Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics最新文献

{"title":"An Improved Giuffré–Menegotto–Pinto Model: Implementation in OpenSees and Verification With Experimental Results","authors":"Chinmoy Kolay,&nbsp;Sukanya Karmakar,&nbsp;Baban Kumar,&nbsp;Hironmoy Kakoty","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70266","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Giuffré–Menegotto–Pinto (GMP) model is widely used by researchers and practitioners for simulating the cyclic response of structural and reinforcing steel materials. Filippou et al. incorporated cyclic isotropic hardening into the model and showed that it fails to return to the original loading path after partial unloading, causing stress overshooting. Recently, Bosco et al. proposed a modification to rectify this error. While their modified curve is useful, the proposed approach does not eliminate the overshooting error and can even lead to an unintended impasse that prevents further state determination during nonlinear dynamic analyses of structures subjected to seismic excitations. In a more recent study, Mortazavi et al. showed that the GMP model can lead to a creeping effect towards the end of a seismic excitation due to premature activation of the Bauschinger effect. To address these limitations, a three-level curve approach is proposed, where the first level curve uses the original GMP model, and the other two use the modified equation of Bosco et al. The fundamental attributes of the proposed modifications are: (i) detection of overshooting, (ii) its elimination through curve selection, and (iii) control of the Bauschinger effect. The improved model is implemented in OpenSees and thoroughly verified using laboratory test data. Nonlinear dynamic analysis results for single- and multi-degree-of-freedom systems demonstrate the model's efficacy. Using a tall building model, it is demonstrated that the proposed modifications require no significant additional computational effort for nonlinear dynamic analyses of structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 14","pages":"3657-3677"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full-Scale Shaking-Table Evaluation of a Controlled Multiple-Rocking-Column System for Low-Damage Seismic Performance","authors":"Yu-Ao Lin,&nbsp;Zhenduo Yan,&nbsp;Hong-Tai Zhang,&nbsp;Rui Zhang,&nbsp;Yudi Zhang,&nbsp;Ping Xiang,&nbsp;Xianzhong Zhao,&nbsp;Gregory A. MacRae,&nbsp;G. Charles Clifton,&nbsp;Geoffery Rodgers,&nbsp;Pierre Quenneville,&nbsp;Rajesh P. Dhakal,&nbsp;Shahab Ramhormozian,&nbsp;Liang-Jiu Jia","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70272","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The growing demand for rapid post-earthquake functional recovery and minimal structural damage has promoted the development of low-damage seismic design strategies. Controlled rocking systems have emerged as an effective seismic structural solution for enhancing seismic resilience. To provide experimental evidence for the development of resilient steel structures, this study presents a full-scale Controlled Multiple-Rocking-Column System (CMRCS) developed as part of the RObust BUilding SysTem (ROBUST) project. The system comprises two exterior controlled multiple-rocking-column frames and a central low-damage secondary frame. The secondary frame carries the gravity loads assigned to Grid 2 and provides supplemental lateral resistance. Low-damage rocking joints are installed at both ends of the rocking columns at each storey. Under frequently occurring earthquakes (FOEs), the CMRCS is designed to behave similarly to a conventional moment-resisting steel frame, while the multiple-rocking mechanism is intended to be activated at higher seismic intensities. Full-scale shaking-table tests were conducted on a 3-storey steel frame specimen subjected to ground motions with peak ground accelerations (PGAs) ranging from 0.055 g to 0.62 g. The test results demonstrated that the structure exhibited satisfactory seismic performance, characterized by negligible residual drifts and no visible damage throughout the test sequence. Moreover, the proposed system also satisfied the immediate occupancy performance objective even under very rare earthquake-level excitation (PGA of 0.62 g), thereby confirming the effectiveness, robustness and seismic resilience of the proposed system.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 14","pages":"3732-3752"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Response of Existing Masonry-Infilled RC Frame Structures Retrofitted with Steel Exoskeletons","authors":"Francesco Nigro,&nbsp;Gaetano Della Corte,&nbsp;Enzo Martinelli","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70258","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Considering the needs for reducing carbon emissions and except for extreme cases of very degraded existing structures, research on technologies allowing continued use or upgrading of older buildings has become a priority topic. Generally, research on upgrading of reinforced concrete frame structures certainly has a prominent role, because of the large number of buildings of this type. Particularly, seismic upgrading is a common request to structural engineers in earthquake-prone regions, where structure-level techniques, such as exterior steel bracing systems (“exoskeletons”), can help enhance safety of existing structures without disrupting occupancy and, possibly, allowing integration with other interventions intended at improving the energy efficiency. Usually, seismic analysis neglects the contribution of masonry infills, although their lateral stiffness and resistance could be detrimental to the efficiency of the new bracing system and there could be interactions in the inelastic range impairing the original bare frame design. To investigate this issue, a numerical analysis was carried out considering an archetype existing frame structure located in a high seismic hazard zone, which was meant to be seismically upgraded by the addition of newly designed steel exoskeletons. More specifically, two possible retrofit designs were compared, considering two different performance levels either to ensure the structure serviceability or to prevent its collapse. Based on results from both static and dynamic non-linear analyses, this paper discusses the role and effects of masonry infill panels on the effectiveness of the steel bracing system, emphasising the most relevant performance indicators characterizing both the bare frame structure and the infilled frame structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 14","pages":"3593-3611"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.70258","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimentally-Informed Compliant Contact Model for Rocking Structures","authors":"Georgios Vlachakis,&nbsp;Carla Colombo,&nbsp;Savvas Saloustros,&nbsp;Anastasios I. Giouvanidis,&nbsp;Katrin Beyer,&nbsp;Paulo B. Lourenço","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70263","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The rocking motion resembles the dynamic behaviour of various structures, and therefore, it is fundamental for many earthquake engineering applications. Despite its importance, modelling the rocking motion remains an open and challenging topic owing to its highly non-linear and sensitive dynamic behaviour. Several rocking models have been proposed in the scientific literature, yet, in most cases, with limited or partial validation against experimental results. To this end, this study proposes a novel compliant contact model for simulating the response of block-type rocking structures. The model is calibrated using data from an experimental campaign on dry-joint interfaces and features a hysteretic, rate-independent term that captures the joint-closure tests. Moreover, the model includes a non-linear viscous damping term calibrated to match energy dissipation for any angular coefficient of restitution value. Subsequently, the proposed model is validated against an extensive experimental campaign of more than 400 free-rocking and forced-rocking shaking-table tests of limestone blocks with various geometries.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 14","pages":"3678-3698"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shaking Table Tests of Masonry Vertical Spanning Strip Walls: Energy Dissipation, Overturning Spectrum and Fragility Analysis","authors":"Carla Colombo,&nbsp;Georgios Vlachakis,&nbsp;Dario Vecchio,&nbsp;Anastasios I. Giouvanidis,&nbsp;Nathanaël Savalle,&nbsp;Nuno Mendes,&nbsp;Paulo B. Lourenço","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70257","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Unreinforced masonry structures exhibit significant vulnerability to seismic loading due to their considerable mass, intrinsic material brittleness, limited tensile capacity, and the frequent absence of stiff diaphragms or effective interconnection between structural components. Among their possible failure mechanisms, out-of-plane collapse is particularly critical when earthquake actions act perpendicular to the wall thickness, as it is characterised by low resistance. A commonly observed out-of-plane response occurs in walls with restraints at the top and bottom boundary conditions, which develop a three-hinge mechanism and form what is referred to as a vertical spanning strip wall (VSSW). Experimental studies on VSSWs are still scarce, offering insufficient insights into the probabilistic assessment of their response and potential overturning, while existing experimental evidence on energy losses shows inconsistencies when compared with theoretical predictions. This paper presents a comprehensive experimental study aimed at advancing the understanding of the dynamic behaviour of VSSWs. Six configurations of dry-stacked granite walls are examined, encompassing two height-to-width ratios and three overburden conditions. Detailed material characterisation is conducted for both the granite units and their interfaces, with the latter having a significant influence on the rocking response. The experimental campaign consists of over 350 shaking table tests, including both free- and forced-vibration tests. The free-vibration study provides key insights into the identification of the experimental hinge height, period-amplitude relationships, and energy dissipation quantified through the coefficient of restitution. The forced-vibration tests address the VSSW behaviour from multiple perspectives. First, simplified pulse excitations are used to construct, for the first time, an experimental rocking overturning spectrum. Subsequently, the response under recorded ground motions is examined within a probabilistic framework, from which experimentally informed limit states together with corresponding fragility curves are defined, providing valuable insights for the performance-based seismic assessment of unreinforced masonry walls.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 14","pages":"3487-3508"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Floor Acceleration Demands of Self-Centering Wall Systems","authors":"Xinwen Liang,&nbsp;Ying Zhou,&nbsp;Yiqiu Lu,&nbsp;Richard S. Henry,&nbsp;Takuya Nagae","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70270","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Self-centering wall (SCW) structures may generate floor acceleration demands substantially different from those of conventional reinforced concrete (RC) structures due to rocking-induced higher-mode amplification and nonlinear uplift–recontact behavior. This study investigates the floor response spectra (FRS) characteristics of SCW structures through combined experimental and numerical analyses and proposes a simplified generalized framework for engineering-oriented FRS representation. Full-scale shaking-table test results demonstrated that resilient SCW systems develop more pronounced higher-mode amplification and broader long-period spectral plateaus than conventional RC structures under increasing seismic intensity while maintaining limited structural damage and stable self-centering capability. The FRS of SCW structures exhibit characteristic bimodal spectral morphology consisting of a short-period amplification region associated with higher-order modal response and a long-period plateau governed by the fundamental rocking mode. A validated nonlinear OpenSees model was subsequently used to investigate the influence of structural period, nonlinear rocking response, equivalent damping ratio, and gravity-load distribution on FRS characteristics. Results indicate that modal properties and nonlinear rocking behavior dominate the spectral characteristics of SCW systems. Increasing seismic intensity progressively broadens the dominant spectral plateau and enhances short-period amplification. Based on the generalized spectral characteristics identified from the numerical database, a simplified piecewise FRS representation framework was established using characteristic spectral breakpoints and representative spectral amplitudes. The proposed framework reasonably reproduces the dominant spectral morphology and spectral broadening trends observed in resilient SCW systems while substantially reducing the complexity of the original spectra.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 14","pages":"3466-3486"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical and Experimental Evaluation of a Simplified Lateral Spring Formulation for Rocking Structures","authors":"Marawan Zaki,&nbsp;Chiyun Zhong,&nbsp;Constantin Christopoulos","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70250","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rocking podium isolation systems have gained significant research interest as a method of limiting seismic demands on superstructures and eliminating residual post-earthquake drifts through self-centring behaviour. However, while numerous models of varying complexity, including analytical, phenomenological, and physical formulations, have been proposed, implementing them for the analysis of rocking systems poses significant challenges. Analytical models, though simple and efficient, are difficult to integrate with detailed non-linear superstructure response. In contrast, detailed numerical models are often computationally expensive due to the large number of elements required and the complex material and geometric non-linearities they capture. Therefore, this study introduces and validates a novel simplified lateral spring formulation for rocking systems that balances ease of implementation with robust integration into non-linear structural models, which may be utilized in both open-source and commercial software. The proposed formulation enables accurate prediction of the distribution of maximum rocking displacement, a key engineering design parameter for rocking isolation systems. Model performance is validated through a planar numerical study against the benchmark Housner piecewise model, as well as through three-dimensional simulations calibrated to experimental results from rocking-column, rocking-frame, and rocking-podium studies. These investigations demonstrate the reliability of the proposed model while also showing improved motion-specific predictive consistency relative to unenhanced rocking systems, highlighting the advantages of simplified modelling strategies for practical application to controlled rocking systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 14","pages":"3540-3560"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.70250","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization and Modeling of the In-Plane Multi-directional Behavior of a Rolling Pendulum Isolation System","authors":"Esteban Villalobos Vega,&nbsp;Philip S. Harvey Jr.,&nbsp;James M. Ricles,&nbsp;Liang Cao,&nbsp;Thomas M. Marullo","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70268","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The social and economic losses caused by an earthquake can be mitigated by using a rolling pendulum (RP) isolation system to protect vital non-structural building contents. In this paper, a physics-based mathematical model for an RP bearing—as well as an isolation systems comprised of these bearings—is derived. An experimental campaign for multi-directional characterization of RP isolators was conducted. A single, full-scale (four RP bearings) isolation system was tested. These tests were performed using an in-plane multi-directional shake table. Restoring forces and moments were measured by restraining the top of the isolation system from moving horizontally by using three struts with uniaxial load cells. Controlled-displacement characterization tests were defined to capture the envelope performance of the isolation system subjected to a variety of multi-directional conditions, by specifying combinations of slow and fast tests, various in-plane (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mi>X</mi>\u0000 <annotation>$X$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mi>Y</mi>\u0000 <annotation>$Y$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, and <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mi>θ</mi>\u0000 <annotation>$theta$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>) amplitudes and frequencies, and different orbits. The experimental results were used to calibrate and validate the mathematical model.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 14","pages":"3753-3772"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design Internal Forces of Non-Dissipative Members in CBFs With Regular and Irregular Brace Configurations","authors":"Melina Bosco,&nbsp;Pier Paolo Rossi","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70252","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Steel Concentrically Braced Frames (CBFs) are widely used in seismic regions, with chevron and split-X configurations commonly adopted for their structural efficiency and architectural flexibility. Although extensive research has been carried out on these systems, the effectiveness of the formulations available in the literature for estimating the internal forces of non-dissipative members (i.e., beams and columns) has often been evaluated assuming that braces are located within the same span at each storey. In practice, instead, braces are frequently arranged in different spans to reduce the axial force demands on columns. This study aims to improve the prediction of internal forces in non-dissipative members of chevron and split-X CBFs. Particular attention is devoted to the estimation of the unbalanced vertical forces transmitted by the braces to the braced beams, the axial compressive and tensile forces in columns, and the bending moments in columns. To this end, two sets of steel buildings with different bracing layouts and soil conditions are designed in accordance with the second generation of Eurocode 8 and analysed through multiple stripe analyses using refined numerical models that explicitly account for material uncertainties. The results are used to assess existing formulations and to propose and validate more accurate predictive models.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 14","pages":"3443-3465"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.70252","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Coherency Models From Finite Element Simulations at a Hard Rock Site in Busan, Korea","authors":"Dongyeon Lee,&nbsp;Yonghee Lee,&nbsp;Dongyoup Kwak,&nbsp;Duhee Park","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70267","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Spatial variability in ground motion is commonly represented with empirical coherency functions derived from recordings collected by dense seismic arrays. The deployment of such arrays is costly and requires long-term operation. This study explores whether site-specific coherency functions can be obtained through numerical simulations using spatial variability parameters derived from in-situ tests, which include the coefficient of variation (CV) and correlation length (CL). Two-dimensional finite element analyses were conducted for a hard rock site in Busan, Korea. Geophysical tests, including surface wave analysis and ambient noise recordings, provided CV and CL values that were used to generate two-dimensional shear wave velocity Gaussian random fields. The outputs from time history analyses were processed to develop both lagged coherency and plane-wave coherency models, which were then validated against the dense array derived empirical functions at the same site. The close agreement between the numerical and empirical coherency models demonstrates that, when site-specific spatial variability parameters are available, numerical simulations can supplement or even replace ergodic coherency models.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 14","pages":"3523-3539"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}