strut-like failure. For the sliding-dominated specimens, the IP hysteretic energy showed signs of a positive correlation with the level of damage, and, in turn, a possible negative correlation with the peak floor acceleration leading to complete OOP collapse. On the one hand, further complementary experimental tests and/or refined numerical analyses are needed to generalise the trend highlighted here. On the other hand, the presented results pave the way for using energy-based EDPs for state-dependent seismic fragility assessment methodologies, thus allowing a refined consideration of damage accumulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 13","pages":"3302-3318"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.70251","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical Framework for System-Level Fragility Surfaces of Reinforced Concrete Bridges Under Mainshock-Aftershock Sequences","authors":"Muhammad Rashid,&nbsp;Mayuko Nishio","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70247","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Conventional single intensity measure (IM) fragility approaches with simplified component dependency assumptions overlook the progressive damage accumulation and evolving inter-component correlations that govern system behavior under mainshock-aftershock (MSAS) loading. This paper presents an analytical framework for developing dual-IM fragility surfaces for reinforced concrete (RC) bridge systems, explicitly accounting for progressive deterioration and vulnerability under sequential ground motions. The framework employs a bivariate probabilistic seismic demand surface relating cumulative hysteretic energy-based engineering demand parameters (EDPs) to both mainshock and aftershock intensities and extends the joint probabilistic seismic demand model (JPSDM) to incorporate inter-component correlation under sequential excitation. The framework is demonstrated on a representative multi-span RC I-girder bridge, which shows that MSAS sequences substantially amplify system-level seismic vulnerability, with conditional median intensity values decreasing by 16%–29% across damage states relative to the mainshock-only case. The inter-component correlation structure evolves between the two excitation phases, reflecting the progressive loss of the intact-state inter-component dependence structure due to mainshock-induced damage, underscoring the importance of accounting for evolving interdependencies in sequential fragility assessment. The proposed framework provides a scalable and statistically consistent basis for performance-based seismic evaluation of bridges under sequential earthquakes, emphasizing the importance of incorporating aftershock effects into fragility and risk assessments for resilience-oriented design.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 13","pages":"3264-3284"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.70247","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Performance of Prestressed Precast Segmental Bridge Column Under Combined Compression-Bending-Shear-Torsion Loads","authors":"Junfeng Jia,&nbsp;Kaidi Zhang,&nbsp;Xiuli Du,&nbsp;Dahai Yang,&nbsp;Kai Yang","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70256","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The prestressed precast segmental bridge columns (PPSBC) have attracted increasing attention in recent years, however, there is a research gap in the mechanical behavior and seismic performance of PPSBC under combined compression-bending-shear-torsion (C-B-S-T) loads. To address this gap, four identical PPSBC specimens named R-0, R-0.16, R-1.4 and R-∞ were designed, and corresponding to the applied torsion-bending moment ratio were 0, 0.16, 1.4 and ∞, respectively. Quasi-static tests were conducted under combined C-B-S-T loading to investigate the seismic performance of these specimens in terms of failure mode, stirrup strain, hysteresis response, stiffness degradation, ductility, energy dissipation capacity and joint behavior. The influence of torsion-bending moment ratio on the seismic performance of PPSBC was also explored. The results demonstrated that the failure mode of columns R-1.4 and R-∞ exhibited torsional failure accompanied by joint rotation and yielding of stirrups, which was different from the bending failure of columns R-0 and R-0.16. The hysteresis curves of columns R-0 and R-0.16 were pinched, while those of columns R-1.4 and R-∞ displayed spindle-like and Z-shaped due to the large torsional load. The torsion-bending moment ratio had a significant effect on the flexural strength, ductility and self-recentering capacity of the PPSBC column. When the torsion-bending moment ratio increased from 0 to 1.4, the flexural capacity of the column decreased by 27.4%, and the displacement ductility coefficient dropped from 6.3 to 3.1. The residual drift ratio of column R-1.4 was more than 1.0%, and much larger than that of columns R-0 and R-0.16. Furthermore, owing to the torsional load, column R-1.4 exhibited obvious joint rotation and enhanced energy dissipation capacity of the column. This study provides valuable insight for the improvement of the design details in related specifications and promotes the engineering application of PPSBC in accelerated bridge construction.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 13","pages":"3382-3402"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Resilience of a Crude Oil Refinery Unit—Downtime, Recovery, and Risk Assessment","authors":"Carlos Grajales-Ortiz,&nbsp;Vasileios E. Melissianos,&nbsp;Konstantinos Bakalis,&nbsp;Mohsen Kohrangi,&nbsp;Paolo Bazzurro,&nbsp;Dimitrios Vamvatsikos","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70248","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seismic resilience is assessed for a hydrodesulphurization unit of a midsize crude oil refinery, with a focus on both direct physical damage and indirect business interruption (BI) losses. The aim is to develop a rigorous analytical methodology for assessing interconnected crude oil refinery units via tailored risk metrics. This study focuses exclusively on earthquake-induced direct and indirect economic losses, whereas material release and its potential consequences, including damage propagation (e.g., domino effects), will be addressed in a dedicated study. First, the structural performance of the constituent assets is evaluated by means of multiple-stripe analysis using hazard-consistent ground motions. Detailed asset-level damages are evaluated, followed by a repair workflow to enable a comprehensive quantification of recovery and economic impact. As even moderate damage to supporting systems, such as piping or instrumentation, can lead to prolonged downtime, direct physical damage accounts for only 1.2% of the total average annual loss (AAL), while BI indirect losses account for the remaining 98.8%. In this, modelling and analysis choices can be key: (i) the granularity of risk assessment (record-based vs. fragility-based), (ii) capacity correlation among identical assets, and (iii) operational conditions in terms of tank fill levels. While the coarse fragility-based approach yields similar AALs compared to the detailed record-based approach when hazard consistency is maintained, assumptions about capacity correlation and, more significantly, operational conditions have a substantial impact on risk estimates. Findings emphasize the need to prioritize continuity strategies, for example, redundancy and rapid restart, over asset hardening alone.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 13","pages":"3224-3243"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}