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Epstein-Barr Virus: From the Detection of Sequence Polymorphisms to the Recognition of Viral Strains. 爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒：从序列多态性检测到病毒株识别。
3区 医学
Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2026-03-27 DOI: 10.1007/82_2026_341
Rémy Poirey, Bowen Bai, Hao Li, Anton Kutikhin, Susanne Delecluse, Henri-Jacques Delecluse
{"title":"Epstein-Barr Virus: From the Detection of Sequence Polymorphisms to the Recognition of Viral Strains.","authors":"Rémy Poirey, Bowen Bai, Hao Li, Anton Kutikhin, Susanne Delecluse, Henri-Jacques Delecluse","doi":"10.1007/82_2026_341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2026_341","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Epstein-Barr virus is etiologically linked with the development of benign and malignant diseases, characterized by their diversity and a heterogeneous geographic distribution across the world. The virus possesses a large genome that encodes multiple proteins and noncoding RNAs and carries multiple genetic polymorphisms. Early on, there were numerous attempts to link particular diseases with particular EBV strains, or at least with viral variants. This has delivered a wealth of information whose value has been difficult to evaluate. However, the recent availability of more than 2100 complete or nearly complete genomes has substantially increased the power of genetic studies, and genetic markers of specific strains are slowly emerging. While some of the identified polymorphisms have biological consequences, others generate biomarkers that are tightly associated with some EBV-associated cancers. Future work will be needed to determine whether these polymorphisms have pathogenic consequences in humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147510297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Why and How Epstein-Barr Virus Was Discovered 50 Years Ago. 50年前，爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒是如何被发现的。
3区 医学
Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2026-03-26 DOI: 10.1007/82_2026_340
Anthony Epstein
{"title":"Why and How Epstein-Barr Virus Was Discovered 50 Years Ago.","authors":"Anthony Epstein","doi":"10.1007/82_2026_340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2026_340","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An account is given of the experiences and events which led to a search being undertaken for a causative virus in the recently described Burkitt's lymphoma and of the steps which ultimately culminated in the discovery of the new human herpesvirus which came to be known as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147510327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The T Cell Response to Epstein-Barr Virus. T细胞对eb病毒的反应
3区 医学
Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2026-02-07 DOI: 10.1007/82_2025_339
Heather M Long, Graham S Taylor
{"title":"The T Cell Response to Epstein-Barr Virus.","authors":"Heather M Long, Graham S Taylor","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects nearly every individual whereupon it persists for life under the control of a broad immune response. EBV provides a valuable system for understanding human T cell immunology. It is genetically stable and expresses well-characterised viral proteins, many of which have been mapped for HLA-I- and HLA-II- restricted epitopes allowing the cognate CD8+ and CD4+ T cell response to be measured and characterised. Individuals with symptomatic infectious mononucleosis readily allow primary infection to be studied in both blood and tissues. Here, we describe the T cell response to primary EBV infection in children and adolescents, and to persistent EBV infection over the life course. We also examine the EBV-specific T cell response in multiple sclerosis, now recognised to be strongly associated with EBV and in which certain HLA alleles influence disease risk. Finally, we explore unconventional T cells, including HLA-E-restricted T cells, gamma delta T cells, and NKT cells in the context of EBV infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146131399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Biology and Clinical Utility of EBV Monitoring in Blood. 血液中EBV监测的生物学和临床应用。
3区 医学
Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1007/82_2025_337
Laura F Walsh, Rena R Xian, Richard F Ambinder
{"title":"The Biology and Clinical Utility of EBV Monitoring in Blood.","authors":"Laura F Walsh, Rena R Xian, Richard F Ambinder","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in blood is associated with many diseases, though most often it is not linked to any disease. EBV DNA can be measured in whole blood, PBMCs, serum, or plasma. Using the most sensitive assays, viral DNA can be detected in PBMCs in nearly all individuals who have been infected. Among organ transplant recipients, higher EBV DNA copy numbers in PBMCs may reflect the degree of immunosuppression and could help guide pharmacologic management. In patients with EBV-PTLD, treatment with rituximab or other anti-B cell therapies typically eliminates measurable EBV DNA in PBMCs, even when the disease continues to progress-making further PBMC measurements of limited value. In other settings, such as HIV associated lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), or Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), EBV DNA levels in PBMCs do not appear useful for diagnosis or monitoring. Measurement of viral DNA in cell-free (CF) DNA is fundamentally different from measurement in PBMC or whole blood, as EBV DNA is generally undetectable in CF DNA in most seropositive individuals without EBV associated disease. In NPC and HL, evidence suggests that CF EBV DNA typically originates from tumor cells and is not packaged in virions. Persistence of CF DNA correlates closely with residual tumor presence. In NPC and NK/T cell lymphoma (NK/TCL), CF DNA assays are now commonly used for tumor monitoring. This is not yet standard in EBV-positive HL but represents a promising area for further research. EBV DNA is also assayed in whole blood in many clinical settings. This approach can detect high copy numbers in both cellular and CF compartments with minimal processing, but it obscures compartment-specific differences. Studies of EBV DNA fragmentomics and methylation in plasma offer new insights into tumor presence and potentially tumor type.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146112396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The EBNA3 Proteins. EBNA3蛋白。
3区 医学
Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1007/82_2025_338
Robert E White
{"title":"The EBNA3 Proteins.","authors":"Robert E White","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epstein-Barr virus is a master manipulator of B cell biology, provoking the activation and proliferation of infected B cells, while ensuring their survival. Central to this is the epigenetic reconfiguration of the B cell genome and transcriptome, for which the EBV nuclear antigens (EBNAs) are crucial. This chapter focuses on the role of the EBNA3 family of proteins-EBNA3A, EBNA3B and EBNA3C-in EBV's manipulation of B cell biology, building on the previous incarnation of this chapter (Allday et al., Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 391:61-117, 2015). In particular, the chapter discusses the genomic and transcriptomic context of EBNA3 gene expression, mechanisms by which they regulate host genes and how they impact B cell survival, differentiation and function, alongside distinct insights from mouse models, which reveal both pro- and anti-oncogenic roles of EBNA3 proteins. The chapter finishes by considering new insights and proposing key unresolved questions about the roles and regulatory mechanisms of EBNA3 proteins.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146084836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Global Genomic Surveillance: On-The-Ground Responses. 全球基因组监测：实地反应。
3区 医学
Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/82_2025_287
Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara, Ana Maria Bispo de Filippis, Marta Giovanetti
{"title":"Global Genomic Surveillance: On-The-Ground Responses.","authors":"Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara, Ana Maria Bispo de Filippis, Marta Giovanetti","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_287","DOIUrl":"10.1007/82_2025_287","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Genomic surveillance has emerged as a fundamental tool in the global response to dengue virus (DENV), enabling the rapid detection of viral strains, monitoring of transmission dynamics, and assessment of evolutionary changes that may impact disease control strategies. This chapter examines the critical role of genomic surveillance in addressing the ongoing dengue crisis, highlighting its contributions to outbreak detection, strain characterization, and vaccine efficacy assessments. We provide a comparative analysis of regional approaches to genomic surveillance, emphasizing disparities in infrastructure, sequencing capacity, and data-sharing frameworks across different epidemiological settings. Despite its transformative potential, the implementation of genomic surveillance faces significant challenges, including logistical constraints, limited sequencing accessibility in resource-limited settings, and issues related to data integration and public health decision-making. We discuss these barriers and propose strategies to enhance genomic surveillance efforts, such as strengthening international collaborations, fostering capacity-building initiatives, and integrating real-time sequencing technologies with epidemiological and ecological modeling. Finally, we explore future directions in genomic surveillance, advocating for a more coordinated and sustainable approach to genomic data generation and utilization, ultimately improving global preparedness and response to dengue and other emerging arboviruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":"351-361"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145112224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Entomological Surveillance and Vector Competence: A Crucial Front in Dengue Prevention. 昆虫学监测和媒介能力：登革热预防的重要前沿。
3区 医学
Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/82_2025_293
Jose Henrique M Oliveira, Rafael Maciel-de-Freitas
{"title":"Entomological Surveillance and Vector Competence: A Crucial Front in Dengue Prevention.","authors":"Jose Henrique M Oliveira, Rafael Maciel-de-Freitas","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_293","DOIUrl":"10.1007/82_2025_293","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This chapter aims to bridge the gap between two fundamental topics in medical entomology-vector surveillance and vector competence-often seen as distinct areas of study. This perceived separation likely stems from the misconception that surveillance falls within the domain of field entomologists, while vector competence is primarily the focus of laboratory-based researchers. Here, we emphasize the necessity of integrating these two fields, highlighting the importance of monitoring the susceptibility of natural Aedes aegypti populations to dengue virus (DENV) and other arboviruses. By incorporating vector competence assessments into surveillance strategies, researchers and public health authorities can improve their ability to evaluate outbreak risks and predict the potential for new epidemics. This integrated approach can enhance early warning systems and inform more effective vector control interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":"229-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144798389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Antiviral Strategies Against Dengue Virus: Recent Insights into Compounds Targeting Viral and Host Factors. 针对登革热病毒的抗病毒策略：针对病毒和宿主因子的化合物的最新见解。
3区 医学
Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/82_2025_322
Anjaranirina Koloina Rakotoarimanana, Patrick Carriere Richez, Voahangy Vestalys Ramanandraibe, Anne Bialecki, Chaker El Kalamouni
{"title":"Antiviral Strategies Against Dengue Virus: Recent Insights into Compounds Targeting Viral and Host Factors.","authors":"Anjaranirina Koloina Rakotoarimanana, Patrick Carriere Richez, Voahangy Vestalys Ramanandraibe, Anne Bialecki, Chaker El Kalamouni","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_322","DOIUrl":"10.1007/82_2025_322","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dengue virus (DENV), the most prevalent arbovirus worldwide, continues to pose a major public health threat with no approved antiviral therapy to date. Despite decades of research, therapeutic development remains stalled at the preclinical stage, hindered by the virus's genetic variability, narrow therapeutic window, and complex interplay with the host immune system. This review offers a comprehensive overview of current antiviral strategies, covering both direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) targeting viral proteins (E, prM/M, C, NS2B/NS3, NS4A/B, and NS5) and host-targeting antivirals (HTAs) interfering with viral entry, replication, assembly, and immune modulation. Across 11 mechanistic categories, we observe a strong prevalence of natural products with in vitro efficacy, but limited advancement to in vivo or clinical testing. This translational gap reflects key limitations: restricted compound availability, lack of pharmacokinetic data, and insufficient collaboration between pharmacognosy, virology, and medicinal chemistry. We highlight the urgent need for integrated efforts to optimize promising leads and promote their clinical development. This review outlines the main challenges and perspectives to reinvigorate antiviral discovery against DENV.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":"287-335"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144946115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dengue Dilemma: Navigating Cross-Reactivity and Immune Challenges. 登革热困境：导航交叉反应性和免疫挑战。
3区 医学
Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/82_2025_294
Cristina R de Barros Cardoso, Thiago Cerqueira-Silva, Manoel Barral-Netto, Viviane S Boaventura
{"title":"Dengue Dilemma: Navigating Cross-Reactivity and Immune Challenges.","authors":"Cristina R de Barros Cardoso, Thiago Cerqueira-Silva, Manoel Barral-Netto, Viviane S Boaventura","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_294","DOIUrl":"10.1007/82_2025_294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This chapter examines the immunological mechanisms underlying the cross-reactivity and immune enhancement in dengue and how they influence the clinical outcomes. The four DENV serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4) share high genetic and antigenic similarity, leading to antibodies and T cells that can recognize multiple serotypes. While this cross-reactive immunity can confer partial or transient protection, it can also result in antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), wherein non-neutralizing antibodies facilitate viral entry into immune cells, increasing the likelihood of severe disease in secondary infections and in infants carrying maternal anti-DENV antibodies. Furthermore, cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses, such as ZIKV, complicates serological diagnosis by producing false-positive results and uncertain prior exposure histories. These complexities extend to vaccine design, which must induce effective immunity against all four DENV serotypes while minimizing ADE risk. Epidemiological studies confirm that secondary infections, especially when antibody levels have waned, carry an elevated risk of severe clinical manifestations. However, the timing between infections and the specific serotype involved can modulate these outcomes. A thorough understanding of cross-reactivity and immune enhancement is therefore pivotal for advancing diagnostic accuracy, guiding patient care, and informing vaccine strategies and public health policies to better control dengue globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":"149-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143982155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Horizons of the Future: Preparedness and Response. 未来的视野：准备和应对。
3区 医学
Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/82_2025_292
Luísa Maria Inácio da Silva, Rafael Maciel-de-Freitas, Marcelo Henrique Santos Paiva, Gabriel da Luz Wallau
{"title":"Horizons of the Future: Preparedness and Response.","authors":"Luísa Maria Inácio da Silva, Rafael Maciel-de-Freitas, Marcelo Henrique Santos Paiva, Gabriel da Luz Wallau","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_292","DOIUrl":"10.1007/82_2025_292","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the last decades, we have witnessed the worldwide spread and growing impact of one of the most important neglected tropical diseases, the dengue fever. Even though it continues to be neglected mainly due to its major impact on the more socio and economically vulnerable populations there was progress toward a more complete understanding about the basic biology of dengue infection in mosquitoes and humans as well as translational research to develop antivirals and improved vaccines. Paradoxically, dengue fever incidence has steadily grown globally suggesting that the development/refinement of basic/translational research and control approaches are not keeping the pace of dengue spread. Therefore, in this last chapter, we will discuss the latest developments regarding preparedness and response against dengue, looking into their applicability to reduce dengue fever around the globe.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":"363-387"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144110066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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