Current topics in microbiology and immunology最新文献_第10页

Blood Banking Capacity in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: Covid-19 Convalescent Plasma in Context. 中低收入国家的血库能力：Covid-19 Convalescent Plasma in Context.

3区医学

Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/82_2024_266

Evan M Bloch

{"title":"Blood Banking Capacity in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: Covid-19 Convalescent Plasma in Context.","authors":"Evan M Bloch","doi":"10.1007/82_2024_266","DOIUrl":"10.1007/82_2024_266","url":null,"abstract":"Blood transfusion capacity in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), encompassing both the safety and adequacy of the blood supply, is limited. The challenges facing blood banks in LMICs include regulatory oversight, blood donor selection, collection procedures, laboratory testing, and post-transfusion surveillance. A high proportion of LMICs are unable to fully meet clinical demands for blood products, and many do not meet even the minimum threshold of collection (10 units per 1000 population). Suboptimal clinical transfusion practices, in large part due to a lack of training in transfusion medicine, contribute to blood wastage. During the COVID-19 pandemic, high- and LMICs alike experienced blood shortages, in large part due to quarantine and containment measures that impeded donor mobility. COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) was particularly appealing for the treatment of patients with COVID-19 in LMICs, as it is a relatively inexpensive intervention and makes use of the existing blood collection infrastructure. Nonetheless, the challenges of using CCP in LMICs need to be contextualized among broad concerns surrounding blood safety and availability. Specifically, reliance on first time, family replacement and paid donors, coupled with deficient infectious disease testing and quality oversight, increase the risk of transfusion transmitted infections from CCP in LMICs. Furthermore, many LMICs are unable to meet general transfusion needs; therefore, CCP collection also risked exacerbation of pervasive blood shortages.","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":"173-184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141075591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fungi as Food. 作为食物的真菌。

3区医学

Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/82_2025_326

Jonathan D Heale, Alex J Pate, Paul S Dyer

{"title":"Fungi as Food.","authors":"Jonathan D Heale, Alex J Pate, Paul S Dyer","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_326","DOIUrl":"10.1007/82_2025_326","url":null,"abstract":"Fungi are essential for a wide variety of food products and processes. They have a major role in the production of many fermented foodstuffs, may be eaten directly as fruit bodies and mycelium, and are used to produce food additives. They contribute to food production worldwide, even in cultures which do not typically consume mushrooms, because yeasts and edible moulds are utilised in a great variety of fermentation processes. Most fungal cultures used in food production at industrial scale show evidence of selection and domestication. However, other strains may still be obtained from the wild, either through incidental colonisation of a fermentation substrate as a result of a traditional preparation method or due to the inability to reliably cultivate a given organism, necessitating collection from its native habitat. This review provides an overview of the uses of fungi, both yeasts and filamentous fungi, in food production with a focus on research findings over the past decade. This includes a review of the production of foodstuffs through the fermentation of a wide variety of substrates, particularly dairy, but also including meat and plant matter. In addition, the use of fungi in the production of secreted enzymes and food additives is considered. Finally, the cultivation and harvesting of fungal fruiting bodies and mycoprotein are reviewed. The review aims to capture the breadth of the field by covering examples from every inhabited continent, including reference to fungal food systems which have historically been under-studied.","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":"19-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145032856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Monoclonal Antibody Therapies for Infectious Diseases. 传染病的单克隆抗体疗法。

3区医学

Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/82_2024_265

Arturo Casadevall, Nigel Paneth

引用次数: 0

A Brief History of Polyclonal Antibody Therapies Against Bacterial and Viral Diseases Before COVID-19. COVID-19 之前多克隆抗体治疗细菌和病毒疾病的简史。

3区医学

Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/82_2024_279

Nigel Paneth, Madison Walsh, Breanna Kornatowski, Arturo Casadevall

{"title":"A Brief History of Polyclonal Antibody Therapies Against Bacterial and Viral Diseases Before COVID-19.","authors":"Nigel Paneth, Madison Walsh, Breanna Kornatowski, Arturo Casadevall","doi":"10.1007/82_2024_279","DOIUrl":"10.1007/82_2024_279","url":null,"abstract":"The use of the serum or plasma of patients or animals who have recovered from an infectious disease, or had been immunized with a relevant antigen, to treat or prevent the same infection in others began in the late 1880s when French and German scientists uncovered, one step at a time, several of the elements of the immune system's response to infection. A key finding was that the damage caused by some bacteria depends upon their secreted toxins which can be neutralized by biologic agents. Antitoxins to diphtheria and tetanus began to be manufactured in large animals in France, Germany, and the US in the 1890s and were soon being used worldwide. The impact of diphtheria antitoxin on childhood mortality was profound. Shortly after the development of antitoxins, convalescent serum began to be used for its anti-bactericidal properties thus addressing serious infections caused by non-toxin-producing organisms. The effectiveness of antitoxins and antisera was demonstrated by examining mortality rates in hospitals before and after the introduction of antitoxins, by comparisons of treated and untreated patients, by comparing early and late treatment and dosage, by examining vital data mortality trends, and by several randomized and alternate assignment trials. Antitoxins continue to have a role in the rare cases of diphtheria and other conditions largely eradicated by immunization, but serum therapy nearly disappeared from the medical armamentarium with the development of antibiotics in the 1940s. Inasmuch as new human pathogens are now emerging with unprecedented regularity as seen in the recent COVID-19 pandemic, and because specific therapies are unlikely to be available for them, plasma-based antibody therapies are likely to again carve out a niche in infectious disease control.","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":"15-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142105160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fungal Adaptation to Polluted Environments. 真菌对污染环境的适应。

3区医学

Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/82_2025_317

Anna L Bazzicalupo, Isabella Miles-Bunch

引用次数: 0

Fungus in the Fur: An Overview of Fungal Infections in Cats, Dogs, and Exotic Small Mammals. 皮毛中的真菌：猫、狗和外来小型哺乳动物真菌感染的综述。

3区医学

Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/82_2025_319

Alex E Moskaluk

引用次数: 0

The Importance of Agricultural Fungi on Human and Animal Health: Case Studies from Grains. 农业真菌对人类和动物健康的重要性：来自谷物的案例研究。

3区医学

Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/82_2025_325

Anuradha Jayathissa, Mayantha Shimosh Kurera, Skyler Shaw, Nicholas Gamayao, Mohamed Samir Youssef, Harmeet Chawla, Matthew G Bakker, Sean Walkowiak

引用次数: 0

Hyperimmune Globulins in COVID-19. COVID-19 中的高免疫球蛋白

3区医学

Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/82_2024_277

Yasmin Maor, Oren Zimhony

{"title":"Hyperimmune Globulins in COVID-19.","authors":"Yasmin Maor, Oren Zimhony","doi":"10.1007/82_2024_277","DOIUrl":"10.1007/82_2024_277","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic, resulting from the emergence of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, posed unprecedented challenges to global health systems as no proven therapy was available. Initially, COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) from recovered COVID-19 patients showed promise as a therapeutic option. However, the efficacy of this approach was closely correlated with the neutralizing antibody titer in the administered plasma and thus effectiveness was not always guaranteed. In response, hyperimmune immunoglobulins (hIG) derived from CCP obtained by apheresis from recovered or vaccinated individuals emerged as a potential alternative. hIG were purified through stringent chromatographic processing from CCP units and displayed varying results in clinical trials, although it seems likely that they improved outcomes compared to placebo or CCP at day 28, particularly in unvaccinated patients. The variability in the effect of hIG likely stems from factors such as the timing of outcome assessment, the administered dose of hIG, the patients' immunological background, and the matching between the variant infecting patients and the neutralization ability of the immunoglobulin batch, which depended on the timing of the CCP collection. Despite logistical challenges and high production costs, hIG showcase advantages over CCP, offering versatility in administration routes and eliminating the need for blood matching, thus facilitating administration in the community, and allowing for variant-specific preparations. hIG appear to be of particular importance in the treatment of immunocompromised patients and patients with persistent COVID-19, although studies in these populations are lacking. Non-human alternatives, such as equine-derived hIG and recombinant hIG, may provide a solution to the logistical challenges of large-scale hIG preparation. Further study is needed to explore these avenues. Establishing the infrastructure for large-scale hIG production independent of plasma donations emerges as a strategic approach for future pandemics, justifying exploration and promotion by health authorities.","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":"149-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141320677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Monoclonal Antibody Therapies Against SARS-CoV-2: Promises and Realities. 针对 SARS-CoV-2 的单克隆抗体疗法：前景与现实。

3区医学

Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/82_2024_268

Daniele Focosi

引用次数: 0

The Importance of Antibody Titer Determination to the Effective Use of Convalescent Plasma. 抗体效价测定对康复者血浆有效利用的重要性。

3区医学

Current topics in microbiology and immunology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/82_2024_281

Peter W Marks

{"title":"The Importance of Antibody Titer Determination to the Effective Use of Convalescent Plasma.","authors":"Peter W Marks","doi":"10.1007/82_2024_281","DOIUrl":"10.1007/82_2024_281","url":null,"abstract":"Convalescent Plasma (CP) has been used prophylactically and therapeutically over the past century to address a variety of infectious threats. Two tenets of the use of CP were clear from prior experience in the setting of other infectious outbreaks: (1) best results are obtained when CP is given early in the course of the disease, and (2) plasma containing high-titer neutralizing capacity is necessary to achieve optimal results. The magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic along with the initial lack of effective therapeutic alternatives, combined with the relative safety of the approach of administration of CP, led to the initiation of an expanded access program (EAP) that ultimately provided CP to tens of thousands of individuals. When the program was initiated, no high-throughput assay was available for the determination of antibody titers, so antibody positive units were administered without regard to titer. With foresight regarding the need to ultimately determine such titers, samples from the CP units administered were retained and titers were determined retrospectively. An automated live-virus neutralization assay was ultimately selected for this purpose based on an evaluation of its accuracy and precision. Ultimately, an analysis performed in 13,794 individuals from the EAP for which clinical outcomes were known following the administration of single units of COVID-19 CP between the period of April and August 2020 indicated that higher titer COVID-19 CP was associated with a modest reduction in absolute mortality. The benefit observed was confined to individuals who were not intubated, and there was a trend toward a greater reduction in mortality using the highest SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody-containing CP units. This experience during the COVID-19 pandemic is instructive for the future. To facilitate the production of CP that is likely to be most effective, high-throughput assays to determine neutralizing antibody titers need to be developed and implemented early during an outbreak to facilitate the identification and early administration of high-titer units.","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":"55-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142784467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0