Cryobiology最新文献

{"title":"Optimized methods for the functional cryopreservation of adult human primary cardiomyocytes","authors":"Zhimin Wang ,&nbsp;Chao Tong ,&nbsp;Miaomiao Xu ,&nbsp;Shanshan Feng ,&nbsp;Mengqi Dong ,&nbsp;Rongjia Rao ,&nbsp;Xianqiang Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Feng ,&nbsp;Changwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhan Hu ,&nbsp;Li Wang ,&nbsp;Shengshou Hu ,&nbsp;Bingying Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2026.105583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2026.105583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adult human primary cardiomyocytes (hPCMs) is a high-fidelity and informative cardiac model that is expected to advance our knowledge of the human heart. However, currently, no method exists that recovers hPCMs from cryopreservation with high efficiency, limiting their use as a versatile research model. Based on our previous success with isolated hPCMs, we designed a new strategy that cryopreserves myocardial tissue at a specific step during hPCM dissociation, i.e., after sectioning tissue chunks into tissue slices. This method yielded cell viabilities comparable to that of freshly isolated hPCMs, and surpassed the performance of cell isolation from cryopreserved tissue chunk, as well as recovery of frozen isolated cells. We demonstrate cytoskeletal, ultrastructural, transcriptomic, metabolic, electrophysiological recovery of these cells both over short-term (1 week) and long-term (6–12 months) storage. In addition, these cells responded promptly to external stimuli, including adrenergic stimulation and hypoxic stress, suggesting functional integrity. Our study illustrates an optimized cryopreservation protocol for the functional recovery of cardiomyocytes from myocardial tissue, broadening their applications in basic and translational research, and opens up the possibility for cell banking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10897,"journal":{"name":"Cryobiology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 105583"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146009177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glycine and betaine improve the quality of cryopreserved sika deer sperm","authors":"Feiyu Peng ,&nbsp;Lixiang Liu ,&nbsp;Yifeng Yang ,&nbsp;Xulin Zhang ,&nbsp;Yushi Zhang ,&nbsp;Bingfeng Fan ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Chu ,&nbsp;Jie Cao ,&nbsp;Ying Zhang ,&nbsp;Weigang Zhao ,&nbsp;Yu Tang ,&nbsp;Baozeng Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2026.105597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2026.105597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sperm cryopreservation imposes osmotic stress due to the addition and removal of high-concentration cryoprotectants. Whether organic osmolytes can alleviate this stress to improve cryopreservation efficiency remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the effects of glycine and betaine, supplemented as organic osmolytes throughout the cryopreservation process, on the quality and developmental potential of cryopreserved sika deer sperm. Pooled semen samples from five healthy adult stags were randomly allocated to four groups: a control (base extender) and three treatment groups supplemented with glycine and betaine at 6 mM + 200 μM, 10 mM + 500 μM, and 14 mM + 800 μM, respectively. The addition of 10 mM glycine and 500 μM betaine significantly improved post-thaw sperm quality, including enhanced total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), average path velocity (VAP), curvilinear velocity (VCL), plasma membrane and acrosome integrity, and fertilization capacity, while reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels compared with the control and other treatments. These findings suggest that glycine and betaine at 10 mM and 500 μM, respectively, may mitigate cryo-injury and enhance cryosurvival in sika deer sperm, offering a promising strategy for improving semen cryopreservation and artificial insemination protocols.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10897,"journal":{"name":"Cryobiology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 105597"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146225908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact-induced droplet release thawing enables cryoprotectant-free cell cryopreservation of large inkjet droplets","authors":"Hiroki Watanabe ,&nbsp;Yoshitake Akiyama","doi":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2025.105546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2025.105546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inkjet-based superflash freezing (SFF) enables vitrification without cryoprotective agents (CPAs) by miniaturizing droplets. However, the insufficient cooling and warming rates of large droplets have restricted the applicable volume of SFF to 70 pL or less. The large thermal mass of the substrate in SFF has been a major factor limiting the thawing process. In this study, an impact-induced droplet release (IIDR) thawing method was developed, in which frozen droplets are mechanically separated from the substrate and directly thawed in prewarmed medium. This approach also improves cooling efficiency by direct freezing on an aluminum transporter with high thermal conductivity. Numerical analyses demonstrated that the IIDR thawing method improved both cooling and warming rates by approximately threefold for 200 pL droplets compared with the substrate-based method. Consequently, high cell viability of over 80 % was achieved in 200 pL droplets using NIH 3T3 fibroblasts (approximately 1600 droplets, corresponding to about 320 cells), extending the applicability of CPA-free SFF cryopreservation from the previous limit of 70 pL–200 pL. By contrast, in 70 pL droplets, viability decreased because the droplets remained at the medium interface, preventing sufficient warming, thereby indicating the need for further optimization of the thawing process. From the relationship with viability, the critical cooling and warming rates for cells were estimated to be approximately 1.5 × 10⁴ °C/s and 3 × 10⁴ °C/s, respectively. Overall, the IIDR thawing method provides a reproducible platform that overcomes key limitations of SFF and represents a promising basis for CPA-free inkjet-based cryopreservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10897,"journal":{"name":"Cryobiology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 105546"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145546455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An effective method for recovering rat spermatogonial stem cells from frozen rat testis cells","authors":"Fan Yang ,&nbsp;Yaru Li ,&nbsp;Mary R. Avarbock ,&nbsp;Eoin C. Whelan ,&nbsp;Ralph L. Brinster","doi":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2025.105581","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2025.105581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cryopreservation of testis tissue, including spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), underpins a potential method of fertility preservation for prepubertal males undergoing gonadotoxic treatments. A key understudied factor in the recovery of high viability testis cell populations from frozen is the method of thawing and purification of SSCs. Here, we thawed rat testis cells, testing the effect of gradual dilution with DMSO, supplementation with sugars and removal of dead cells on thawing efficiency. Gradient reduction of DMSO and trehalose supplementation increased thawing viability significantly. Magnetic-activated cell sorting of EpCAM⁺ cells enriched rat SSCs with a concentration superior to that achieved with laminin selection. A combination of methods to remove dead cells and enrich rat SSCs from post thaw rat testis cells provided an optimized protocol. Taken together, we have established a reliable protocol to enrich high-viability SSCs from post thaw rat testis cells, which may serve as a template for purifying SSCs from frozen human testis cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10897,"journal":{"name":"Cryobiology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 105581"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146073866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailoring a DMA-based cryopreservation protocol with anti-freeze (glycol)proteins for commercial and native breeds of chicken","authors":"Berenice Bernal ,&nbsp;Éva Váradi ,&nbsp;Árpád Drobnyák ,&nbsp;Tim Hogervorst ,&nbsp;Krisztina Liptói ,&nbsp;Ilja K. Voets ,&nbsp;Agnes de Wit ,&nbsp;Julián Santiago-Moreno ,&nbsp;Rachel Hawken ,&nbsp;Carolien de Kovel ,&nbsp;Sipke-Joost Hiemstra ,&nbsp;Henri Woelders ,&nbsp;Barbara Végi","doi":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2025.105579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2025.105579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the effects of antifreeze proteins AFPI, AFPIII, and AFGP during fresh processing, and freezing-thawing of chicken semen from a commercial broiler breed (BB) and the local breed Yellow Hungarian (YH), using 0.6 mol/L DMA as cryoprotectant. AFPI had small but significant (P &lt; 0.05) positive effects on post-thaw sperm viability and motility in BB. For YH semen, three freezing protocols with different dilution rates (4 ×, 2.3 ×, 2.1 ×) were compared. Protocol 1 (dilution rate 4 ×) gave the best post-thaw viability (P &lt; 0.001) and was used further. Fertility rates (FR) of pre-freezing steps were tested by inseminating WL hens (4 AI/hen in 2 weeks, 100 × 10⁶ sp/dose). FRs for A) raw semen, B) chilled semen, C) B + DMA, D) B + AFPI, and E) B + DMA + AFPI were 48.2, 3.7, 31.4, 21.4, and 16.1 %, respectively. B was lower than A (P &lt; 0.001), while C–E were higher than B (P &lt; 0.005). AFPI during freezing gave no advantage compared with DMA, except for improved post-thaw DNA integrity. Inseminations with frozen-thawed semen (8 AI/hen in 3 weeks, 100 × 10⁶ sp/dose) gave low FR with YH semen, regardless of hen type. FR with YH semen was 0 % without AFPI and 1.5 % with AFPI. The oviduct embryo mortality (18.0 % ± 1.4) observed across all the different hen groups suggested insufficient number of spermatozoa inseminated. In conclusion, AFPI improved some post-thaw traits, but fertility outcomes remain inconclusive. Preventing pre-freezing fertility loss and increasing sperm dose concentration are required.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10897,"journal":{"name":"Cryobiology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 105579"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146164603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coaxial temperature controlled cryoprinting: A biomimetic technology inspired by the freezing survival mechanisms of the frog Rana sylvatica","authors":"Leo Lou ,&nbsp;Linnea Warburton ,&nbsp;Cristina Bilbao-Sainz ,&nbsp;Nicholas Jean ,&nbsp;Boris Rubinsky","doi":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2025.105569","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2025.105569","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inspired by the freeze-survival mechanism of the frog <em>Rana sylvatica</em>, we developed a co-axial, self-crosslinking approach to be used when fabricating frozen scaffolds. Soft biomaterial can be fabricated into scaffolds using methods such as Temperature Controlled Cryoprinting (TCC), which uses a freezing plate to freeze the biomaterial as it is extruded. However, it remains a challenge to uniformly crosslink the scaffolds during thawing without them losing their shape. In this paper, we use coaxial printing to generate locally variable phase-transition compositions, mimicking the frog's glucose distribution during freezing, and electrical Joule heating to simulate metabolic heat production. Unlike previous methods, in our novel approach the crosslinker is located already within the frozen scaffold, and there is no need to submerge the scaffold in a bath. Both mathematical modeling and experimental validation confirmed the concept. A finite thawing-diffusion-crosslinking model was developed to analyze parameters such as temperature, thawing interface, concentration, and crosslinking interface. Experimental evaluations, including mechanical testing, heating test, swelling performance and electron microscope, demonstrated that coaxial self-crosslinking enables controlled thawing and crosslinking of frozen scaffolds. Results demonstrated that coaxial TCC self-crosslinking scaffolds are feasible, allowing for a more controlled thawing and crosslinking process in cryoprinted scaffolds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10897,"journal":{"name":"Cryobiology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 105569"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature-metabolism relationships above and below the body fluid freezing point in the freeze-tolerant white worm, Enchytraeus albidus","authors":"Mathias Engell Dahl Holmstrup ,&nbsp;Johannes Overgaard ,&nbsp;Stine Slotsbo","doi":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2025.105571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2025.105571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Enchytraeus albidus</em> is a freeze-tolerant oligochaete with potential for long-term cryopreservation storage as live feed in aquaculture. In this study, we measured the metabolic rate (MR) of <em>E. albidus</em> across a range of temperatures (+20 to −14 °C) in both unfrozen and frozen states using intermittent flow-through CO₂ respirometry. Our results demonstrate an exponential decrease in MR with declining temperature, and a markedly steeper decline below the freezing point of body fluids. Frozen worms exhibited a Q₁₀ of 24.1, in contrast to 2.2 in unfrozen worms, indicating significant metabolic depression associated with freezing. We argue that this depression is strongly correlated with intracellular osmolality, which increases due to freeze-induced dehydration. Theoretical calculations based on MR data suggest that glycogen stores could support frozen aerobic metabolism for up to 3–4 months at −14 °C, aligning with overwinter survival observed in Arctic populations. These findings indicate that <em>E. albidus</em> primarily relies on aerobic metabolism when frozen and highlight its suitability for long-term storage as live feed under moderate freezing conditions. Our results provide valuable physiological knowledge for optimizing industrial cryopreservation strategies to balance survival and shelf-life in freeze-tolerant invertebrates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10897,"journal":{"name":"Cryobiology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 105571"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145827147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term viability of dermatophytes: a comparative evaluation of cryopreservation media","authors":"Rita de Cassia Santos da Silva ,&nbsp;Juliana Gomes de Souza Oliveira ,&nbsp;Juan Diego Ribeiro de Almeida ,&nbsp;Naira Sulany Oliveira de Sousa ,&nbsp;Érica Simplício de Souza ,&nbsp;Ana Cláudia Alves Cortez ,&nbsp;Flávia da Silva Fernandes ,&nbsp;Maurício Ogusku ,&nbsp;Hagen Frickmann ,&nbsp;João Vicente Braga de Souza","doi":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2025.105575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2025.105575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reliable long-term preservation of dermatophytes is essential for diagnostics, taxonomy, and experimental reproducibility, but simple and comparative protocols remain scarce. We evaluated viability and colony morphology of 59 clinical isolates of <em>Epidermophyton floccosum</em>, <em>Microsporum canis</em>, <em>M. gypseum</em>, <em>Trichophyton mentagrophytes</em>, <em>T. tonsurans</em> and <em>T. rubrum</em> after about 15 years of storage under five conditions: Sauton broth either with 3 % or 10 % (v/v) glycerol at −80 °C; Sabouraud dextrose broth (SDB) with 0 % or 10 % (v/v) glycerol at −80 °C; and water storage at room-temperature (Castellani method, 25 °C). Overall recovery was highest with Sauton broth at low glycerol (79.7 %), followed by Castellani (42.4 %), Sauton broth at high glycerol (35.6 %), Sabouraud broth at low glycerol (27.1 %) and Sabouraud broth at high glycerol (5.1 %). Species-specific patterns were evident: all <em>T. tonsurans</em> and <em>T. mentagrophytes</em> isolates remained viable in Sauton broth at low glycerol; <em>T. rubrum</em> showed good recovery in both Sauton (73.3 %) broth at low glycerol and with the Castellani approach (86.7 %); <em>M. gypseum</em> performed best with Sauton broth at low glycerol (75 %) and Sabouraud broth at low glycerol (62.5 %); and <em>M. canis</em> survived only with the Castellani method (80 %). <em>M. canis</em> cultures showed an altered phenotype characterized by macroconidia loss after long-term maintenance in water. These findings support storage in Sauton broth at low glycerol at −80 °C as a broadly effective option for long-term dermatophyte preservation. This study highlights the need for screening collections before storage so that more difficult species, such as <em>M. canis</em>, can be identified and stored by other techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10897,"journal":{"name":"Cryobiology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 105575"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145836658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of free rosmarinic acid and rosmarinic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles in buffalo sperm cryopreservation: Impacts on sperm quality, functionality, and fertility potential","authors":"Fatma Mohsen Shalaby ,&nbsp;Ohoud Ali Saeed Alghamdi ,&nbsp;Ali Ali El-Raghi ,&nbsp;Mahmoud A.E. Hassan ,&nbsp;Walaa M. Essawi ,&nbsp;Amany Omar Elrefaie ,&nbsp;Amal El-Sayed Abd El Hady ,&nbsp;Kandil Abd El Hai Attia","doi":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2025.105548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2025.105548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this study was to assess the effects of incorporating either free rosmarinic acid (RA) or RA-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (RA-CHNPs) into a buffalo semen extender on various parameters, including semen quality, antioxidant capacity, expression of apoptotic genes, semen microbiota, ultra-structural alterations, and fertility outcomes of cryopreserved buffalo sperm. Semen samples were collected from five healthy, fertile Egyptian buffalo bulls (<em>Bubalus bubalis</em>), aged 5–6 years, using the artificial vagina technique. The ejaculates were cryopreserved in a Tris-based extender supplemented with 100 μg/mL of either RA or RA-CHNPs, alongside a control group without antioxidant supplementation. Supplementing the cryopreservation extender with 100 μg/mL RA-CHNPs significantly improved sperm viability, progressive motility, membrane integrity, and kinematic parameters. Additionally, it significantly enhanced the activity of major antioxidant enzymes and markedly reduced levels of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and semen microbiota counts compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, RA-CHNPs treatment significantly modulated the expression of apoptosis-involved genes, with reduced expression of caspase-3 and Bax and increased Bcl-2 expression. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed that RA-CHNPs helped preserve the ultra-structural integrity of spermatozoa, particularly the acrosome and plasma membrane. Notably, pregnancy rates increased by 19 % in buffalo cows inseminated with RA-CHNPs-treated semen compared to those inseminated with supplemented semen (p = 0.0157). In conclusion, loading rosmarinic acid onto chitosan nanoparticles enhanced its stability, water solubility, and bioavailability, ultimately improving its effectiveness in the semen freezing extender. The addition of 100 μg of RA-CHNPs significantly improved post-thaw sperm quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10897,"journal":{"name":"Cryobiology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 105548"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145570837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In memoriam: James Lovelock (1919–2022) - A scientific life in cryobiology and beyond","authors":"Sanaz Hemmatibardehshahi ,&nbsp;Celina Phan ,&nbsp;Jason P. Acker","doi":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2025.105547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2025.105547","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10897,"journal":{"name":"Cryobiology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 105547"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145563284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}