Current topics in microbiology and immunology最新文献_第2页

Hyperimmune Globulins in COVID-19. COVID-19 中的高免疫球蛋白

3区医学

Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2024-06-15 DOI: 10.1007/82_2024_277

Yasmin Maor, Oren Zimhony

{"title":"Hyperimmune Globulins in COVID-19.","authors":"Yasmin Maor, Oren Zimhony","doi":"10.1007/82_2024_277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2024_277","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic, resulting from the emergence of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, posed unprecedented challenges to global health systems as no proven therapy was available. Initially, COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) from recovered COVID-19 patients showed promise as a therapeutic option. However, the efficacy of this approach was closely correlated with the neutralizing antibody titer in the administered plasma and thus effectiveness was not always guaranteed. In response, hyperimmune immunoglobulins (hIG) derived from CCP obtained by apheresis from recovered or vaccinated individuals emerged as a potential alternative. hIG were purified through stringent chromatographic processing from CCP units and displayed varying results in clinical trials, although it seems likely that they improved outcomes compared to placebo or CCP at day 28, particularly in unvaccinated patients. The variability in the effect of hIG likely stems from factors such as the timing of outcome assessment, the administered dose of hIG, the patients' immunological background, and the matching between the variant infecting patients and the neutralization ability of the immunoglobulin batch, which depended on the timing of the CCP collection. Despite logistical challenges and high production costs, hIG showcase advantages over CCP, offering versatility in administration routes and eliminating the need for blood matching, thus facilitating administration in the community, and allowing for variant-specific preparations. hIG appear to be of particular importance in the treatment of immunocompromised patients and patients with persistent COVID-19, although studies in these populations are lacking. Non-human alternatives, such as equine-derived hIG and recombinant hIG, may provide a solution to the logistical challenges of large-scale hIG preparation. Further study is needed to explore these avenues. Establishing the infrastructure for large-scale hIG production independent of plasma donations emerges as a strategic approach for future pandemics, justifying exploration and promotion by health authorities.","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141320677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Monoclonal Antibodies and Hyperimmune Immunoglobulins in the Next Pandemic. 下一次大流行中的单克隆抗体和超免疫免疫球蛋白。

3区医学

Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2024-06-15 DOI: 10.1007/82_2024_274

Massimo Franchini, Daniele Focosi

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Convalescent Plasma and the US Expanded Access Program: A Personal Narrative. 康复血浆与美国扩大使用计划：个人经历。

3区医学

Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2024-06-15 DOI: 10.1007/82_2024_269

Michael J Joyner

{"title":"Convalescent Plasma and the US Expanded Access Program: A Personal Narrative.","authors":"Michael J Joyner","doi":"10.1007/82_2024_269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2024_269","url":null,"abstract":"Between early April 2020 and late August 2020, nearly 100,000 patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV2 infections were treated with COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) in the US under the auspices of an FDA-authorized Expanded Access Program (EAP) housed at the Mayo Clinic. Clinicians wishing to provide CCP to their patients during that 5-month period early in the COVID pandemic had to register their patients and provide clinical information to the EAP program. This program was utilized by some 2,200 US hospitals located in every state ranging from academic medical centers to small rural hospitals and facilitated the treatment of an ethnically and socio-economically diverse cross section of patients. Within 6 weeks of program initiation, the first signals of safety were found in 5,000 recipients of CCP, supported by a later analysis of 20,000 recipients (Joyner et al. in J Clin Invest 130:4791-4797, 2020a; Joyner et al. in Mayo Clin Proc 95:1888-1897, 2020b). By mid-summer of 2020, strong evidence was produced showing that high-titer CCP given early in the course of hospitalization could lower mortality by as much as a third (Joyner et al. in N Engl J Med 384:1015-1027, 2021; Senefeld et al. in PLoS Med 18, 2021a). These data were used by the FDA in its August decision to grant Emergency Use Authorization for CCP use in hospitals. This chapter provides a personal narrative by the principal investigator of the EAP that describes the events leading up to the program, some of its key outcomes, and some lessons learned that may be applicable to the next pandemic. This vast effort was a complete team response to a crisis and included an exceptional level of collaboration both inside and outside of the Mayo Clinic. Writing just 4 years after the initiation of the EAP, this intense professional effort, comprising many moving parts, remains hard to completely understand or fully explain in this brief narrative. As Nelson Mandela said of the perception of time during his decades in prison, \"the days seemed like years, and the years seemed like days.\"","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141320676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Monoclonal Antibody Therapies for Infectious Diseases. 传染病的单克隆抗体疗法。

3区医学

Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.1007/82_2024_265

Arturo Casadevall, Nigel Paneth

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The Logic and History of Passive Immunity and Antibody Therapies. 被动免疫和抗体疗法的逻辑与历史。

3区医学

Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1007/82_2024_267

Arturo Casadevall, Nigel Paneth

{"title":"The Logic and History of Passive Immunity and Antibody Therapies.","authors":"Arturo Casadevall, Nigel Paneth","doi":"10.1007/82_2024_267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2024_267","url":null,"abstract":"This volume takes a broad overview of antibody-based therapies prior to and during the COVID pandemic and examines their potential use in future pandemics. Passive antibody therapy was the first effective antimicrobial treatment and its development in the early twentieth century helped catalyze immunological and microbiological research. During the era of serum therapy (1890-1940) antibody-based therapies were developed against both viral and bacterial diseases. Effective treatment required an understanding of how to quantify antibodies, how to develop serotype-specific sera and recognition of the need to treat early in disease. Thus, although the era of serum therapy essentially ended with the development of small molecule antimicrobial therapy in the 1940s, antibody-based therapies led to important new scientific understanding, while remaining in use for some toxin and venom-caused diseases and in the prevention of outbreaks of viral hepatitis. A renewed interest in antibody-based therapies was seen in the widespread deployment of convalescent plasma and monoclonal antibodies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Convalescent plasma will likely be the first specific therapy during outbreaks with new pathogens for which there is no other therapy. For all forms of antibody-based therapies, effectiveness relies on the key principles of antibody therapy, namely, treatment early in disease with preparations containing sufficient antibody specific to the microbe in question.","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141075592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Blood Banking Capacity in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: Covid-19 Convalescent Plasma in Context. 中低收入国家的血库能力：Covid-19 Convalescent Plasma in Context.

3区医学

Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1007/82_2024_266

Evan M Bloch

{"title":"Blood Banking Capacity in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: Covid-19 Convalescent Plasma in Context.","authors":"Evan M Bloch","doi":"10.1007/82_2024_266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2024_266","url":null,"abstract":"Blood transfusion capacity in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), encompassing both the safety and adequacy of the blood supply, is limited. The challenges facing blood banks in LMICs include regulatory oversight, blood donor selection, collection procedures, laboratory testing, and post-transfusion surveillance. A high proportion of LMICs are unable to fully meet clinical demands for blood products, and many do not meet even the minimum threshold of collection (10 units per 1000 population). Suboptimal clinical transfusion practices, in large part due to a lack of training in transfusion medicine, contribute to blood wastage. During the COVID-19 pandemic, high- and LMICs alike experienced blood shortages, in large part due to quarantine and containment measures that impeded donor mobility. COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) was particularly appealing for the treatment of patients with COVID-19 in LMICs, as it is a relatively inexpensive intervention and makes use of the existing blood collection infrastructure. Nonetheless, the challenges of using CCP in LMICs need to be contextualized among broad concerns surrounding blood safety and availability. Specifically, reliance on first time, family replacement and paid donors, coupled with deficient infectious disease testing and quality oversight, increase the risk of transfusion transmitted infections from CCP in LMICs. Furthermore, many LMICs are unable to meet general transfusion needs; therefore, CCP collection also risked exacerbation of pervasive blood shortages.","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141075591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Background, Role and Approach for Development of a Controlled Human Infection Model for Nontyphoidal Salmonella. 开发非伤寒沙门氏菌可控人体感染模型的背景、作用和方法。

3区医学

Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/82_2021_246

Calman A MacLennan

引用次数: 0

Human Challenge Studies with Coronaviruses Old and New. 新旧冠状病毒的人体挑战研究

3区医学

Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/82_2021_247

Richard McKendry, Nana-Marie Lemm, Loukas Papargyris, Christopher Chiu

{"title":"Human Challenge Studies with Coronaviruses Old and New.","authors":"Richard McKendry, Nana-Marie Lemm, Loukas Papargyris, Christopher Chiu","doi":"10.1007/82_2021_247","DOIUrl":"10.1007/82_2021_247","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus infections have been known to cause disease in animals since as early as the 1920s. However, only seven coronaviruses capable of causing human disease have been identified thus far. These Human Coronaviruses (HCoVs) include the causes of the common cold, but more recent coronaviruses that have emerged (i.e. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) are associated with much greater morbidity and mortality. HCoVs have been relatively under-studied compared to other common respiratory infections, as historically they have presented with mild symptoms. This has led to a relatively limited understanding of their animal reservoirs, transmission and determinants of immune protection. To address this, human infection challenge studies with HCoVs have been performed that enable a detailed clinical and immunological analysis of the host response at specific time points under controlled conditions with standardised viral inocula. Until recently, all such human challenge studies were conducted with common cold HCoVs, with the study of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV unacceptable due to their greater pathogenicity. However, with the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 pandemic during which severe outcomes in young healthy adults have been rare, human challenge studies with SARS-CoV-2 are now being developed. Two SARS-CoV-2 human challenge studies in the UK studying individuals with and without pre-existing immunity are underway. As well as providing a platform for testing of antivirals and vaccines, such studies will be critical for understanding the factors associated with susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and thus developing improved strategies to tackle the current as well as future HCoV pandemics. Here, we summarise the major questions about protection and pathogenesis in HCoV infection that human infection challenge studies have attempted to answer historically, as well as the knowledge gaps that aim to be addressed with contemporary models.","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39936327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Challenges in Developing a Controlled Human Tuberculosis Challenge Model. 开发受控人类结核病挑战模型所面临的挑战。

3区医学

Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/82_2022_252

Susan Jackson, Helen McShane

{"title":"Challenges in Developing a Controlled Human Tuberculosis Challenge Model.","authors":"Susan Jackson, Helen McShane","doi":"10.1007/82_2022_252","DOIUrl":"10.1007/82_2022_252","url":null,"abstract":"Controlled human infection models (CHIMs) have provided pivotal scientific advancements, contributing to the licensure of new vaccines for many pathogens. Despite being one of the world's oldest known pathogens, there are still significant gaps in our knowledge surrounding the immunobiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb). Furthermore, the only licensed vaccine, BCG, is a century old and demonstrates limited efficacy in adults from endemic areas. Despite good global uptake of BCG, tuberculosis (TB) remains a silent epidemic killing 1.4 million in 2019 (WHO, Global tuberculosis report 2020). A mycobacterial CHIM could expedite the development pipeline of novel TB vaccines and provide critical understanding on the immune response to TB. However, developing a CHIM for such a complex organism is a challenging process. The first hurdle to address is which challenge agent to use, as it would not be ethical to use virulent M. tb. This chapter describes the current progress and outstanding issues in the development of a TB CHIM. Previous and current human studies include both aerosol and intradermal models using either BCG or purified protein derivative (PPD) as a surrogate agent. Future work investigating the use of attenuated M. tb is underway.","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40327264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Human Challenge Studies for Cholera. 霍乱的人类挑战研究。

3区医学

Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/82_2022_258

Mitchell B Cohen

{"title":"Human Challenge Studies for Cholera.","authors":"Mitchell B Cohen","doi":"10.1007/82_2022_258","DOIUrl":"10.1007/82_2022_258","url":null,"abstract":"The human challenge model permits an estimate of the vaccine protection against moderate and severe cholera. It eliminates the difficulty in setting up a vaccine study in endemic area including uncertainties about the incidence of cholera and the logistic arrangements for capturing those who do/do not become ill. Valuable information from small groups of subjects can be obtained in a short period. Under proper precautions and study design, the challenge model is safe and efficient. Although the model has evolved since it was introduced over 50 years ago, it has been used extensively to test vaccine efficacy. Vaccine licensure has resulted from data obtained using the human challenge model. In addition, the model has been used to: (1) Establish and validate a standardized inoculum, (2) Identify immune markers and immune responses, (3) Determine natural immunity (in re-challenge studies), (4) Identify the role of the gastric acid barrier in preventing cholera infection, (5) Show homologous and heterologous infection-derived immunity, and (6) Test the efficacy of anti-diarrheal/anti-secretory small molecules. The aim of this chapter is to present an overview on the state of the art for human challenge models used to study cholera and new medical interventions against it.","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49308891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0