Current Obesity Reports最新文献

{"title":"Relation Between Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Evolutionary Insights, Perspectives and Controversies.","authors":"Manoj Kumar Gupta, Gayatri Gouda, Ramakrishna Vadde","doi":"10.1007/s13679-024-00572-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13679-024-00572-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Since the mid-twentieth century, obesity and its related comorbidities, notably insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), have surged. Nevertheless, their underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Evolutionary medicine (EM) sheds light on these issues by examining how evolutionary processes shape traits and diseases, offering insights for medical practice. This review summarizes the pathogenesis and genetics of obesity-related IR and T2D. Subsequently, delving into their evolutionary connections. Addressing limitations and proposing future research directions aims to enhance our understanding of these conditions, paving the way for improved treatments and prevention strategies.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Several evolutionary hypotheses have been proposed to unmask the origin of obesity-related IR and T2D, e.g., the \"thrifty genotype\" hypothesis suggests that certain \"thrifty genes\" that helped hunter-gatherer populations efficiently store energy as fat during feast-famine cycles are now maladaptive in our modern obesogenic environment. The \"drifty genotype\" theory suggests that if thrifty genes were advantageous, they would have spread widely, but proposes genetic drift instead. The \"behavioral switch\" and \"carnivore connection\" hypotheses propose insulin resistance as an adaptation for a brain-dependent, low-carbohydrate lifestyle. The thrifty phenotype theory suggests various metabolic outcomes shaped by genes and environment during development. However, the majority of these hypotheses lack experimental validation. Understanding why ancestral advantages now predispose us to diseases may aid in drug development and prevention of disease. EM helps us to understand the evolutionary relation between obesity-related IR and T2D. But still gaps and contradictions persist. Further interdisciplinary research is required to elucidate complete mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":10846,"journal":{"name":"Current Obesity Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141293272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-invasive Scores and Serum Biomarkers for Fatty Liver in the Era of Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): A Comprehensive Review From NAFLD to MAFLD and MASLD.","authors":"Farah Abdelhameed, Chris Kite, Lukasz Lagojda, Alexander Dallaway, Kamaljit Kaur Chatha, Surinderjeet S Chaggar, Maria Dalamaga, Eva Kassi, Ioannis Kyrou, Harpal S Randeva","doi":"10.1007/s13679-024-00574-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13679-024-00574-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly increasing worldwide, making it the leading cause of liver related morbidity and mortality. Currently, liver biopsy is the gold standard for assessing individuals with steatohepatitis and fibrosis. However, its invasiveness, sampling variability, and impracticality for large-scale screening has driven the search for non-invasive methods for early diagnosis and staging. In this review, we comprehensively summarise the evidence on the diagnostic performance and limitations of existing non-invasive serum biomarkers and scores in the diagnosis and evaluation of steatosis, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Several non-invasive serum biomarkers and scores have been developed over the last decade, although none has successfully been able to replace liver biopsy. The introduction of new NAFLD terminology, namely metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and more recently metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), has initiated a debate on the interchangeability of these terminologies. Indeed, there is a need for more research on the variability of the performance of non-invasive serum biomarkers and scores across the diagnostic entities of NAFLD, MAFLD and MASLD. There remains a significant need for finding valid and reliable non-invasive methods for early diagnosis and assessment of steatohepatitis and fibrosis to facilitate prompt risk stratification and management to prevent disease progression and complications. Further exploration of the landscape of MASLD under the newly defined disease subtypes is warranted, with the need for more robust evidence to support the use of commonly used serum scores against the new MASLD criteria and validation of previously developed scores.</p>","PeriodicalId":10846,"journal":{"name":"Current Obesity Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11306269/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141160487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotyping of Obesity Treatment Candidates: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Shiri Sherf-Dagan, Rotem Refaeli, Assaf Buch","doi":"10.1007/s13679-024-00576-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13679-024-00576-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>This review explores characterizing candidates for obesity treatments including pharmacotherapy, endoscopic bariatric therapies, and metabolic bariatric surgery (MBS), focusing on established clinical parameters for diagnosing obesity beyond body mass index alone.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Existing literature primarily provides rates for fat mass percentage (i.e., a marker for adiposity quantity), waist circumference (i.e., a marker for adiposity distribution), and C-reactive protein levels (i.e., a marker for adiposity functionality) among obesity treatment candidates. Limited data on abnormal values and sex-based differentiation exist. The literature indicates high central-tendency measures for fat mass percentage and waist circumference, while C-reactive protein levels vary. Data on the Edmonton Obesity Staging System (i.e., a marker for adiposity-related disease severity) is predominantly available for MBS candidates. Future studies in obesity interventions should improve screening and diagnosis of obesity by incorporating sex-specific considerations and providing abnormal value rates for measurements to enhance understanding of patients' characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":10846,"journal":{"name":"Current Obesity Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141316841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Kidney in Obesity: Current Evidence, Perspectives and Controversies.","authors":"Dimitris Kounatidis, Natalia G Vallianou, Theodora Stratigou, Maria Voukali, Irene Karampela, Maria Dalamaga","doi":"10.1007/s13679-024-00583-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-024-00583-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>As obesity and chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain a public health issue, we aim to elaborate on their complex relationship regarding pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic potential as well. The purpose of this review is to enhance our understanding of the interplay between obesity and CKD in order to timely diagnose and treat obesity-related CKD.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Obesity and CKD pose significant intertwined challenges to global health, affecting a substantial portion of the population worldwide. Obesity is recognized as an independent risk factor, intricately contributing to CKD pathogenesis through mechanisms such as lipotoxicity, chronic inflammation, and insulin resistance. Recent evidence highlights additional factors including hemodynamic changes and intestinal dysbiosis that exacerbate kidney dysfunction in obese individuals, leading to histologic alterations known as obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG). This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on the prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic strategies of obesity-related kidney disease. Furthermore, it explores mechanistic insights to delineate current therapeutic approaches, future directions for managing this condition and controversies. By elucidating the multifaceted interactions between obesity and kidney health, this review aims to inform clinical practice and stimulate further research to address this global health epidemic effectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":10846,"journal":{"name":"Current Obesity Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141975332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Strengths and Limitations of BMI in the Diagnosis of Obesity: What is the Path Forward?","authors":"Katherine Sweatt, W Timothy Garvey, Catia Martins","doi":"10.1007/s13679-024-00584-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-024-00584-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10846,"journal":{"name":"Current Obesity Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141970797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resmetirom and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis: Perspectives on Multidisciplinary Management from Global Healthcare Professionals.","authors":"Kahei Au, Ming-Hua Zheng, Wei-Jei Lee, Omar M Ghanem, Kamal Mahawar, Asim Shabbir, Carel W le Roux, Giovanni Targher, Christopher D Byrne, Yusuf Yilmaz, Luca Valenti, Giada Sebastiani, Sombat Treeprasertsuk, Hannah Xiaoyan Hui, Nasser Sakran, Manoel Galvao Neto, Mohammad Kermansaravi, Lilian Kow, Yosuke Seki, Kwang Wei Tham, Jerry Dang, Ricardo V Cohen, Christine Stier, Salman AlSabah, Rodolfo J Oviedo, Sonja Chiappetta, Chetan Parmar, Wah Yang","doi":"10.1007/s13679-024-00582-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13679-024-00582-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>The approval of resmetirom brings great hope to patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). The purpose of this review is to explore its impact on the global health environment. The implementation of multidisciplinary management MASH is proposed.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Resmetirom has benefits in the treatment of MASH, and its safety and effectiveness have been studied. The adverse events (AEs) need to be noticed. To improve patient outcomes, a multimodal approach with medication such as resmetirom, combined with metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) and lifestyle interventions can be conducted. MASH, a liver disease linked with obesity, is a challenging global healthcare burden compounded by the absence of any approved pharmacotherapy. The recent conditional approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States of resmetirom, an oral, liver-directed, thyroid hormone receptor beta-selective agonist, marks a significant milestone, offering a treatment option for adults with non-cirrhotic MASH and who have moderate to advanced liver fibrosis. This narrative review discusses the efficacy and safety of resmetirom and its role in the therapeutic landscape of MASH treatment. Despite the promising hepatoprotective effect of resmetirom on histological liver endpoints, its use need further research, particularly regarding ethnic differences, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, production scalability, social acceptance and accessibility. In addition, integrating resmetirom with other multidisciplinary therapeutic approaches, including lifestyle changes and MBS, might further improve clinical liver-related and cardiometabolic outcomes of individuals with MASH. This review highlights the importance of a comprehensive treatment strategy, supporting continued innovation and collaborative research to refine treatment guidelines and consensus for managing MASH, thereby improving clinical patient outcomes in the growing global epidemic of MASH. Studies done to date have been relatively short and ongoing, the course of the disease is highly variable, the conditions of various patients vary, and given this complex clinical phenotype, it may take many years of clinical trials to show long-term benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":10846,"journal":{"name":"Current Obesity Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141897029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Beyond Obesity and Overweight: the Clinical Assessment and Treatment of Excess Body Fat In Children.","authors":"Mark Cucuzzella, James Bailes, Jenny Favret, Nina Paddu, Anna Beth Bradley","doi":"10.1007/s13679-024-00581-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-024-00581-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10846,"journal":{"name":"Current Obesity Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141533914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Physical Exercise as a Therapeutic Tool to Improve Lipedema: A Consensus Statement from the Italian Society of Motor and Sports Sciences (Società Italiana di Scienze Motorie e Sportive, SISMeS) and the Italian Society of Phlebology (Società Italiana di Flebologia, SIF).","authors":"Giuseppe Annunziata, Antonio Paoli, Vincenzo Manzi, Elisabetta Camajani, Francesco Laterza, Ludovica Verde, Xavier Capó, Elvira Padua, Antonino Bianco, Attilio Carraro, Angela Di Baldassarre, Laura Guidetti, Samuele Maria Marcora, Stefania Orrù, Antonio Tessitore, Roberto Di Mitri, Lucia Auletta, Angela Piantadosi, Mario Bellisi, Edmondo Palmeri, Silvia Savastano, Annamaria Colao, Massimiliano Caprio, Giovanna Muscogiuri, Luigi Barrea","doi":"10.1007/s13679-024-00579-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-024-00579-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>This consensus statement from the Italian Society of Motor and Sports Sciences (Società Italiana di Scienze Motorie e Sportive, SISMeS) and the Italian Society of Phlebology (Società Italiana di Flebologia, SIF) provides the official view on the role of exercise as a non-pharmacological approach in lipedema. In detail, this consensus statement SISMeS - SIF aims to provide a comprehensive overview of lipedema, focusing, in particular, on the role played by physical exercise (PE) in the management of its clinical features.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Lipedema is a chronic disease characterized by abnormal fat accumulation. It is often misdiagnosed as obesity, despite presenting distinct pathological mechanisms. Indeed, recent evidence has reported differences in adipose tissue histology, metabolomic profiles, and gene polymorphisms associated with this condition, adding new pieces to the complex puzzle of lipedema pathophysiology. Although by definition lipedema is a condition resistant to diet and PE, the latter emerges for its key role in the management of lipedema, contributing to multiple benefits, including improvements in mitochondrial function, lymphatic drainage, and reduction of inflammation. Various types of exercise, such as aquatic exercises and strength training, have been shown to alleviate symptoms and improve the quality of life of patients with lipedema. However, standardized guidelines for PE prescription and long-term management of patients with lipedema are lacking, highlighting the need for recommendations and further research in this area in order to optimise therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10846,"journal":{"name":"Current Obesity Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141491198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Obesity and Overweight: the Clinical Assessment and Treatment of Excess Body Fat In Children : Part 2 - the Prescription of Low-Carbohydrate Eating as the First Approach.","authors":"Mark Cucuzzella, James Bailes, Jenny Favret, Nina Paddu, Anna Beth Bradley","doi":"10.1007/s13679-024-00564-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13679-024-00564-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Pediatric obesity and comorbidities related to insulin resistance continue to be a growing public health crisis. If lifestyle measures are unsuccessful, pharmacological and surgical interventions are offered. In this paper, we describe the driving force of the obesity crisis: hyperinsulinemia and the development of insulin resistance. We give historical background of key policy issues which have contributed to this pandemic as well as the physiologic mechanisms of insulin resistance. The prevalence of obesity will continue to rise unless the root cause of hyperinsulinemia is addressed.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Current research on insulin resistance demonstrates that a decreased consumption of carbohydrates is an effective first-line dietary intervention for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases. Evidence shows it is safe and beneficial. A low-carbohydrate eating pattern can be helpful to address pediatric obesity. However, there must be policy guardrails in place to ensure that this is a sustainable and viable option for children and their families. There must be a change in the nutritional environment to help individuals battle the chronic disease of obesity.</p>","PeriodicalId":10846,"journal":{"name":"Current Obesity Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140848069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioral Lifestyle Interventions for Weight Loss in Overweight or Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of the Literature.","authors":"Sara Gostoli, Giulia Raimondi, Alexandra Paula Popa, Micaela Giovannini, Giada Benasi, Chiara Rafanelli","doi":"10.1007/s13679-024-00552-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13679-024-00552-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Around 80-90% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are overweight or obese, presenting a greater risk for serious health complications and mortality. Thus, weight loss represents a main goal for T2DM management. Although behavioral lifestyle interventions (BLIs) could help promoting weight loss in T2DM patients with overweight or obesity, their effectiveness is still controversial. This systematic review offers an updated and comprehensive picture of BLIs according to Michie's classification in T2DM patients with overweight or obesity and identifies possible factors (related to both patients and interventions) associated with weight loss. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. The literature search till March 2023 indicated 31 studies involving 42 different BLIs.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Our findings suggest that structured BLIs, characterized by frequent feedback and support, can lead to a clinically meaningful 5% weight loss, regardless of specific behavioral, diet, and physical activity components. Further research should address methodological issues and heterogeneity of interventions, also considering the effect of pharmacological therapies on weight reduction. Lastly, more attention should be paid to the long-term effectiveness of behavioral lifestyle interventions and to the relationship between weight loss and diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10846,"journal":{"name":"Current Obesity Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11150315/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140021140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}