Current Oncology Reports最新文献

{"title":"Decoding Occult Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From AI-Driven Multimodal Fusion to Clinical Translation.","authors":"Yun Lin, Ehab Hanna, Xinliang Pan, Guojun Li, Jeffrey N Myers","doi":"10.1007/s11912-026-01802-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11912-026-01802-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>This review examines the limitations of conventional macroscopic approaches in detecting occult cervical lymph node metastasis (OCLNM). It also explores how multi-omics technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) driven cross-scale multimodal integration are reshaping precision diagnosis for patients with clinically node-negative (cN0) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Recent studies show that combining high-throughput omics data, such as genome-wide DNA methylation and spatial transcriptomics, with radiomics through deep learning models leads to markedly better performance than conventional imaging alone. New computational strategies, including habitat radiomics and cross-modal fusion networks, allow more detailed characterization of spatial tumor heterogeneity. They also provide insights into how the tumor microenvironment evolves during early metastatic spread. In addition to improving detection of microscopic disease, these approaches are beginning to support more reliable survival risk stratification. The integration of AI with multi-omics data is moving the field toward a noninvasive \"panoramic virtual biopsy.\" This framework offers a practical path to address a long-standing clinical challenge, balancing overtreatment against undertreatment in cN0 patients. With further validation, it may support safer surgical de-escalation and enable more personalized treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10861,"journal":{"name":"Current Oncology Reports","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13236798/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148155663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PARP Inhibitors as Radiosensitizers: Current Evidence and Future Directions.","authors":"Eurico Pereira, Filipa Pereira, Gabriela Campos, Ana M Abrantes, Maria F Botelho, Pedro Silva-Vaz, Ana S Pires","doi":"10.1007/s11912-026-01800-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11912-026-01800-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Radiotherapy remains a fundamental pillar of cancer treatment, however its efficacy is still often limited by tumor radioresistance and toxicity to surrounding healthy tissues. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) have emerged as potent radiosensitizers by impairing DNA repair mechanisms, particularly base excision repair, thereby enhancing the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation (IR). This review provides a critical narrative synthesis, based on a structured literature search, consolidating current preclinical and clinical evidence on the therapeutic potential of combining PARPi with various IR modalities, including X-rays, γ-rays, α- and β-particles, protons, and carbon ions, across a broad spectrum of tumor types.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>The findings reveal that PARPi consistently enhance radiosensitivity, with the magnitude of effect influenced by radiation type, tumor-specific DNA repair capacity, and PARPi pharmacodynamics. Notably, combinations with high-LET radiation (e.g., carbon ions) demonstrate superior efficacy in certain contexts, while emerging data highlights the immunomodulatory potential of PARPi plus IR strategies via cGAS-STING pathway activation. Clinical trials confirm the feasibility of these combinations, although toxicity profiles vary by tumor type and treatment regimen. This review underscores the promise of PARPi plus radiotherapy combinations and identifies key avenues for future research, including biomarker-driven patient stratification and the development of triple-combination strategies to optimize therapeutic outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10861,"journal":{"name":"Current Oncology Reports","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13230252/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148142910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding the 2023 FIGO Staging System in Endometrial Cancer: A Practical, Visually Guided Framework for Molecular Risk-Adapted Care Incorporating the 2025 Risk Group Update.","authors":"Anna Abacjew-Chmylko, Yеlуzavеta Razghоnоva, Przemyslaw Milosz, Aleksandra Ciarka, Rafal Peksa, Dagmara Klasa-Mazurkiewicz, Dariusz G Wydra, Adrіana Mіka","doi":"10.1007/s11912-026-01777-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11912-026-01777-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>The FIGO staging system for endometrial cancer has evolved substantially over the past five decades, progressing from the original clinical classification in 1971, through the surgical refinements of 1988 and 2009, to the most recent 2023 revision that integrates both pathological and molecular determinants of disease behaviour, with the overarching aim of optimising adjuvant treatment selection to maximise therapeutic benefit while minimising unnecessary harm. This review aims to contextualise the rationale underlying these revisions and to clarify their clinical implications for contemporary staging and risk-adapted management.  RECENT FINDINGS: The 2023 FIGO update introduces refined anatomic criteria, including depth of myometrial invasion, cervical stromal involvement, lymphovascular space invasion, and improved discrimination between nodal micrometastases and macrometastases, while formally incorporating biologically defined molecular subgroups (POLEmut, p53abn, MMRd, and NSMP). Importantly, the 2025 ESGO-ESTRO-ESP recommendations further advance this framework by mandating estrogen receptor (ER) assessment within the NSMP category, demonstrating that ER negativity identifies early-stage disease with a significantly increased risk of recurrence and mortality and directly influences adjuvant treatment selection. Together, FIGO-2023 and ER-refined molecular stratification represent a clinically actionable precision-staging model.  To support implementation, this review provides a uniquely integrated visual educational framework that combines a comprehensive schematic representation of FIGO-2023 staging pathways with corresponding high-resolution histopathological images and detailed interpretive guidance, facilitating accurate recognition of key pathological features and consistent application of the revised staging criteria in practice. The integration of refined anatomic staging with molecular and ER-informed risk stratification enhances prognostic precision, supports multidisciplinary communication, and enables more individualised therapeutic decision-making. Familiarity with this evolving framework is essential for improving consistency of staging across institutions and for optimising clinical outcomes through earlier and more accurate identification of dissemination and metastatic potential in endometrial cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":10861,"journal":{"name":"Current Oncology Reports","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13219228/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148053195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant-Derived Diterpenoids as Potential Chemotherapeutics for Gastric Cancer.","authors":"Chengu Niu, Jing Zhang, Patrick I Okolo","doi":"10.1007/s11912-026-01794-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11912-026-01794-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Gastric cancer remains a leading contributor to cancer-related mortality worldwide despite its declining incidence, with poor survival rates. Standard treatments, such as surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, often achieve limited success, underscoring an urgent need for the development of novel and effective treatment strategies. Plant-derived diterpenoids demonstrate a wide range of bioactivities including antitumor activity. The aim of this review is to compile, integrate, and discuss the latest information concerning plant-derived diterpenoids with anti-gastric-cancer activities.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>In this review, we mainly summarize current knowledge on the anticancer effects of plant-derived diterpenoids against gastric cancer, with a focus on their underlying molecular mechanisms, such as induction of apoptosis, modulation of reactive oxygen species, inhibition of metastasis, and chemotherapy sensitization, based primarily on preclinical evidence from in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence, with human clinical data available only for paclitaxel. Among the diterpenoids reviewed, carnosol, triptolide, and paclitaxel demonstrate the most robust preclinical evidence, supported by patient-derived xenograft models, direct target identification, or clinical validation. We also analyze the realistic challenges in translating these plant-derived diterpenoids into clinical practice. We conclude from this review that plant-derived diterpenoids demonstrate anticancer activity against gastric cancer in preclinical models through various pharmacological mechanisms. This review highlights that these key mechanisms are mediated by distinct pharmacological pathways, that most evidence is derived from in vitro and animal studies, and that clinical relevance remains limited. These insights may inform future research aimed at therapeutic development.</p>","PeriodicalId":10861,"journal":{"name":"Current Oncology Reports","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148027902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regimen-Related Oral Mucosal Injury: Pathobiology, Clinical Consequences and Rationale for Intervention Across Cancer Treatment Modalities.","authors":"Stephen Sonis, Hannah Wardill, Alessandro Villa","doi":"10.1007/s11912-026-01798-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11912-026-01798-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Mucosal injury of the alimentary tract (mucositis) has been a consistent, markedly symptomatic, and clinically disruptive side effect of conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimens since their inception. Despite its impact, mucositis remains a significant unmet clinical need as available treatment options are sparse. This review uses oral mucositis as a predicate regimen-related toxicity to provide a comparative discussion of the pathobiology, clinical features, and risk factors of regimen-related mucosal injury by therapy class.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>The alimentary tract, especially the mouth, has not escaped collateral damage from newer forms of cancer therapy including targeted agents, immunotherapy, and antibody-drug conjugates. A critical assessment of the field reveals persistent challenges that have hindered the development of effective, mechanistically-based treatments across both conventional and emerging therapy classes. Recognizing the consistent observation that regimen-related toxicities routinely occur in clusters, common pathobiological underpinnings are noted in support of unified, systemic mitigation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10861,"journal":{"name":"Current Oncology Reports","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13694444/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148013967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liquid Biopsy in Modern Oncology: Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives in Early Cancer Detection, Minimal Residual Disease, and Dynamic Patient Monitoring.","authors":"Yareli Lizbeth Rojas-Salazar, Emiliano Gómez-Montañez, Jorge Gustavo Rojas-Salazar","doi":"10.1007/s11912-026-01799-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11912-026-01799-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Liquid biopsy has emerged as a minimally invasive approach to overcome the limitations of tissue biopsy in oncology. This review aims to synthesize recent advances in its clinical applications, particularly in early cancer detection, therapeutic monitoring, and minimal residual disease (MRD), while discussing current challenges, regulatory perspectives, and future directions.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), extracellular vesicles, and epigenetic markers are the most extensively studied biomarkers, in which clinical trials such as TRACERx and DYNAMIC have demonstrated that ctDNA monitoring enables earlier detection of recurrence and guides adjuvant therapy decisions more precisely than standard imaging. Commercially validated assays, including Guardant360 CDx, FoundationOne Liquid CDx, and Epi proColon, have received regulatory approval, reflecting growing clinical adoption; however, limitations persist, including reduced sensitivity in low-tumor burden settings, technical variability between platforms, and the risk of false positives from clonal hematopoiesis. Ongoing research highlights the promise of multi-omic approaches and the integration of artificial intelligence to improve sensitivity, capture tumor heterogeneity, and provide predictive insights into treatment response and resistance. Liquid biopsy represents a paradigm shift in precision oncology by enabling real-time, longitudinal tumor profiling. Although significant barriers remain, such as cost, accessibility, and lack of standardization, technological innovations and large-scale validation studies are paving the way for its routine clinical integration.</p>","PeriodicalId":10861,"journal":{"name":"Current Oncology Reports","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148005095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing Systemic Treatment beyond First Line for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma.","authors":"Piotr T Wysocki, Paulina Chmiel, Jacek Jassem, Leszek Kraj","doi":"10.1007/s11912-026-01792-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11912-026-01792-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks among the most prevalent solid malignancies worldwide. A substantial proportion of patients are diagnosed at advanced stages, making systemic therapies the primary treatment option. In recent years, treatment strategies have shifted from single-agent targeted therapies, such as sorafenib and lenvatinib, to combination regimens incorporating immune checkpoint inhibitors, with or without antiangiogenic agents. This evolving treatment paradigm has led to an increasing number of patients receiving second-line and subsequent therapies. However, clinical guidelines for treatment selection remain lacking.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Currently, available salvage therapies include various molecularly targeted agents, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and combination regimens. Nonetheless, evidence supporting their efficacy and patient selection for specific strategies in this setting remains scarce. This review summarizes recent clinical advancements and explores emerging strategies to optimize systemic treatment options beyond first-line therapy in the increasingly complex landscape of advanced HCC.</p>","PeriodicalId":10861,"journal":{"name":"Current Oncology Reports","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13197303/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147986712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiome in Gastrointestinal Tumors: Implications in Oncogenesis and Therapeutic Response : Microbiome in Gastrointestinal Tumors.","authors":"Emiliano Gómez-Montañez, Yareli Lizbeth Rojas-Salazar, Jorge Gustavo Rojas-Salazar","doi":"10.1007/s11912-026-01793-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11912-026-01793-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>To provide an updated overview of the role of the human microbiome in the initiation, progression, and therapeutic response of gastrointestinal tumors, emphasizing molecular, immunological, and metabolic mechanisms, as well as its potential as a target for novel therapeutic strategies.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Emerging evidence demonstrates that microbiome dysbiosis contributes to carcinogenesis across gastrointestinal malignancies, including colorectal, gastric, hepatic, and pancreatic cancers. Microbial-derived metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids, modulate key signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and genomic stability. In addition, the microbiome influences the tumor microenvironment and immune responses, shaping variability in treatment outcomes. Both preclinical and clinical studies have shown that microbiome composition affects the efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Notably, specific microbial signatures are being explored as non-invasive biomarkers for early detection and prognostic stratification, while microbiome modulation strategies, such as diet, probiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, have demonstrated potential to enhance therapeutic response. The bidirectional interaction between the microbiome and the host plays a central role in gastrointestinal tumorigenesis and treatment response. Although this field holds significant promise for precision oncology, its clinical translation remains limited by interindividual variability, methodological heterogeneity, and insufficient longitudinal evidence. Future efforts should focus on standardization, validation of microbiome-based biomarkers, and integration of multi-omics and artificial intelligence approaches to enable clinically actionable applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":10861,"journal":{"name":"Current Oncology Reports","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147986821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sarcomas in Adolescents and Young Adults.","authors":"Jacob R Greenmyer, Wendy Allen-Rhoades","doi":"10.1007/s11912-026-01781-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11912-026-01781-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>This review aims to assess the current state of bone and soft tissue sarcomas (STS) management in the adolescent and young adult population (AYA) with a focus on Ewing sarcoma (EWS), osteosarcoma (OS), rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), and non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma (NRSTS).</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>There has been a significant growth in novel agents available for bone sarcomas in the AYA population; trials continue to study the efficacy of these agents. The future of STS will likely include more single histology and targeted biologic studies. Joint pediatric and adult sarcoma clinical trials are feasible. AYAs continue to represent an underserved patient population in medical oncology. Collaboration between pediatric and adult practices may increase patient enrollment and enable single histology and biology specific studies. Trials for EWS, OS, RMS, and NRSTS should include both pediatric and adult patients whenever possible.</p>","PeriodicalId":10861,"journal":{"name":"Current Oncology Reports","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13190490/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147971194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting GD2 with CAR-T Cell Therapy in Neuroblastoma: Updates, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Hortense Alliot, Pierre Machy, Marc-David Leclair, Stéphane Birkle, Sébastien Faraj","doi":"10.1007/s11912-026-01796-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11912-026-01796-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>High-risk neuroblastoma remains a challenging pediatric cancer, with survival rates lagging despite advances in multimodal therapy. This review aims to critically synthesize recent advances in GD2-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy for neuroblastoma and to highlight its potential to improve long-term outcomes.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>In early-phase trials of GD2-directed CAR-T cell therapy for relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma, no dose-limiting toxicities were observed. Objective responses ranged from 6% to 33%, with durable complete remissions reported beyond 10 years. Stable disease occurred in up to 55% of patients. Cytokine release syndrome was reported in 0-90% of cases, generally mild, and neurotoxicity was rare. CAR-T cell expansion and trafficking to tumor sites have been demonstrated in several studies, although they remain variable and often limited in solid tumor settings. GD2-directed CAR-T cell therapy demonstrates limited but measurable clinical activity, particularly in minimal residual disease settings, with an overall acceptable safety profile. Continued innovation in CAR design and integration into multimodal strategies may improve long-term outcomes for this aggressive pediatric cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":10861,"journal":{"name":"Current Oncology Reports","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147971118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}