Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of Seismic Acceleration Amplification Factors for Building Nonstructural Components Based on Coupled Analysis of Structure-Nonstructural 2-DOF System","authors":"Chang-Jun Bae,&nbsp;Su-Chan Jun,&nbsp;Cheol-Ho Lee","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4346","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, seismic demand on nonstructural components (NSCs) was analyzed using a combined structural-nonstructural 2-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) model. This model was specifically employed to incorporate coupling effects, which arise from the dynamic interaction between supporting structures and NSCs. The effect of structure-NSC coupling on peak component acceleration (<i>PCA</i>) was investigated, with a focus on key dynamic properties such as the structure-NSC mass ratio, period ratio, and component ductility. The analysis results showed that <i>PCA</i> varies significantly with the severity of coupling effects, and that these effects are most sensitive to the mass ratio between supporting structures and NSCs. Furthermore, the coupling effects on <i>PCA</i> were found to be affected by the ductility level and damping ratio of the components. However, as the mass ratio increases, the differences caused by damping diminish, causing the component amplification (<i>C_AR</i>) to converge to a single value. Based on a comparative evaluation of <i>C_AR</i> using ASCE 7-22 provisions, a more rational <i>C_AR</i> factor was proposed for moderate to heavy-weight NSCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 7","pages":"1934-1951"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.4346","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143909543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Offline Real-Time Hybrid Testing Through Neural Network Enhanced Time History Iteration","authors":"Changle Peng,&nbsp;Tong Guo,&nbsp;Cheng Chen,&nbsp;Weijie Xu","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4347","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Real-time Hybrid Testing (RTHS) provides a reliable and efficient large-scale experimental technique increasingly favored in seismic performance assessment. However, it is still constrained by various factors including both hardware and software limitations in traditional structural laboratories. In recent years, offline RTHS has emerged as an alternative to address some of these limitations. Measured restoring forces of experimental substructures from the previous step are used as predefined inputs for numerical substructures without maintaining compatibility on the interfaces between substructures. Traditional RTHS is then iteratively achieved through the independent physical loading of experimental substructures and computational analysis of numerical substructures. This helps eliminate the need for specialized software and hardware to coordinate the interfaces between substructures. Previous studies show that this offline implementation has slow convergence could even go unstable, particularly when experimental substructures comprise a high proportion of damping and stiffness within the system. This study proposes integrating offline RTHS with the neural network technique. Measured restoring forces under predefined displacements are utilized to train and update a neural network model for the experimental substructure. This neural network model is then updated after each iteration for the experimental substructure and incorporated as its surrogate into a computational simulation of the entire structure for the next iteration. This proposed neural network-enhanced offline RTHS is experimentally evaluated in this study through laboratory tests on a single-degree-of-freedom structure as well as a two-story four-bay steel moment resisting frame with self-centering viscous dampers. Various neural network models are explored including simple shallow neural network (SNN) and complex long short-term memory (LSTM). The proposed method is demonstrated to significantly improve the stability, accuracy, and convergence of offline RTHS, thus providing a more effective and efficient alternative for researchers to utilize traditional laboratory equipment to evaluate system responses through component tests.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 7","pages":"1952-1971"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143909544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Subbuteo-Inspired Rolling Isolation System for Protecting Rigid Blocks","authors":"George C. Tsiatas,&nbsp;Aristotelis E. Charalampakis,&nbsp;Panos Tsopelas","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4343","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates a Subbuteo-inspired rolling isolation system (RIS) as an effective means for protecting rigid blocks. The block is assumed to be rigidly connected to a curved base sector, allowing it to roll back and forth freely under dynamic excitations. The intrinsic trait of the proposed isolation concept is that the rigid block is part of the isolation system, affecting its dynamical behavior by lowering the system's center of mass. Conventional RISs utilize spherical or cylindrical rolling elements between the structure and its foundation to decouple seismic forces and reduce the transmission of ground motion. These systems capitalize on the rolling mechanism's ability to convert translational motion into rotational motion, thus diminishing the acceleration and forces experienced by the superstructure. Key findings demonstrate that in the proposed isolation system this mechanism is further improved due to the lowered center of mass, which results in a significant improvement in the seismic resilience of rigid blocks. The system's ability to self-center after rotation and its inherent simplicity make it an alternative to conventional isolation methods. The study also addresses the potential limitations and challenges, including stability under large rotations and the impact of rolling resistance. Overall, this work provides a comprehensive understanding of the behavior, performance, design, and practical implementation of the new RIS, paving the way for its broader application in seismic protection strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 7","pages":"1918-1933"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.4343","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143909542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavior of Lightweight Wood-Frame Shear Walls with Plybamboo and Wood Sheathing Panels: Experimental Study, Numerical Simulation, and Parametric Models for the Design Process","authors":"Ruijia Wu,&nbsp;Yongjia Xu,&nbsp;Yubing Hou,&nbsp;Xiangfei Zhang,&nbsp;Yan Xiao","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4338","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigates the lateral loading performance of lightweight wood-frame shear walls with bamboo or wood sheathing panels, exploring the potential of sustainable materials in construction. Firstly, the monotonic and cyclic experimental tests were carried out, focusing on four types of shear walls measuring 1.22 and 2.44 m in length, with 9 mm glued laminated bamboo (plybamboo) and oriented strand board (OSB) sheathing panels. Secondly, empirical formulas were derived to identify critical points on the simplified models representing the monotonic curves of the shear walls, including the yield, peak, and ultimate points, based on test results of nails only. Thirdly, this study establishes a simplified numerical model using OpenSeesPy to simulate the cyclic behavior of the shear walls. To address the limitations of traditional parameter calibration methods, this study employs intelligent model parameter identification techniques based on genetic algorithm, fast deterministic neural networks, and the updated genetic algorithm. Finally, an efficient parameter adjustment method for unexamined shear wall cases was established, enhancing the models' predictability and practical values in design. In summary, it provides a foundation for a universal parametric method to advance the application of lightweight wood-frame shear walls.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 7","pages":"1876-1893"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143909633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vertical Load-Carrying Capacity-Based Functionality Fragility Curve (VLCC-FFC) for Physics-Enhanced Probabilistic Seismic Resilience Assessment of Bridges: Methodology and Application","authors":"Jingcheng Wang,&nbsp;Aijun Ye,&nbsp;Xiaowei Wang,&nbsp;Yue Li","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4341","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Current practices for estimating postearthquake functionality of a bridge typically rely on assessing the physical damage and are often determined based on empirical engineering judgements. This approach can introduce significant variability in functionality estimates, further reducing the confidence level in probabilistic resilience assessment used for decision-making. To address this issue, this study develops a physics-enhanced probabilistic seismic resilience framework for bridges. In this framework, postevent functionality is physically evaluated by quantifying the loss of vertical load-carrying capacity (VLCC) using incremental dynamic analysis followed by pushdown analysis. A novel concept named VLCC-based functionality fragility curve (VLCC-FFC) is proposed. The VLCC-FFC represents the probability that the loss of VLCC will exceed a specific functionality state (FS, defined based on the level of VLCC loss) at a given seismic intensity measure. Furthermore, joint probability density functions (JPDFs) of VLCC loss and physical damage measures (e.g., residual drift ratio of a column) are developed for each FS to facilitate the probabilistic assessment of postevent residual functionality and the corresponding recovery process. The proposed framework is demonstrated through a case study of pile-shaft–supported girder bridges subjected to earthquakes and liquefaction-induced transverse spreading. The developed JPDFs for VLCC loss and residual drift ratio are available for implementation at https://bit.ly/JW912.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 7","pages":"1894-1911"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143909634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Flexible Loading Beam for Bidirectional Real-Time Hybrid Simulation of Reinforced Concrete Columns","authors":"Yunbyeong Chae,&nbsp;Chunghyun Lee,&nbsp;Jinil Kim","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4342","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study presents a novel flexible loading beam (FLB) designed to address the challenges of applying axial force in real time during bidirectional real-time hybrid simulations (RTHSs) of reinforced concrete (RC) columns. The FLB is highly effective for applying axial forces to axially stiff members. However, existing FLBs face challenges in controlling axial force when out-of-plane rotations occur during bidirectional (i.e., two horizontal directions) RTHSs. To address this issue, a new FLB was developed by incorporating a spherical bearing at its central bottom. This design ensures stable force application by allowing free rotation at the column's top while maintaining parallel alignment of the FLB with the ground. Experimental validation was conducted using a multiactuator setup with an RC column subjected to bidirectional horizontal earthquake loads. The results demonstrated the exceptional performance of the new FLB in maintaining precise axial force control, even under significant bidirectional lateral displacements.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 7","pages":"1912-1917"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143909635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shake Table Testing Methodology for Multistory Floor Acceleration Simulation Using a Single-Story Test Specimen","authors":"Chao-Hsien Li,&nbsp;Chia-Ming Uang,&nbsp;Robert B. Fleischman","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4335","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study integrates analytical and experimental research to develop an innovative shake table testing method called Floor Acceleration Simulation Test (FAST). The primary objective of FAST is to produce an essentially elastic response of a single-story test specimen to replicate the floor acceleration time history including higher-mode effects of a target floor in a multistory building experiencing inelastic behavior during an earthquake. The FAST method is well suited for experimental research where the absolute accelerations and the associated inertial forces of the floor diaphragms cannot be simulated by the majority of the conventional test methods. The proposed methodology is based on a transfer function in the frequency domain to compute the required input motion for testing. Considering the physical constraints of a given shake table test facility, guidelines with two response spectra to bracket the natural frequency of the test building are also presented for practical implementation. Experimental validation was carried out on a half-scale, single-story steel building featuring a composite floor slab, utilizing the NHERI@UCSD Large High-Performance Outdoor Shake Table (LHPOST) facility. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of FAST, as both analytical predictions and experimental outcomes confirm its validity. Despite instances of measured floor acceleration amplitude exceeding the target response due to table input motion overshooting in this test program, test results confirmed that the FAST accurately reproduced the intended frequency content, indicative of higher mode effects in the multistory prototype building, in the single-story test building.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 7","pages":"1859-1875"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143909458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges in High-Fidelity Implicit Block-Based Numerical Simulation of Dynamic Out-of-Plane Two-Way Bending in Unreinforced Brick Masonry Walls","authors":"Amirhossein Ghezelbash,&nbsp;Satyadhrik Sharma,&nbsp;Antonio Maria D'Altri,&nbsp;Paulo B. Lourenço,&nbsp;Jan G. Rots,&nbsp;Francesco Messali","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4337","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study deals with the high-fidelity block-based finite element simulation of dynamic out-of-plane (OOP) responses of unreinforced masonry (URM) walls, explicitly focusing on two-way bending behaviors under seismic loads, which is a common critical failure mode in real-world masonry structures. While experimental shake-table tests provide valuable insights into these behaviors, their high costs, complexity, and limited scalability highlight the need for advanced numerical modeling approaches. A state-of-the-art block-based finite element modeling strategy that conceives masonry as an assemblage of 3D damaging blocks interacting via contact-based cohesive-frictional zero-thickness interfaces, previously proposed for simulating cyclic quasi-static and dynamic one-way bending tests, is here extended for the first time to the simulation of incremental dynamic shake-table tests on OOP two-way spanning URM full-scale walls, subjected to a sequence of dynamic loads. The numerical models track the reference experimental behaviors with high accuracy in terms of collapse onset, failure mechanism, experienced acceleration and displacements, and hysteretic response. The effects of variations in mechanical properties, boundary conditions, and damping on the dynamic response are explored in a sensitivity study. The results indicate that slight changes in these parameters can lead to considerable differences in outcomes. This highlights the chaotic nature of the dynamic response of masonry walls, especially in near-collapse conditions, which makes probabilistic approaches more suitable for predicting masonry OOP dynamics. The proposed numerical methodology appears compatible with statistical frameworks, given the limited costs with respect to experimental tests, and it extends knowledge beyond physical experiments.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 7","pages":"1836-1858"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.4337","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143909615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single Building Seismic Risk Assessment Including the Vertical Component: Quantitative Comparison, Intensity Measures, and Nonstructural Fragility Uncertainties","authors":"Georgios Triantafyllou,&nbsp;Mohsen Kohrangi,&nbsp;Dimitrios Vamvatsikos,&nbsp;Paolo Bazzurro","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4336","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The objective of this study is to investigate whether the additional damage to building components caused by vertical ground shaking and its impact on estimated monetary losses warrants the extra computational effort needed to include this feature for standard risk assessment applications. As a case study, we consider a 2D model of a modern nine-story steel frame building located at a high seismic hazard site in California. The structural and nonstructural demands are assessed via nonlinear dynamic analysis carried out using hazard-consistent bi-directional (horizontal &amp; vertical) ground motion records. We estimated the seismic losses with and without the vertical ground motion using a component-based loss estimation approach based on FEMA-P58. We also explored the sensitivity of the loss estimates to the characteristics of the input vertical acceleration fragility curves. Analysis results indicate a modest increase in the average annual losses (AAL) when the vertical component is included, consistent with the relatively small fraction of the total building replacement cost assigned to components sensitive to vertical motion. We also investigate the sensitivity of the loss estimates to the conditioning ground motion intensity measure adopted in the risk assessment procedure. Considerable discrepancies are observed in the loss estimates on an intensity basis and, to a lesser degree, on a risk basis. Among the tested intensity measures, average spectral acceleration performs better than single-period spectral accelerations in two regards: it provides higher efficiency, and it maintains good consistency of the selected records with the site hazard while using lower levels of ground motion amplitude scaling. Whereas single-period spectral ordinates that will approximate these advantages may exist, finding them requires some investigation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 7","pages":"1819-1835"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143909473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating Road Disruptions in Urban Contexts Due to Earthquakes Using Machine Learning Surrogates","authors":"Catarina Costa,&nbsp;Vitor Silva","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4318","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The estimation of road disruptions due to building debris in urban contexts requires the availability of exposure data at the building level, which is often not available. In this study, we explore how open global datasets at different scales can be integrated with machine learning algorithms to estimate road disruptions following seismic events, overcoming the need for detailed datasets. Using simulated impact data for the municipality of Lisbon, we train a Random Forest model to predict road disruptions due to building collapses. Then, we apply this model to another urban environment (the municipality of Amadora) to evaluate the performance of the model using input data unseen during the training process. Finally, we employ the surrogate model using information extracted from globally available datasets characterizing the built environment and the road network. The proposed approach allows identifying areas within urban centers where road disruptions are likely to occur, and where risk reduction measures should be prioritized to minimize the impact of destructive earthquakes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 7","pages":"1799-1818"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143909064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}