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EBV Infection and Its Immune Control in Humanized Mice. 人源化小鼠EBV感染及其免疫控制。
3区 医学
Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2025-08-27 DOI: 10.1007/82_2025_285
Christian Münz
{"title":"EBV Infection and Its Immune Control in Humanized Mice.","authors":"Christian Münz","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_285","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epstein Barr virus (EBV) was discovered 60 years ago as the first candidate human tumor virus. Since then, we have realized that this human γ-herpesvirus establishes persistent infection in the majority of adult humans but fortunately causes EBV associated diseases only in a few individuals. This is an incredible success story of the human immune system, which controls EBV infection and its transforming capacity for decades after initial virus encounter. A better understanding of this immune control would not only benefit patients with EBV associated malignancies but could also provide clues on how to establish such a potent, mostly cell-mediated immune control against other pathogens and tumors. However, the functional relevance of EBV specific immune responses can only be addressed in vivo and mice with reconstituted human immune system components (humanized mice) constitute a small animal model that can be infected with EBV, recapitulates some aspects of virus associated tumorigenesis, and mounts mostly cell-mediated immune responses against EBV. This chapter will summarize the insights into EBV immunobiology that have already been gained in humanized mouse models and provide an outlook into promising future avenues to further characterize EBV infection, immune control, and associated pathologies in vivo.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144946083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Innate Immune and Inflammatory Responses to Dengue Virus Infection. 登革病毒感染的先天免疫和炎症反应。
3区 医学
Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2025-08-26 DOI: 10.1007/82_2025_291
Luiza J Hübner, Fernando R Ascenção, Daniel S Mansur
{"title":"Innate Immune and Inflammatory Responses to Dengue Virus Infection.","authors":"Luiza J Hübner, Fernando R Ascenção, Daniel S Mansur","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_291","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dengue is the most common arboviral infection in the world, causing up to 400 million cases per year. Although most cases are asymptomatic, the virus can cause a wide range of symptoms varying from high fever and pain, common to several arbovirus infections, to hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome, which can often be fatal. Despite the association of some genotypes with disease severity, most symptom varieties can be traced to the interaction of the virus with the immune system. As early as viral entry, Dengue virus co-evolved with humans to evade the innate immune system, especially the antiviral response triggered by type I and III interferons, posing a strict bottleneck to its host range. This directly affects our ability to study the virus interaction with the innate immune system. Here, we will explore how dengue virus is recognized by pattern recognition receptors and triggers an immune response and how cells associated with innate immunity influence the course of infection, culminating with the inflammatory response, key to understanding the spectrum of dengue disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144946144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Primary Immunodeficiencies and EBV-Associated Diseases. 原发性免疫缺陷和ebv相关疾病。
3区 医学
Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2025-08-13 DOI: 10.1007/82_2025_316
Benjamin Fournier, Sylvain Latour
{"title":"Primary Immunodeficiencies and EBV-Associated Diseases.","authors":"Benjamin Fournier, Sylvain Latour","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_316","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>More than 500 primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) or inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) have been reported. In general, IEIs are caused by monogenic germinal variants resulting in immunodeficiency and immune dysregulation symptoms. These \"in natura\" experiments have highlighted selective factors and pathways required for the immune control of a given pathogen, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Several IEIs predominantly predispose to develop severe EBV infections and associated diseases including infectious mononucleosis (IM), hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and nonmalignant or malignant B cell lymphoproliferative disorders (B-LPD). Identification of these IEIs revealed critical components/molecules of the immune response to EBV. Notably, these elements differ depending on the type of the EBV viral disease. On one hand, defects in factors involved in the cytotoxic responses of lymphocytes preferentially underlie HLH, whereas, on the other hand, factors implicated in the expansion of EBV-specific T cells are mostly responsible for B-LPD when impaired. IEIs also inform on mechanisms underlying rare EBV viral diseases such as EBV<sup>+</sup> smooth muscle tumors (EBV<sup>+</sup>SMT) and the \"atypical\" T/NK cell lymphoproliferative disorders (NK/T-LPD) including chronic active EBV infections (CAEBV). Finally, IEIs not predisposing to EBV provide information on immune components not necessary or redundant for EBV immunity. All these aspects are discussed in this chapter.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144820828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dengue Vaccines.
3区 医学
Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2025-08-13 DOI: 10.1007/82_2025_320
Silvia Beatriz Boscardin
{"title":"Dengue Vaccines.","authors":"Silvia Beatriz Boscardin","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This chapter offers an overview of dengue vaccines that have advanced to clinical trials, addressing the intricate challenges in their development. It details the complexities of the dengue virus, including its four serotypes and the phenomenon of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), which significantly impacts vaccine design. The chapter reviews the historical trajectory and current landscape of vaccine candidates, such as Dengvaxia<sup>®</sup>, Qdenga<sup>®</sup>, and Butantan-DV, analyzing their efficacy, safety profiles, and the lessons learned from their clinical trials. It also discusses other hurdles like suitable animal models and viral interference. Ultimately, the chapter highlights the advancements made and outlines future research directions crucial for a universally effective dengue vaccine.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144820827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Entomological Surveillance and Vector Competence: A Crucial Front in Dengue Prevention. 昆虫学监测和媒介能力：登革热预防的重要前沿。
3区 医学
Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2025-08-09 DOI: 10.1007/82_2025_293
Jose Henrique M Oliveira, Rafael Maciel-de-Freitas
{"title":"Entomological Surveillance and Vector Competence: A Crucial Front in Dengue Prevention.","authors":"Jose Henrique M Oliveira, Rafael Maciel-de-Freitas","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_293","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This chapter aims to bridge the gap between two fundamental topics in medical entomology-vector surveillance and vector competence-often seen as distinct areas of study. This perceived separation likely stems from the misconception that surveillance falls within the domain of field entomologists, while vector competence is primarily the focus of laboratory-based researchers. Here, we emphasize the necessity of integrating these two fields, highlighting the importance of monitoring the susceptibility of natural Aedes aegypti populations to dengue virus (DENV) and other arboviruses. By incorporating vector competence assessments into surveillance strategies, researchers and public health authorities can improve their ability to evaluate outbreak risks and predict the potential for new epidemics. This integrated approach can enhance early warning systems and inform more effective vector control interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144798389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cellular Biology: Virus-Host Interactions and RNA Structure and Function. 细胞生物学：病毒-宿主相互作用和RNA结构与功能。
3区 医学
Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2025-08-09 DOI: 10.1007/82_2025_306
Claudia Filomatori, Alessandro Marcello, Juan Ernesto Ludert
{"title":"Cellular Biology: Virus-Host Interactions and RNA Structure and Function.","authors":"Claudia Filomatori, Alessandro Marcello, Juan Ernesto Ludert","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_306","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dengue is the most important viral disease transmitted to humans by mosquitoes and is caused by the dengue virus (DENV), which belongs to the Orthoflavivirus genus within the Flaviviridae family. The DENV RNA genome encodes ten proteins: three structural (C, prM, and E) and seven nonstructural (NS1-NS5) proteins. A comprehensive understanding of DENV interactions with both mammalian and mosquito cells is essential for the development of specific antivirals, which are currently lacking. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the viral replicative cycle, with a strong emphasis on the viral RNA genome, the composition of the replicative complexes, and the replication mechanisms. In addition, we discuss DENV-induced remodeling of cellular membranes and cellular responses to infection. Finally, key knowledge gaps and research priorities in the study of virus-cell interactions are highlighted.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144798388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Infectious Mononucleosis. 传染性单核细胞增多症。
3区 医学
Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2025-08-09 DOI: 10.1007/82_2025_286
Henry H Balfour, Madeline R Meirhaeghe
{"title":"Infectious Mononucleosis.","authors":"Henry H Balfour, Madeline R Meirhaeghe","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_286","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infectious mononucleosis is a clinical entity characterized by a sore throat, cervical lymph node enlargement, fatigue, and fever most often seen in adolescents and young adults. Infectious mononucleosis is most often caused by a primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. EBV is a γ-herpesvirus that infects at least 90% of the population worldwide. The virus is spread by intimate oral contact among teenagers and young adults. How preadolescents acquire the virus is not known. A typical clinical presentation with a positive heterophile antibody test is usually sufficient to make the diagnosis, but heterophile antibodies are not specific and do not develop in some patients, especially preadolescent children. EBV-specific antibody profiles are the best choice for confirming and staging EBV infection. Besides causing acute illness during primary infection, there can also be long-term consequences from acquiring this virus, such as certain cancers and autoimmune diseases, as well as complications of primary immunodeficiency in persons with certain genetic mutations. Future challenges are to develop prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines and effective specific treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144798390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Antibiotic-Induced Bacterial Cell Death: A "Radical" Way of Dying? 抗生素诱导的细菌细胞死亡：一种“激进”的死亡方式？
3区 医学
Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2025-08-09 DOI: 10.1007/82_2024_284
Parsa Alba Farhang, Katherine L Cotten, Jamie C Smith, Kimberly M Davis
{"title":"Antibiotic-Induced Bacterial Cell Death: A \"Radical\" Way of Dying?","authors":"Parsa Alba Farhang, Katherine L Cotten, Jamie C Smith, Kimberly M Davis","doi":"10.1007/82_2024_284","DOIUrl":"10.1007/82_2024_284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rising prevalence of antibiotic resistance is rendering certain antibiotics ineffective in treating bacterial infections of public health importance. Deepening our understanding of how these drugs induce bacterial cell death, and whether antibiotics trigger a cell death program compared to direct killing, could help generate novel antibiotics or modify existing therapeutic approaches to improve clinical outcomes. Among the most widely used bactericidal antibiotics (beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones), the primary drug-target interactions, and how they induce cell death, are well characterized. Additionally, there has been a recent debate as to whether a generalized bacterial cell death mechanism exists, shared among bactericidal antibiotics. The hypothesized mechanism, referred to as the common reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathway in this chapter, argues that certain bactericidal antibiotics have off-target effects that increase ROS generation in an iron- and oxygen-dependent manner. Moreover, this spike in ROS is thought to also contribute to induced bacterial cell death. Here we will discuss the target-specific mechanisms of distinct classes of bactericidal antibiotics, how these promote bacterial cell death, and the data that both support and refute the existence of a common cell death pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12338052/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144798387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1): Biological Functions and Molecular Mechanisms. 潜伏膜蛋白1 (LMP1)：生物学功能和分子机制。
3区 医学
Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2025-08-08 DOI: 10.1007/82_2025_321
Arnd Kieser
{"title":"The Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1): Biological Functions and Molecular Mechanisms.","authors":"Arnd Kieser","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_321","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nearly two decades after the discovery of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) was identified and recognized as the primary transforming gene product of the virus. LMP1 is expressed in most EBV-associated lymphoproliferative diseases and malignancies, where it plays a central role in pathogenesis. Over 40 years of research have established LMP1 as a potent driver of cellular transformation and survival, deregulating key signaling pathways, cellular metabolism, and transcription while simultaneously subverting programmed cell death mechanisms. Beyond its role in transformation and immortalization, LMP1 exerts multifaceted biological activities supporting tumorigenesis, including immune modulation, regulation of the tumor microenvironment, and promotion of migration and invasive tumor growth. Functioning as a constitutively active receptor that mimics co-stimulatory CD40 receptor signals in B-lymphocytes, LMP1 recruits cellular signaling molecules associated with tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs), such as TNFR-associated factors (TRAFs) and the TNFR-associated death domain protein (TRADD). It triggers phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and SUMOylation events in the target cell to activate NF-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), interferon regulatory factor (IRF), and STAT pathways. This review provides an updated and comprehensive overview of the biological and molecular functions of LMP1, highlighting its role as a critical interface in virus-host interactions and its potential as a therapeutic target.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144793706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Correction to: Dengue Dilemma: Navigating Cross-Reactivity and Immune Challenges. 更正：登革热困境：导航交叉反应性和免疫挑战。
3区 医学
Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2025-07-30 DOI: 10.1007/82_2025_323
Cristina R de Barros Cardoso, Thiago Cerqueira-Silva, Manoel Barral-Netto, Viviane S Boaventura
{"title":"Correction to: Dengue Dilemma: Navigating Cross-Reactivity and Immune Challenges.","authors":"Cristina R de Barros Cardoso, Thiago Cerqueira-Silva, Manoel Barral-Netto, Viviane S Boaventura","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_323","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144728529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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