Current topics in microbiology and immunology最新文献

{"title":"The Links Between Dengue Virus, Climate and Climate Change.","authors":"José Lourenço, Martim Afonso Geraldes","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_290","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climate plays a crucial role in shaping dengue virus (DENV) transmission dynamics by influencing directly the physical and behavioural traits of mosquito individuals and viral replication. This chapter describes and evidences the intricate relationships between climate variables, mosquito traits and DENV transmission, highlighting the importance of understanding such connections in the context of a growing DENV burden and a global environmental change.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144474209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Human Health Problems Caused by Pathogenic and Immuno-activating Fungi.","authors":"Richard Summerbell, James Scott","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_314","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, several types of novel fungal health problems have been emerging in parallel. Antifungal-drug-resistant opportunistic pathogens have emerged both in previously unknown lineages, notably Candida auris, and in traditional pathogens and opportunists such as the Trichophyton mentagrophytes species complex and Aspergillus fumigatus. Emergence of resistance in Aspergillus is clearly connected to agricultural use of fungicides related to medical antifungals, but is brought into further prominence by the simultaneous emergence of immunosuppressive viral effects connected to influenza and SARS CoV 2 infections. The sources of drug resistance phenotypes in Candida auris and Trichophyton indotineae are unclear, but neither climate change nor drug misuse can be clearly implicated. In Onygenalean endemic mycoses, however, climate change is under suspicion of causing range extension in Coccidioides immitis. Decimation of some North American bat species associated with Histoplasma hot spots has not had a perceptible effect on this fungus so far. Historical reading suggests that it may have survived a previous loss of conditioned habitat when the passenger pigeon became extinct. Emergence of Emergomyces and new Blastomyces species appears mainly to be related to enhanced recognition. Two separate sporotrichosis outbreaks in cats in South America and Southeast Asia suggest a little-discussed mechanism of pathogen emergence, opportunity trawling, i.e. ingress of new potential hosts into pathogen habitats leading to novel epizootics. In the investigations of non-pathogenic fungi connected to immunologically or toxicologically mediated symptomatology in indoor environments, the slow augmentation of difficult-to-obtain evidence has clarified that indoor dampness and mould can cause diverse health effects, ranging from novel advent of asthmatic conditions to eczema-like skin disturbances. The methodology used to evaluate indoor mould symptomatology shares some of the deficiencies that racked medical evaluations of causality during the SARS CoV 2 outbreak. Pertinent epidemiological connections may be obscured by an excessive positivistic demand for proof where the combination of valid evidence and judicious attention to the precautionary principle would better serve the community.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Human Mycobiome.","authors":"Hao Zhang, Bing Zhai","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_315","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human mycobiome refers to the fungal communities residing across body sites and plays pivotal roles in human health and disease. This chapter summarizes technical advances and current knowledge on the human mycobiome and discusses its clinical implications. Although high-throughput sequencing-based approaches have greatly improved the resolution of profiling fungal populations compared to the traditional culture-based methods, researchers should be aware of the inherent limitations of each approach and choose the most appropriate one or combination based on specific context of their study. We highlight the research progress on the composition of mycobiome and its cross talk with the host in the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, oral cavity, genital tract, tumor tissues, and skin surface. The complex cross-kingdom interactions with bacteria and the emergence of new fungal pathogens-potentially driven by environment factors, emphasize the need to integrate mycobiome studies into broader microbial networks and the One Health frameworks. Together, this chapter underscores the potential of the human mycobiome as a diagnostic and therapeutic target in various diseases and advocates for interdisciplinary efforts to address the impact of fungi on human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144265550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-Specific Humoral Immune Responses in Health and Disease.","authors":"Josef Mautner, Jaap M Middeldorp","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been associated with an expanding range of acute inflammatory, malignant, and autoimmune disorders. Seroepidemiological studies, facilitated by the early identification of key immunodominant targets of the EBV-specific humoral response, have provided invaluable insights into pathogenicity and global prevalence and incidence of EBV infections. These studies have also identified distinct antibody signatures associated with both the acute and persistent phases of infection, as well as EBV-related disorders. Over time, research into the humoral immune response against EBV has progressed from traditional cell-based immunofluorescence methods to high-throughput multiplex assays utilizing recombinant proteins or synthetic peptides as substrates. These improvements have shifted the focus from individual immunodominant antigens to the entire EBV proteome, enhancing our understanding of antiviral antibody responses in both health and disease. Detailed analyses of antigenic epitopes have uncovered significant biochemical and sequence homology between viral and host proteins, providing a conceptual framework for understanding the development of autoimmune diseases by a phenomenon known as antigenic mimicry. Recently, research has shifted toward translating these immune response findings into therapeutic strategies aimed at inducing or restoring immunity in patients with EBV-associated disorders. This chapter seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the humoral immune response to EBV in healthy virus carriers and patients with EBV-associated disorders, tracing developments from the discovery of the virus 60 years ago to the present day and offering a perspective on future directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144265549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case Report from the Patient's Perspective: Conquering a Chronic Lung Infection: My Mould Story.","authors":"Dave Shoots","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This autobiographical account chronicles a lifelong battle with fungal infections and lung disease, beginning with childhood exposure to damp, mouldy environments in flood-prone homes. The author recounts recurring lung collapses as a teenager, culminating in multiple pleurectomies and a diagnosis of blebs on the pleural lining. Years later, persistent symptoms and a series of lung infections led to a diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) and severe bronchiectasis, traced to prolonged mould exposure. This chapter details the challenges of managing these conditions, including antifungal treatments, side effects, emergency surgeries, and lifestyle adjustments. The story underscores the importance of self-advocacy, collaboration with medical and mycology experts, and leveraging reliable online resources to better understand and manage chronic diseases. The author offers actionable strategies for others facing similar health challenges, emphasizing proactive care and resilience in the face of adversity. This inspiring journey highlights the intersection of personal perseverance and medical innovation in overcoming the long-term impacts of fungal lung disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144265547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Techniques for Dengue Virus.","authors":"Juliana Schons Gularte, Daisy Maria Strottmann, Fernando Rosado Spilki, Camila Zanluca","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_307","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease that poses a global public health problem, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. It is caused by the dengue virus (DENV), which comprises four antigenically distinct serotypes. The clinical manifestations of the disease overlap with those of other febrile diseases, including other arboviruses such as Zika and chikungunya, making clinical and epidemiological diagnosis difficult. Therefore, an accurate laboratory diagnosis is essential for effective clinical management, especially during the early stages of the disease, to prevent progression to severe forms.Over the years, significant advancements have been achieved in dengue diagnostics. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of current diagnostic techniques, detailing their principles, applications, and limitations. It covers a range of methodologies, including virus isolation, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) antigen detection assays, immunohistochemistry, serological tests for IgM and IgG antibodies, and lateral flow point-of-care tests. Additionally, novel approaches such as multiplex platforms, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and biosensor-based tests are explored for their potential to address existing challenges and improve diagnostic accuracy.The choice of diagnostic strategy largely depends on the time course of infection and the available methodologies, resources, infrastructure, and technical expertise. Furthermore, the high degree of cross-reactivity between flaviviruses makes diagnosis by serological assays difficult, particularly in regions where multiple flaviviruses co-circulate. Dengue vaccination is also expected to influence the results of serological assays, requiring adjustments to algorithms and careful interpretation of results. By tailoring diagnostic approaches to local capabilities and accounting for the effects of vaccination, dengue diagnosis, and disease management can be improved.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144265548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccination.","authors":"Rajiv Khanna, Jeffrey I Cohen","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vaccines for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) could be prophylactic to prevent primary infection and diseases directly caused by EBV, including mononucleosis and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease. Prophylactic vaccines might also prevent or reduce diseases in which EBV is a cofactor, including multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune disorders, EBV-positive B cell lymphomas, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and certain gastric carcinomas. Alternatively, EBV vaccines could be therapeutic to treat autoimmune disease and malignancies associated with EBV. In general, prophylactic vaccines focus on induction of antibody to the virus, while therapeutic vaccines focus on inducing virus-specific T cells to kill or control virus-infected cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144233494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Change Impacts on Environmental Fungi: Human Health and Fungal Disease.","authors":"Paola Ramos Irizarry, Daniel F Q Smith, Asiya Gusa","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_305","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climate changes including rising temperatures and increasing severe weather events (e.g., hurricanes, flooding, and wildfires) are impacting Earth's ecosystems and increasing microbial threats to human health. Microbes in the environment, including bacteria and fungi, are adapting to new habitats and hosts in ways that may make them more disease-causing. Environmental fungi are particularly climate-sensitive, with optimal growth at cooler temperatures (25-30 °C) and with reproductive spore dispersal dependent on atmospheric conditions. While environmental fungi play a crucial role supporting plant growth and recycling nutrients in soils, some cause mild to severe infections in humans. Climate changes are expanding the geographic range of some disease-causing fungi, leading to increased fungal infections, particularly in the aftermath of natural disasters. Additionally, fungal adaptations to environmental stressors may make fungi more likely to cause disease, such as increased heat tolerance (survival at body temperature of 37 °C), or more difficult to treat, due to evolving drug resistance to environmental fungicides. Here, we explore how climate change and natural disasters impact fungal distribution, adaptation, and exposure to humans, highlighting fungal threats to human health. We propose strategies to mitigate these emerging challenges, emphasizing the collaborative and interdisciplinary efforts needed to protect human health in a changing climate.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144233493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"T Cell Responses During Dengue Infection.","authors":"Luciana Barros de Arruda, Ernesto T A Marques","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The investigation and understanding of the immune response to dengue, including its protective and pathogenic functions, present unique challenges, particularly due to the circulation of four distinct serotypes. While infection with one serotype induces long-term protection, including some level of temporary cross-protection against other serotypes, epidemiological evidence suggests an increased risk of severe disease following subsequent heterologous infections. Although the antibody-mediated response has been more extensively studied in this context, it is also evident that T cell immunity contributes to infection resolution and long-term memory, but in some circumstances, it can influence immunopathology. In this chapter, we will present findings regarding T cell-specific DENV epitopes and activated T cell repertoire and discuss the role of distinct T cell subtypes and their functional association with protection, memory response, as well as how altered T cell responses can contribute to disease severity. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms is essential for elucidating disease pathogenesis and identifying key protection and disease markers, which are critical for the development and efficacy assessment of dengue vaccine. In addition, T cell-mediated immunity should be considered in the design and implementation of immunization programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144233495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Critical Role for Epstein-Barr Virus in Primary Effusion Lymphoma.","authors":"Beniah Brumbaugh, Bill Sugden","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_310","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Some human cancers are caused by coinfections with two viruses. Here we focus on primary effusion lymphomas (PEL), which arise from coinfection of B cells with Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and often are accompanied by systemic infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Both KSHV and EBV contribute to this oncogenesis of a rare B cell subset and HIV, by limiting the host immune response to coinfected cells, can too. Some of the mechanisms underlying the lymphomagenesis mediated by two tumor viruses are clear; some remain to be elucidated.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144149610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}