Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics最新文献

{"title":"Estimation of Structural Hysteretic Energy Dissipation Based on Normalized Energy Spectra Considering Ground Motion Duration","authors":"Yuang Yang,&nbsp;Zhanxuan Zuo,&nbsp;Maosheng Gong","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70148","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.70148","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ground motion duration significantly affects structural hysteretic energy dissipation, especially for systems undergoing repeated inelastic deformation. To explicitly consider this effect, this study proposes a spectrum-based method for estimating structural hysteretic energy dissipation using normalized hysteretic energy spectra as a function of ground motion duration. A set of 133 spectrally equivalent ground motion records is generated using a spectral matching technique, maintaining consistent response spectra while covering a wide range of significant durations (5%–95%) from approximately 5–100 s. Nonlinear time history analyses are performed on single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems with varying natural periods, hysteretic behaviors, and yield strength reduction factors. Based on the computed responses, a regression model is proposed that enables estimation of hysteretic energy demand for specific ground motion durations. The effectiveness of the proposed normalized hysteretic energy spectra considering ground motion duration is validated through comparison with classification-based models, while the overall method based on spectra is further verified using a three-story steel moment-resisting frame. Results show that hysteretic energy demand systematically increases with ground motion duration, and the proposed model effectively captures this relationship across different structural configurations. In addition, the proposed regression model demonstrates good predictive performance, with relative errors generally ranging from approximately 0.11 to 0.16 across different hysteretic models and coefficients of determination exceeding 0.89. This study provides a practical tool for incorporating duration effects into energy-based seismic design and assessment with enhanced accuracy.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 6","pages":"1416-1433"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “A multi-layer thermo-mechanical coupling hysteretic model for high damping rubber bearings at low temperature”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70137","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.70137","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Jie Shen, Igarashi Akira, Ji Dang, Yuki Hamada, Takehiko Himeno. A multi-layer thermo-mechanical coupling hysteretic model for high damping rubber bearings at low. <i>Earthquake Engng Struct Dyn</i>. 2024;53:1028–1047.</p><p>In the author list, “Igarashi Akira” should be changed to “Akira Igarashi.”</p><p>In paragraph 4 of the “Introduction” section, “…and Tomoshi et al. established…” was incorrect. It should be changed to “…and Miyamura et al. established….”</p><p>In Table 4, the “385” in fourth line, second column should be changed to “3385.”</p><p>In Table 5, The “S” in first, second, sixth and seventh lines, third column should be changed to “s.”</p><p>We apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.70137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficiency of Seismic Intensity Measures for the Overturning Fragility Analysis of Rocking Rigid Blocks","authors":"Nicola A. Nodargi,&nbsp;Paolo Bisegna","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70142","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.70142","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The overturning fragility of free-standing rigid blocks under earthquake excitation is investigated to explore how seismic input and block geometry govern the rocking outcome. A large cloud dataset of rocking responses is generated by dynamic simulations using Housner's model for rocking. A lognormal fragility model, with median and dispersion parameters estimated by maximum likelihood, is then employed to characterize the overturning probability conditioned on a scalar intensity measure (IM) of seismic severity. A novel definition of efficiency is proposed to identify IMs that exhibit high predictive capability of the rocking outcome when a lognormal fragility model is employed. Robust metrics are introduced for quantitative assessment, thereby avoiding the potential misinterpretation that can arise from the usual use of the dispersion fragility parameter alone. Among a broad set of classical IMs, it is confirmed that velocity-based ones result the most efficient, with peak ground velocity delivering optimal calibration-discrimination trade-off. In a broader perspective, the proposed procedure provides a reliable methodological framework for assessing the efficiency of IMs in categorical seismic fragility analysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 6","pages":"1434-1448"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Fragility Analysis of Containment Structures in Nuclear Power Plants Considering Alkali-Silica Reaction","authors":"Chanyoung Kim,&nbsp;Hoang D. Nguyen,&nbsp;Oh-Sung Kwon,&nbsp;Myoungsu Shin","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70152","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.70152","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study quantifies the influence of alkali-silica reaction (ASR) on the seismic fragility of prestressed concrete containment structures in nuclear power plants (NPPs). Global collapse was considered as the governing failure mode to maintain consistency with current risk assessment frameworks, and was captured using a finite element model constructed with multi-layered shell elements implemented in OpenSees. ASR effects were implemented using a thermo-mechanical, time-dependent material model and validated against experimental results from concrete prism and reinforced concrete shear wall specimens affected by ASR. Fragility analyses were then conducted using two stripe-based approaches: lognormal fitting (Method A) and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). As an exploratory case, ASR progression was assumed to be concentrated in the bottom region of the containment structure. For the case-study containment structures, reductions in median capacity and HCLPF due to ASR were found to be in the ranges of 1.843%–3.556% and 3.962%–4.133%, respectively. Method A provided better estimates of failure at lower PGA levels, while MLE performed better at higher PGA levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 6","pages":"1467-1487"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.70152","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Multi-Surface Plasticity Model for Reinforced Concrete Cracks With Applications to Crack-Based Assessment","authors":"William D. Galik,&nbsp;Paolo M. Calvi,&nbsp;Guido Andreotti","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70143","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.70143","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Concrete crack measurements are central to earthquake damage assessment procedures, yet few analysis models are equipped to handle crack data as direct inputs. To address this need, this work develops a non-associative, multi-surface plasticity model that describes the configuration-dependent response of a reinforced-concrete crack subjected to earthquake loading. The aggregate interlock configuration is controlled by a well-established parabolic yield surface whereas frictional unloading follows a newly proposed hyperbolic yield surface. An extensive experimental review is undertaken to verify the form of the yield surfaces – which are completely parameterized by crack width – and to motivate the development of non-associated flow rules that regulate crack dilation for cyclic loading. Furthermore, ranges for the model's elastic stiffness components and six plasticity parameters are identified from experimental data. Typical model outputs are demonstrated for a mixed-mode, cyclically loaded crack from the experimental literature, for which the model simulates complicated hysteresis behavior accurately. This illustrates the model's potential for analyzing existing cracks under earthquake loads, subject, however, to future calibration and validation of the model's predictive power. A compact vector-representation of the constitutive model is provided to aid implementation into any structural analysis software, for the eventual crack-based assessment of full-scale structures.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 6","pages":"1333-1355"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Evaluation of Coupled Seismic–Wind Load Effects on the Antenna Mast Atop Super High-Rise Structures via Hybrid Shake Table–Wind Tunnel Tests","authors":"Can-Hua Liu,&nbsp;Hong-Nan Li,&nbsp;Chao Li","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70147","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.70147","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Antenna masts atop super high-rise structures (AM–SHRSs) are highly slender and flexible appendage systems characterized by pronounced stiffness discontinuities, making them particularly susceptible to dynamic amplification under coupled seismic–wind loading. This study investigates the dynamic response of the AM–SHRS under coupled seismic–wind loading, with particular emphasis on the effects of load intensity and directionality. A hybrid shake table–wind tunnel platform was developed to enable simultaneous bidirectional seismic and turbulent wind excitation. A 1:40 scaled model of the upper portion of a 430 m prototype structure was constructed to enhance response observability. To capture the long-period behavior of SHRSs, near-field (NF) pulse-like and far-field (FF) long-period ground motions were selected. The test matrix included nine intensity scenarios and nine directional combinations to systematically evaluate the influence of seismic incident angle (SIA) and wind attack angle (WAA). The results demonstrate that coupled excitations amplify structural displacement responses beyond those caused by individual hazard, with the effect diminishing at higher seismic intensities. Variations in SIA and WAA significantly influence the coupled response; NF excitations exhibit stronger directional sensitivity while FF excitations dominate in response magnitude. Furthermore, asynchronous phase interactions between seismic and wind inputs produce non-monotonic trends, emphasizing the necessity of considering dynamic coupling mechanisms rather than relying solely on peak demand superposition. These findings underscore the importance of considering both intensity and directional effects in multi-hazard design, and highlight the value of integrated experimental platforms for assessing the performance of AM–SHRSs under concurrent extreme events.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 6","pages":"1393-1415"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Simulation of Post-Yield Hysteretic Behavior of Lap-Spliced Reinforced Concrete Bridge Pier Walls Under Earthquake Loading","authors":"Gun Chan Lee,&nbsp;Sujith Mangalathu,&nbsp;Jong-Su Jeon","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70144","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.70144","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reinforced concrete pier walls designed before the 1970s often incorporate lap splice in potential plastic-hinge regions. Previous experimental tests indicate that most of pier walls experienced post-yield lap splice failure, necessitating a modeling approach that captures not only lap splice strength but also deformation capacity. Although numerous modeling approaches for lap splice behavior have been proposed, limitations remain because (1) lap-spliced pier walls exhibit significantly different responses along their strong and weak axes due to high cross-sectional aspect ratios, and (2) experimental data on strong-axis behavior remain scarce for developing empirical equations. To address these challenges, this study introduces a numerical model to capture the post-yield hysteretic response of flexural-dominated lap-spliced pier walls by modifying the stress–strain relationship of longitudinal reinforcement. A dataset comprising 17 pier walls subjected to weak-axis loading and five rectangular column specimens was compiled to calibrate the numerical model. Linear regression analysis was employed to derive predictive equations for the model parameters. The accuracy of the proposed model was validated by predicting the hysteretic response of both strong-axis and weak-axis specimens excluded from the model development process. As an application, this study constructed the numerical model of bridges with pier walls with and without lap splice in plastic-hinge regions and compared their seismic demands. The results revealed that the presence of lap splice elevated the seismic demand of pier walls in terms of curvature ductility considerably.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 6","pages":"1356-1376"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.70144","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a New Analytical Approach for Earthquake-Induced Hydrodynamic Forces of Elevated Pile-Cap Foundations Submerged in Water","authors":"Chao Li,&nbsp;Cong You,&nbsp;Ruisheng Ma,&nbsp;Shibo Zhang,&nbsp;Hong-Nan Li","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70140","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.70140","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Elevated pile-cap foundations are widely used in long-span sea-crossing bridges for their adaptability to varying water depths and complex seabed terrains. Accurate assessment of earthquake-induced hydrodynamic forces on these foundations is vital for evaluating the seismic resilience of bridges. Given this fact, theoretical and <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>γ</mi>\u0000 <mi>s</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>${{gamma }_s}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>-based methods for calculating the hydrodynamic forces on elevated pile-cap foundations submerged in water, considering pile-cap-group interaction, are first derived based on radiation wave theory and the cross-sectional area ratio <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>γ</mi>\u0000 <mi>s</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>${{gamma }_s}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> between the pile group and pile cap, and verified by comparing the results obtained from the existing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) investigation. Subsequently, a simplified analytical model of an elevated pile-cap foundation considering the hydrodynamic effect is developed for accurately predicting the seismic responses. Finally, the simplified analytical model is programmed in OpenSees for further validation against the underwater shaking table test of a pile-supported bridge tower conducted by previous studies. The results demonstrate that these methods accurately predict the hydrodynamic forces on elevated pile-cap foundations, with maximum errors of less than 3.6% and 5.3% for the theoretical and <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>γ</mi>\u0000 <mi>s</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>${{gamma }_s}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>-based methods, respectively, compared to CFD results. It is also found that neglecting or overestimating the pile-cap-group interaction can lead to significant errors, making its proper consideration essential during seismic analyses. In addition, the simplified analytical model can accurately capture the seismic responses of the bridge tower, providing a highly effective and efficient method for the seismic performance assessment of sea-crossing bridges and other offshore structures.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 6","pages":"1226-1246"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Cost Friction-Based Force-Limiting Connection With Reduced Sensitivity to Machining Tolerances and Accelerated Repairability","authors":"Kaixin Chen,&nbsp;Georgios Tsampras,&nbsp;Chung-Che Chou,&nbsp;Huang-Zuo Lin,&nbsp;Chi-Jeng Wu,&nbsp;Alvaro Córdova,&nbsp;Chia-Ming Uang,&nbsp;Shih-Ho Chao","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70121","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.70121","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a novel yet practical friction-based structural component design for low-damage earthquake-resistant structures. The proposed connection design is based on a conventional slotted-bolted configuration with the novelty being the use of loose steel washer plates to establish the friction-sliding interface. This design concept offers two key advantages: (1) The connection generates relatively constant sliding forces without the need for small geometric tolerances in the machined parts, and (2) the use of loose steel washer plates to establish the friction interface allows quick inspection and replacement of friction shims if needed. Eliminating the need for small geometric tolerances reduces the manufacturing cost and time. Reducing the inspection and potential repair time enhances the practicality of the connection in real applications and supports the long-term functionality of earthquake-resistant buildings equipped with it. To verify this design concept, a numerical simulation was first conducted to assess the expected kinematics and force-displacement response. A comprehensive experimental characterization program was conducted, which consisted of component-level connection tests and shaking table tests of a full-scale three-story re-centering steel braced frame with sliding slabs, in which the proposed friction-based connection was designed as the force-limiting connection between the steel frame and the sliding slab. It is observed that the proposed connection exhibited a stable force-displacement response and relatively low bolt load loss without enforcing small geometric tolerances when machining the parts of the connection. The replacement of the friction shim was performed after the completion of the shaking table test while the friction-based connection remained installed on the frame specimen, which hence demonstrated the repairability of this connection.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 6","pages":"1270-1291"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.70121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical Floor Response Spectra for Performance-Based Seismic Design of Non-structural Elements in Reinforced Concrete Frame Buildings","authors":"Roberto J. Merino,&nbsp;Roberto Gentile,&nbsp;Carmine Galasso","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70136","DOIUrl":"10.1002/eqe.70136","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Damage to non-structural elements significantly impacts the seismic performance of buildings in terms of economic and functionality losses. Consequently, performance-based seismic design of non-structural elements has become a key pillar of a comprehensive building-seismic resilience strategy, for instance, through loss-targeted earthquake design. An essential aspect in the seismic design of non-structural elements is the definition of seismic demands in terms of absolute acceleration and relative displacement floor response spectra. However, most existing methods for estimating floor response spectra require detailed information about the dynamic properties of the supporting structure, as well as time-consuming numerical analyses. This hinders the seamless integration of performance-based seismic design of non-structural elements into risk-targeted seismic design frameworks for buildings, where multiple structural solutions are evaluated to identify the optimal, loss-minimising design. Building on an existing refined methodology, this paper presents an analytical approach to estimate floor response spectra in regular reinforced concrete frame supporting structures, eliminating the need for preliminary numerical structural analyses. In particular, the simplifications include: estimating the force-displacement curve of the supporting structure using available equilibrium-based formulations, estimating the fundamental period of the supporting structure directly from such curve and estimating the fundamental mode shape using a closed-form equation. The ranges of higher mode periods and the higher mode shapes are estimated using a consolidated reduced-order model formulation. The proposed procedure is benchmarked against the results from non-linear time history analyses of four archetype reinforced concrete frames representative of modern building typologies typical of high-seismicity regions for a wide range of structural performances. For most case studies, the proposed methodology provides mean relative errors below 20% and close to 10%. The proposed methodology provides higher errors close to the yield point of the supporting structure, although these estimates are generally conservative.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 6","pages":"1292-1312"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.70136","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}