Current pharmaceutical design最新文献

{"title":"Bear Bile Powder Alleviates Corticosterone-induced Depression-like Behavior in Female Mice by Protecting Hippocampal Neurons via the BDNF/TrkB/ CREB Pathway.","authors":"Wei Shen, Zikang Li, Yanlin Tao, Houyuan Zhou, Hui Wu, Hailian Shi, Fei Huang, Xiaojun Wu","doi":"10.2174/0113816128369486250519021344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113816128369486250519021344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Bear bile powder (BBP) has been traditionally used in Chinese medicine for calming the liver, pacifying the mind, and relieving convulsions, as recorded in Ben Jing Feng Yuan and Yu Qiu Yao Jie. Although the antidepressant effects of BBP have been previously reported, the underlying neurological mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the antidepressant effects of BBP on corticosterone (CORT)-induced depression-like behaviors in female mice and to explore the involvement of the BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathway.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Female mice received subcutaneous CORT injections to induce depression-like behaviors, followed by oral administration of BBP at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg. Behavioral assessments, biochemical analyses, UPLC-MS/MS, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting were conducted to evaluate antidepressant effects. Additionally, a CORT-induced HT22 cell injury model was established to assess the neuroprotective mechanisms of BBP, with or without the TrkB antagonist K252a, focusing on the BDNF/TrkB/CREB pathway.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>BBP significantly alleviated depression-like behaviors in CORT-treated female mice. It restored neurotransmitter levels, reduced neuronal necrosis in the hippocampal CA3 region, increased DCX-positive cells in the dentate gyrus, and activated hippocampal BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling. In vitro, BBP attenuated CORT-induced apoptosis and promoted proliferation in HT22 cells. Applying K252a confirmed that BBP's neuroprotective and antidepressant effects were mediated via the BDNF/TrkB/CREB pathway.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These findings suggest that BBP exerts notable antidepressant and neuroprotective effects in female depression models by modulating neurotransmitters and enhancing neurogenesis through the BDNF/Trk- B/CREB pathway. Using both in vivo and in vitro models strengthens the evidence for BBP's mechanism of action. However, further studies involving additional brain regions and upstream regulatory mechanisms are warranted.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>BBP effectively alleviates CORT-induced depressive-like behaviors in female mice by restoring neurotransmitter balance, protecting hippocampal neurons, and promoting neurogenesis via the BDNF/Trk- B/CREB pathway. These results provide a theoretical basis for the potential application of BBP in managing female depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":10845,"journal":{"name":"Current pharmaceutical design","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144583324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting Ocular Tissue through Surface-Modified and Multifunctional Biomaterials and mRNA-Based Therapeutics.","authors":"Neslihan Üstündağ Okur, Mehmet Evren Okur, Ece Özcan Bülbül, Androulla Miliotou, Ioannis D Karantas, Panoraia I Siafaka","doi":"10.2174/0113816128373593250619074556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113816128373593250619074556","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Targeting the ocular surfaces and improving retention time are crucial to achieving high therapeutic outcomes for eye diseases. The most frequently used ophthalmic preparation is ocular drops, which, however, come with various limitations; therefore, advanced eye formulations are essential for the ocular medical field. Different methods, such as penetration enhancers, nanoparticles, ocular inserts, and lenses, have been utilized to improve the eye retention time. Although these formulations present limited advantages, combining them with surface-modified polymers can improve the therapeutic outcomes. Surface modification can be achieved through physical, chemical, and other methods. Chemical grafting is one of the most preferable methods, given that it is a straightforward methodology. This review summarizes the ocular microenvironment and eye barriers that should be overcome when designing ocular drug delivery systems. Most importantly, it summarizes ocular drug delivery systems based on surface-modified materials and emerging nanocarriers, also combined with IVT-mRNA therapeutics, offering promising advancements by enhancing targeting precision and therapeutic efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":10845,"journal":{"name":"Current pharmaceutical design","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144574995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrospun Food Nanofibers for Hormonal Delivery: New Strategy in Sustainable Pharmaceutical Delivery System.","authors":"Deepak Kumar, Rishabha Malviya, Sathvik Belagodu Sridhar, Javedh Shareef, Tarun Wadhwa, Mullaicharam Bhupathyraaj, Musarrat Husain Warsi","doi":"10.2174/0113816128378108250612102634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113816128378108250612102634","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electrospinning is an innovative process that produces polymeric fibres for a variety of purposes, including controlled hormone administration. These fibres are made from biopolymers like chitosan, cellulose, alginate, and starch, and have attracted interest for their capacity to encapsulate hormones and release them in a regulated way, therefore Increasing bioavailability and stability. The article investigates the utilization of smart electrospun fibers for hormone delivery, alongside a focus on their potential to improve therapeutic results. Electrospun fibres can encapsulate hormones such as insulin, melatonin, and contraceptives for regulated and prolonged release. This method addresses difficulties in traditional hormone delivery, like frequent insulin injections or hormone instability in biological circumstances. Techniques like coaxial electrospinning enable the development of core-shell structures, which further optimize release profiles. The use of these fibres for diabetic management, wound healing, and long-term contraception represents substantial advances in patient care. The flexibility of fibres also allows for precise regulation of drug release kinetics, which improves the efficacy of hormone therapy while reducing adverse effects. Smart electrospun food fibres have enormous promise for the future of hormone administration, providing longer-lasting, more focused, and effective therapies. Their flexibility, along with ongoing advances in electrospinning processes, positions them as a viable tool in contemporary medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":10845,"journal":{"name":"Current pharmaceutical design","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144559471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Carvacrol in Oral Health: An Overview.","authors":"Abdolrasoul Rangrazi, Fatemeh Forouzanfar","doi":"10.2174/0113816128386169250616124712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113816128386169250616124712","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oral diseases represent significant health challenges, with periodontal diseases and dental caries ranking as key preventable infectious diseases worldwide. Oral health affects overall quality of life, and inadequate oral hygiene is associated with chronic diseases. Carvacrol is a monoterpenoid phenol found in essential oils of pepperwort (Lepidium flavum), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), oregano (Origanum vulgare), wild bergamot (Citrus aurantium), and other plants. Carvacrol exhibits numerous biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Carvacrol demonstrated the ability to inhibit the oral pathogens examined and exhibited properties that prevent biofilm formation on their oral biofilm; thus, it may be used to manage and prevent the colonization of microorganisms, which is particularly important in human oral diseases. Besides, carvacrol protects gingival tissue in periodontal disease. Knowledge of carvacrol's many actions will help develop novel treatment plans, and designing clinical studies will optimize its potential advantages for treating oral diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":10845,"journal":{"name":"Current pharmaceutical design","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144559472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sugammadex in Perioperative Neuromuscular Management: Current Advances and Best Practices.","authors":"Xuehua Zhou, Xia Shen","doi":"10.2174/0113816128379883250616051732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113816128379883250616051732","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are crucial for anesthesia, enabling intubation and optimal surgical conditions. Timely reversal of blockade is critical for safe extubation and recovery. While neostigmine, a traditional reversal agent, is effective for moderate blockade, it has limitations in reversing deep blockade and requires anticholinergics to mitigate side effects. Sugammadex, a novel agent, addresses these limitations by selectively encapsulating aminosteroid NMBAs like rocuronium, providing rapid and reliable reversal. It demonstrates significant advantages, including faster recovery and reduced postoperative complications, especially in high-risk populations such as elderly patients or those with organ dysfunction. However, challenges such as high costs and potential adverse effects, including hypersensitivity and cardiovascular events, restrict its routine use. This review explores sugammadex's pharmacological features, clinical applications, and cost-effectiveness, offering strategies to optimize its use in complex surgical scenarios while addressing current limitations.</p>","PeriodicalId":10845,"journal":{"name":"Current pharmaceutical design","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144552548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of Pharmacological Mechanism of Kaempferol in Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis based on Network Pharmacology, Molecular Modelling, and Experimental Validation.","authors":"Zhenquan Wei, Yi Liu, Yanyi Du, Hanqi Lu, Haixin Yang, Yongyan Zhu, Jianxin Diao, Qiang Xu, Cuiping Jiang, Nan Li, Dongmei Pan","doi":"10.2174/0113816128357060250611173717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113816128357060250611173717","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The autoimmune inflammatory disease known as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has a complicated and poorly understood etiology. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) have tumor-like characteristics in RA, including aggressive growth and heightened activation that leads to the release of proinflammatory factors. These processes are essential for the gradual deterioration of joint tissues. Kaempferol, with the chemical formula 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, is found in many different types of plants and plant families. The pharmacological effects of this substance have been welldocumented. The benefits of this substance encompass protection for the heart and brain, as well as fighting inflammation, bacteria, cancer, osteoporosis, and allergies. It also has properties that can help with anxiety, pain relief, and hormonal balance. However, its precise function in the management of RA is still unclear.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the effect of kaempferol on apoptosis in RA FLSs and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used the CCK-8 assay to assess the effects of different kaempferol concentrations on RA FLSs. We also used flow cytometry with Annexin V-FITC/PI staining to analyse cell cycle distribution and quantify apoptotic cells. To verify apoptosis, the TUNEL test was employed. Important proteins associated with apoptosis were verified to be expressed using western blotting. Finally, network pharmacology analysis was used to identify potential kaempferol targets, and their interactions with AKT1, PIK3R1, and HSP90AA1 proteins were studied using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Kaempferol treatment significantly increased apoptosis in RA FLSs, up-regulating the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and down-regulating the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Specifically, kaempferol at 100 and 200 μM increased the apoptosis index to 29.77 ± 6.02% and 55.63 ± 11.05%, respectively, compared to the control. The induction of caspase-9 and caspase-3 cleavage was observed, indicating the activation of the mitochondrial pathway. Kaempferol also inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt, with a significant reduction in their activation. Molecular docking studies demonstrated that kaempferol interacted with AKT1, PIK3R1, and HSP90AA1 proteins, with binding energies of -6.51, -4.26, and -6.51 kcal/mol, respectively, suggesting a strong affinity and potential direct impact on these proteins.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Kaempferol induces apoptosis in RA FLSs by inhibiting phosphorylation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, increasing levels of pro-apoptotic proteins, and decreasing levels of anti-apoptotic proteins. Thus, kaempferol, a naturally occurring flavonoid, has great promise in the management of RA.</p>","PeriodicalId":10845,"journal":{"name":"Current pharmaceutical design","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144539365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elucidating the Complex Etiology of Schizophrenia: Comprehensive Insights into the Therapeutic Roles of Natural Compounds and Pharmacological Interventions.","authors":"Md Ali Mujtaba, Purushottam Gangane, Mohammed Kaleem, Naiyer Shahzad, Ali F Almutairy, Anwar Abbas N Alshmmari, Mandar Thool, Wasim Ahmad, Turky Omar Asar, Ameeduzzafar Zafar, Danish Mahmood","doi":"10.2174/0113816128362637250621113743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113816128362637250621113743","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schizophrenia (SCZ) remains a captivating mental disorder marked by complex symptomatology. Despite the success of the current therapeutic options for psychosis, a definitive cure remains elusive. Hence, this review explores mechanisms underlying SCZ pathophysiology, examining their potential as novel therapeutic targets. This is a narrative review of literature that has been critically analyzed following retrieval from PubMed, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar. Nearly 30% of patients of SCZ show no response to first- and second-generation antipsychotic drugs and continue to suffer from cognitive and negative symptoms, including medication-induced adverse effects. Apart from the social and environmental factors, SCZ has been strongly linked to epigenetic factors and alterations in protein expression. Epigenetic modifications include histone modification and DNA methylation. Epigenetic alterations gained through environmental factors, known as molecular scars, also influence, to some extent, the brain functions throughout the life span of a human being. Epigenetic mechanisms are now recognized as significant contributors to the development and progression of SCZ. Epigenetics is critical in SCZ etiology through DNA methylation and histone modification. Herbal medicines offer promise by targeting genetic and epigenetic pathways, albeit with safety concerns. These approaches offer potential as supplementary therapies alongside conventional treatments or alternative preventive measures. By thoroughly investigating these methods, we may uncover new possibilities in SCZ care, ultimately paving the path for more effective and holistic therapeutic approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":10845,"journal":{"name":"Current pharmaceutical design","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism of Shashen Maidong Decoction in the Treatment of Radiation Pneumonitis Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking.","authors":"Qiong Duan, Mingxiao Wang, Zhenting Cui, Ruochen Li, Jianxin Ma","doi":"10.2174/0113816128346708241223110504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113816128346708241223110504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Radiation therapy is a crucial method used to treat various tumors, but it can lead to radiation pneumonitis. Shashen Maidong Decoction (SMD) is clinically used to treat radiation pneumonitis, but the exact mechanism remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Herbal components and targets of SMD were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), the Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine (ETCM), and Swiss Target Prediction platforms. Moreover, disease-related targets were retrieved from the GeneCards database. A Protein-protein Interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the STRING database and analyzed using the Cytoscape software. In addition, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed using the DAVID database. Subsequently, the disease-active component-target network and drug-pathway-target network were constructed using Cytoscape. The molecular docking results were validated and visualized using Auto Dock and PyMOL software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, 115 conserved active ingredients, 316 drug targets, and 355 radiation pneumonitis targets were identified. Among these, 75 targets were identified as intersecting targets. GO enrichment analysis revealed 494 biological processes, 36 cell components, and 59 molecular functions. KEGG analysis uncovered 118 signaling pathways, including the IL-17 signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, etc. The molecular docking results showed the core active ingredients of SMD, including quercetin, kaempferol, beta-carotene, and naringenin, to have strong binding ability with the core targets.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study preliminarily confirmed that SMD may act on the TNF, IL-17, and HIF-1 signaling pathways to exert its therapeutic effects on radiation pneumonitis by regulating the expression of inflammatory factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":10845,"journal":{"name":"Current pharmaceutical design","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144505063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TSIX: A Novel Long Noncoding RNA in Cancer Development and Progression.","authors":"Yibei Gui, Jiale Zhao, Wei Wu, Xueqing Li, Lijun Wang, Hailin Wang, Yiyang Luo, Xueliang Ding, Xiaolan Li, Chengfu Yuan","doi":"10.2174/0113816128373990250609210655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113816128373990250609210655","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) represent a group of long noncoding RNA molecules exceeding 200 nt in length and lacking the capacity for protein coding. In recent years, the function and progress of lncRNA have attracted the attention of more and more researchers. Specifically, the long non-coding RNA, TSIX (TSIX transcript, XIST antisense RNA), plays a significant role in ensuring random X-chromosome inactivation. Recent investigations have highlighted the involvement of lncRNA TSIX in the development of various cancers, emphasizing its crucial functions in tumorigenesis. TSIX has emerged as a novel cancerassociated lncRNA and it is identified for its aberrant expression in diverse tumors, such as those of the breast, gastric, hepatocellular, head and neck, lung, esophageal squamous cell, and uterine smooth muscle. Furthermore, lncRNA TSIX regulates mRNA expression by binding to specific miRNAs, utilizing a competitive endogenous RNA regulatory mechanism. This interaction significantly influences tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. LncRNA TSIX may serve as a useful biomarker or a prospective therapeutic target in a variety of malignant cancers because of the biological functions and mechanisms associated with it.</p>","PeriodicalId":10845,"journal":{"name":"Current pharmaceutical design","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144505064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anticandidal Effects of Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum sanctum: Unveiling in vitro and in vivo Efficacy against Systemic Candidiasis.","authors":"Saurabh Gupta, Lokesh Nagar, Madhav Singla, Smriti -, Sachin Singh, Gaurav Gupta, Suresh Bhojraj, Rahamat Unissa Syed, Aliaa D Alshammari, Maali D Alshammari, Njoud Nahi Omer Alshammari, Atheer Nahi Omer Alshammari, Entsar Mohammed Alhaidan","doi":"10.2174/0113816128362999250605093917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113816128362999250605093917","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This research explored the antimicrobial, antifungal, and in vivo anticandidal activities of two herbal extracts: Ocimum basilicum (HEOB) and Ocimum sanctum (HEOS). Additionally, the study analyzed the phytochemical components of these extracts.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To examine the efficacy of HEOB and HEOS extracts in terms of their antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-candidal activities and analyze their phytochemical composition, antioxidant potential, and immunomodulatory properties in vivo.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Dried flowers and leaves from Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum sanctum were extracted using a cold maceration process with a 1:1 ethanol-water solution. Phytochemical analysis followed established protocols, and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured using colourimetric methods. HPLC was used to determine the concentrations of specific compounds, including rosmarinic acid, rutin, eugenol, and quercetin. Antioxidant activity, specifically nitric oxide (NO) scavenging and antimicrobial properties, was assessed in vitro using the cup plate method. In vivo studies were conducted on immunocompromised mice with systemic candidiasis, treated with plant extracts at 200 and 400 mg/kg or with ketoconazole as a control. Survival rates, tissue histology, and leukocyte counts were evaluated, and statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HEOB and HEOS extracts possess strong antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, largely due to flavonoids such as rutin, quercetin, rosmarinic acid and eugenol. In vivo experiments revealed that both extracts effectively reduced fungal load, increased survival rates, and alleviated immunosuppression in mice with systemic candidiasis. The extracts also exhibited significant immunomodulatory properties by boosting cellmediated immune responses. At higher concentrations, the antifungal performance of HEOB and HEOS was similar to that of ketoconazole.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HEOB and HEOS exhibited strong antibacterial, antifungal, and anticandidal properties, showing significant effectiveness in treating systemic candidiasis. Their immunomodulatory effects and ability to boost cell-mediated immunity make these extracts promising options for addressing systemic candidiasis, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. This research offers valuable insights and sets the stage for future investigations into the treatment of oral and vaginal candidiasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":10845,"journal":{"name":"Current pharmaceutical design","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144505061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}