Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics最新文献

{"title":"Proof-of-Concept Study of SMA-Based Rocking Podium Structure Towards Mitigating the Soft-Story Mechanism","authors":"Lizi Cheng,&nbsp;Canxing Qiu,&nbsp;Yuqing Tang,&nbsp;Jiawang Liu,&nbsp;Xiuli Du,&nbsp;Gregory MacRae","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70236","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The bottom story of modern buildings is often left as an open space to accommodate architectural functionality. However, this configuration tends to concentrate large deformations and severe damage in the bottom story under earthquakes, unintentionally forming a soft-story mechanism. To this end, this paper proposes a shape memory alloy (SMA)-based rocking podium structure, which employs a group of rocking columns at the bottom story to isolate the superstructure from experiencing significant damage while preserving the functional open space. The rocking columns are anchored to the foundation and podium using SMA bolts, which are adopted to enhance lateral resistance and dissipate seismic energy without impeding the recentering process. Gap openings are allowed to occur at column ends, forming rocking interfaces that can be closed with the aid of gravity and restoring force provided by SMA bolts. This study investigates the working mechanism of the proposed system and validates the concept through a 1/4-scaled proof-of-concept test on an SMA-based rocking column. A refined three-dimensional solid-element model is developed in ABAQUS to enable detailed local response observation. In addition, a multi-spring model representing a three-story SMA-based rocking podium structure is established in OpenSees to evaluate its seismic performance at the structural level. Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is conducted under varying seismic intensity levels. For comparison, a three-story moment-resisting frame (MRF) is also developed in OpenSees.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 12","pages":"2991-3011"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148903812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-Entropy of Power Spectral Density Function: A Modal Identification Framework","authors":"Su-Hong Kim,&nbsp;Jae-Seung Hwang,&nbsp;Dae-Kun Kwon,&nbsp;Ahsan Kareem","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70234","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The power spectral density (PSD) function of measured structural response contains a significant amount of information, including the modal parameters (natural frequencies, damping ratios). Output-only system identification or modal identification technique can be used for extracting such modal parameters from the measured response or its spectrum in the time or frequency domain, respectively. Akin to estimating the statistical parameters (mean, variance, etc.) from a probability density function (PDF), a parallel approach is introduced to extract modal parameters from the spectral description. This framework is based on a conceptual paradigm shift that views the PSD as a PDF. This perspective allows for the direct application of powerful statistical estimation techniques, like cross-entropy (CE), to the modal identification problem. The proposed technique offers estimates of the mode shapes and concurrently extracts the natural frequency and damping ratio from the modal response decomposed by the mode shape. Furthermore, if the external load can be modeled in a PSD function format, the load model can be integrated into the proposed modal identification framework, allowing its parameters to be identified as well. The performance and efficacy of the proposed method are validated through numerical simulations and application to the measured response of a full-scale building. Results show that the proposed CE-based modal identification framework provides effective and reliable estimates of modal parameters for both classically and non-classically damped systems, offering a powerful new approach to output-only modal analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 12","pages":"3012-3028"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.70234","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148904159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simplified Predictive Equations for Site-Specific Adjustment of Ground Motion Spectral Shape and Duration Effects in Codified Performance-Based Assessments","authors":"Mohammadreza Salek Faramarzi,&nbsp;Vahid Sadeghian,&nbsp;Farrokh Fazileh,&nbsp;Reza Fathi-Fazl","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70233","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A key challenge in seismic performance assessment is selecting ground motions that accurately represent site-specific hazard characteristics. Although matching conditional distributions of spectral shape and duration ensures hazard consistency, it becomes computationally prohibitive for code-based evaluations of large building inventories. Current codified approaches, such as FEMA P695 and Canada's performance-based unified procedure, rely on incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) with generic records followed by site-specific adjustment. However, existing adjustment equations are calibrated only for collapse and are based on regular ductile structures, limiting their applicability across noncollapse performance levels and diverse building archetypes where structural sensitivity to spectral shape and duration may differ. This study develops new predictive equations for spectral shape and duration adjustment factors across multiple performance levels, considering both component-level and global performance criteria. A database of 45 code-compliant reinforced concrete moment frames was analyzed using systematically selected ground motions. Regression analyses demonstrated that fundamental period and a normalized backbone area index are robust predictors of spectral shape and duration sensitivity, outperforming the period-based ductility factor employed in current guidelines. Validation at two Canadian sites revealed that unadjusted IDA produced substantial bias, with the mean annual frequency of exceeding various performance levels overestimated by 50%–80%. Raw IDA underestimated median performance intensities by up to 22%, and FEMA P695 produced inconsistent adjustments, overestimating intensities in Vancouver by over 50% and underestimating them in Montreal by up to 16%. The proposed equations reduced these errors to below 11% across all performance levels and closely reproduced multiple stripe analysis results.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 12","pages":"2971-2990"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148903811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating Response of Structures to Cascading Earthquake Tsunami Events Considering Directional Effects","authors":"Rana Roy,&nbsp;Mrityunjoy Naskar,&nbsp;Sunil Singh Mayengbam","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70238","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The paper presents a straightforward methodology to estimate the response of coastal infrastructure subjected to cascading earthquake-tsunami hazards. Recognizing the complex interplay between sequential hazard effects and loading orientations, the investigation systematically evaluates structural response to earthquake-only, tsunami-only, and combined earthquake–tsunami loadings. Both unidirectional and bidirectional loading conditions are considered, with particular emphasis on the role of incidence angles and prior earthquake-induced damage. Using a simplified model, ground motion and tsunami data are simulated for a consistent geophysical scenario and used to identify key influences on structural response in the tsunami phase. The results reveal significant amplification in demand due to bidirectional loading for each hazard scenario. Notably, prior earthquake-induced damage increases tsunami-induced maximum roof displacements by approximately 60% and 70% in unidirectional and bidirectional loading, respectively. This study also brings out the sensitivity of the structural response to loading orientations. Given the computational challenges in bidirectional analysis across all orientations, a straightforward strategy that includes two simpler unidirectional analyses in surrogate orientations is proposed. These orientations can be determined in advance using the characteristics of ground motion and tsunami only. This approach can estimate the maximum responses under bidirectional loading sequences within a variation limit of approximately 5%, and may be useful in practice.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 12","pages":"3029-3051"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148904160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shake Table Test of a Resilient High-Rise Controlled Rocking Outrigger Core Wall System","authors":"Qi Yang,&nbsp;Weite Su,&nbsp;Jingxin Wang,&nbsp;T. Y. Yang,&nbsp;Yiqiu Lu,&nbsp;Geoffrey W. Rodgers,&nbsp;Lisa Tobber","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70240","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In recent years, low-damage seismic structural systems have attracted significant attention and have been implemented in various buildings. However, current research has predominantly focused on low- and mid-rise structures. With the ongoing global urbanization, enhancing the seismic resilience of high-rise buildings and minimizing post-earthquake repair costs and time have become critical research focuses in earthquake engineering. In response, a novel high-rise seismic-resilient structural system named the controlled rocking outrigger core wall (CROCW) system was developed. CROCW consists of a self-centering reinforced concrete rocking core wall and an outrigger truss system. The seismic behavior of the CROCW was verified from a series of shaking table tests. The tested specimen was a 1/6.5 scaled model from a 24-storey tall building and had a height of 15.4 m and a weight of 116 t. The tested specimen was subjected to a total of 142 shaking table tests with a range of ground motions, incorporating both unidirectional and bidirectional shaking and with different combinations of energy dissipating devices. The results of the shaking table tests show that the CROCW can achieve superior performance with minor damage and no structural capacity or integrity degradation. The results from these large-scale shake-table tests support the viability of utilizing CROCW in high-rise structures located in high-seismic zones. The data collected from the shaking table test provides a rich data set needed to demonstrate seismic resilience for future low-damage seismic design in high-rise structures.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 12","pages":"3074-3097"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148903803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learning Rocking Dynamics From Sparse Shake-Table Data With Interpretable Physics-Informed Neural Networks","authors":"Shirley Shen,&nbsp;Christian Málaga-Chuquitaype","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70239","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present a hybrid interpretable Physics-Informed Neural Network Long-Short Term Memory (Hybrid PINN LSTM) framework for predicting the seismic response of rocking blocks. Existing analytical models rely on uncertain idealizations, while purely data-driven and machine-learning approaches lack physical consistency and interpretability. Our framework addresses these limitations by integrating the governing physics of rocking motion with a limited number of shake-table data. Taking the ground acceleration series as input, our model predicts the rotational response of rocking blocks and its associated peak quantities with lower error and higher accuracy than classical rocking theories, while predictions of angular velocity and angular acceleration remain more challenging. Physical consistency is enforced through mechanics-based loss terms, while data-driven losses are calibrated using a small set of laboratory measurements obtained with “off-the-shelf” experimental equipment. Besides, to enhance engineering insight, explainable AI tools at both the surrogate and sequence levels are used to interpret the learned relationships and identify the structural and ground-motion parameters, and excitation time windows governing the rocking response. Our explainability analysis shows that for high-intensity earthquakes, velocity-based measures and related displacement measures dominate overturning behavior, whereas for moderate intensities, the response becomes more interactive, with temporal characteristics, such as duration, playing a comparable role. For non-overturning cases, large safe rocking amplitudes are governed jointly by velocity, displacement, dominant period, and duration of the ground motion. Overall, this work pioneers an accurate, physically consistent and interpretable tool for seismic rocking response prediction. It could be used for assessing the seismic performance of critical equipment on the basis of limited experimental data without relying on current idealistic assumptions on key parameters like the coefficient of restitution.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 12","pages":"3115-3136"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.70239","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148904083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shake Table Testing of a Three-Story Nonstructural Bypass-Framed Cold-Formed Steel Façade With Drift Clips","authors":"William Roser,&nbsp;Keri L. Ryan,&nbsp;Tara C. Hutchinson,&nbsp;Clifton Melcher","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70211","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Interstory drift is a primary cause of seismic damage to building elements that span vertically between floors, such as exterior façade walls. To study this issue, a three-story bypass-framed cold-formed steel exterior wall subassembly was incorporated into a recent test of a full-scale 10-story mass timber building at the LHPOST6 shake table facility at UC San Diego. A major objective of the test was to investigate seismically resilient details for nonstructural elements. Thus, the subassembly was designed with drift clips and a corner expansion joint to prevent interstory drift-induced seismic damage.</p>\u0000 <p>This paper discusses the design, detailing, and performance of the subassembly during the shake table test program. Overall, the drift clip system was found to be effective at reducing wall drifts as intended, and the expansion joint prevented corner damage entirely. However, binding of the drift clips was observed, preventing the wall from sliding freely as assumed during design. One result of this binding was that screw pullout occurred at many clip connections on the uppermost floor over the course of repeated earthquake excitations. Ultimately, damage to sheathing, windows, and exterior cladding was avoided altogether despite connection pullout. Lessons learned offer valuable insight toward improving the design and detailing practice of similar assemblies being considered for implementation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 12","pages":"3187-3204"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148903711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From a Probabilistic PBEE Framework to Risk-Targeted Structural Design With Cascading Hazards: Engineering Application for Seismic–Radiological Safety","authors":"Matjaž Dolšek,&nbsp;Peter Fajfar,&nbsp;Anže Babič","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70243","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Earthquake-induced damage of structures can trigger cascading hazards, linking structural performance to nonstructural consequences. In current engineering practice, these two aspects are typically addressed separately, limiting the ability to account for such coupled effects in design. A typical example arises in nuclear and radiological facilities, where earthquake-induced structural damage may compromise containment functions and lead to radiological consequences. This study presents an engineering application of an introduced probabilistic performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) framework that accounts for radiological hazards arising from earthquake-induced cracking of reinforced concrete barriers. The PBEE framework is simplified into a risk-targeted verification procedure and implemented as a seven-step design methodology. The interaction between seismic effects and radiological consequences is addressed by introducing a permeability-based limit state, which directly links radiological studies to the risk-targeted seismic design. This limit state serves as a single performance measure, capturing the effect of seismic cracking on barrier permeability and providing a physically meaningful link between structural damage and potential radioactive release. The methodology was applied to the design of a near-surface repository for low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste in Slovenia, highlighting interdisciplinary challenges and the need for iterative refinement of structural reinforcement and radiological analyses, eventually conducted by engineering practitioners. The procedure extends current engineering practice, but it relies on simplifying assumptions of the PBEE framework. Its robustness should be further explored through sensitivity studies on fragility dispersion, damage—permeability relationships, and cascading hazard modelling. Beyond radiological applications, the framework provides a general pathway for incorporating cascading hazards into risk-targeted, performance-based seismic design.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 12","pages":"3098-3114"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.70243","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148903804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retesting 3D Viscoelastic Fluid Dampers After 36 Years of Storage","authors":"Ajaykumar D. Patel,&nbsp;Andrew S. Whittaker,&nbsp;Michael C. Constantinou","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70235","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A first-generation three-dimensional (3D) viscoelastic fluid damper (VED) consists of a cylindrical piston immersed in a vessel containing a highly viscous fluid. It dissipates energy through shearing, tensile, and compressive deformations of the fluid as the piston moves in the horizontal and vertical directions. To characterize the dynamic response of the damper for vibration and seismic isolation applications, four 3D VEDs and their fluids were tested in 1989. The same four VEDs were disassembled and retested in 2025 after 36 years of storage in a basement. Rheological testing of the fluids and mechanical testing of the VEDs, conducted using the 1989 protocols, revealed no meaningful change in either the fluid properties or the force-displacement hysteretic response. These findings demonstrate the long-term stability of this VED and fluid, supporting its use for vibration and seismic isolation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 12","pages":"3181-3186"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148904019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Performance and Vibration-Based Damage Identification of Two-Storey Balloon-Framed CLT Shear Walls","authors":"Samira Mohammadyzadeh,&nbsp;Houman Ganjali,&nbsp;Jianhui Zhou,&nbsp;Thomas Tannert","doi":"10.1002/eqe.70241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70241","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While cross-laminated timber (CLT) is increasingly utilized in lateral force-resisting systems in mass timber construction, research has predominantly focused on platform-type construction. Balloon-type CLT shear wall systems offer distinct structural advantages, notably the elimination of cumulative perpendicular-to-grain compression and a reduced number of panel-to-panel connections. Despite their potential, limited research has addressed the dynamic properties and damage evolution of balloon-type CLT shear walls. In this study, four full-scale, two-storey balloon-framed structures were subjected to quasi-static reversed cyclic loading, according to the ISO-16670 protocol, up to 5.7% lateral drift. Experimental modal testing using a shaker was performed at multiple damage stages to identify shifts in natural frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios. Additionally, impact hammer vibration tests on individual panels provided elastic constants for finite element (FE) modal analysis and subsequent damage assessment via connection stiffness updating. The results showed up to a 32% frequency reduction associated with 85% stiffness degradation after completion of the cyclic tests. Throughout the testing, damping ratios remained within the range of 1%–3% for all configurations. FE model updating confirmed that accurately reproducing the dynamic response of damaged structures requires accounting for specific boundary condition changes and the degradation of wall-to-wall connections.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"55 12","pages":"3052-3073"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.70241","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148904158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}