{"title":"Trade liberalization and gender inequality","authors":"Janneke Pieters","doi":"10.15185/IZAWOL.114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/IZAWOL.114","url":null,"abstract":"Women consistently work less in the labor market and earn lower wages than men. While economic empowerment of women is an important objective in itself, women's economic activity also matters as a condition for sustained economic growth. The political debate on the labor market impacts of international trade typically differentiates workers by their educational attainment or skills. Gender is a further dimension in which the impacts of trade liberalization can differ. In a globalizing world it is important to understand whether and how trade policy can contribute toward enhancing gender convergence in labor market outcomes.","PeriodicalId":108318,"journal":{"name":"The IZA World of Labor","volume":"28 17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121768775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Die Rolle von kognitiven und sozio-emotionalen Fähigkeiten auf den Arbeitsmärkten","authors":"Pablo Acosta","doi":"10.15185/IZAWOL.453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/IZAWOL.453","url":null,"abstract":"Übliche Kennziffern wie die Bildungsund Ausbildungsdauer erfassen länderübergreifende Unterschiede beim Qualifikationserwerb und ihre Arbeitsmarktrelevanz nur unzureichend. Die unmittelbare Messung insbesondere kognitiver und sozio-emotionaler Fähigkeiten liefert genauere Hinweise auf potenzielle individuelle Produktivitätsunterschiede als die reine Quantität der Bildung. Die Forschung zeigt, dass insbesondere kognitive Fähigkeiten für die Erklärung des erzielten Lohnes relevant sind, während sozio-emotionale Kompetenzen stärker mit Erwerbsund Bildungsentscheidungen verknüpft sind.","PeriodicalId":108318,"journal":{"name":"The IZA World of Labor","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124686334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Portabilität von Sozialleistungen über Landesgrenzen hinweg","authors":"R. Holzmann","doi":"10.15185/izawol.452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.452","url":null,"abstract":"Die Bedeutung grenzüberschreitend portabler Sozialleistungsansprüche nimmt mit der wachsenden Zahl von Migranten zu, die sie im Falle einer Rückkehr in die ursprüngliche Heimat dorthin transferieren wollen. Portabilitätsbarrieren beeinträchtigen die internationale Arbeitskräftemobilität und die individuellen Absicherungsmöglichkeiten gegen Risiken im Lebenszyklus. Mit welchen Instrumenten sich unter welchen Umständen am effizientesten die erforderliche Übertragbarkeit erreichen lässt, ist noch nicht ausreichend erforscht.","PeriodicalId":108318,"journal":{"name":"The IZA World of Labor","volume":"37 15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123659595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"El sector automovilístico en Europa Central: ¿un éxito?","authors":"Lucia Mýtna Kureková","doi":"10.15185/IZAWOL.448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/IZAWOL.448","url":null,"abstract":"Europa Central ha vivido una de las historias de crecimiento y convergencia más impresionantes de los últimos tiempos. En concreto, esto se ha logrado gracias a la producción industrial de propiedad extranjera con alta proporción de capital del sector automovilístico. Con grandes redes de proveedores nacionales y alta cualificación, la presencia de una industria compleja produce muchos beneficios económicos. Sin embargo, este camino de desarrollo está llegando ahora a su límite a causa del agotamiento de la mano de obra cualificada disponible, inversiones limitadas en mejoras e investigación y desigualdades regionales persistentes.","PeriodicalId":108318,"journal":{"name":"The IZA World of Labor","volume":"484 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116525828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Macrodatos en economía","authors":"M. J. H. Harding","doi":"10.15185/IZAWOL.451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/IZAWOL.451","url":null,"abstract":"Los macrodatos hacen referencia a conjuntos de datos de mayor tamaño, mayor frecuencia y, a menudo, con información más personalizada. Algunos ejemplos son los datos recabados por sensores inteligentes en los hogares o la agregación de tuits en Twitter. En conjuntos de datos pequeños, los métodos econométricos tradicionales tienden a superar a las técnicas más complejas. En conjuntos de datos grandes, destacan los métodos de aprendizaje automático. Para sacar el mayor partido a los macrodatos en economía, se necesitan nuevos enfoques analíticos. Los investigadores y responsables de políticas deben prestar atención a los recientes desarrollos en técnicas de aprendizaje automático si quieren aprovechar al máximo estas nuevas fuentes de macrodatos.","PeriodicalId":108318,"journal":{"name":"The IZA World of Labor","volume":"28 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125960904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Compensación para trabajadores despedidos por causas objetivas","authors":"Wolter H.J. Hassink","doi":"10.15185/IZAWOL.447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/IZAWOL.447","url":null,"abstract":"Do workplace programs help reduce worker sickness absence? Many programs are based on the principle that the employee’s decision to report an absence can be influenced if it is costly to be absent. Firms can reduce absenteeism by implementing broad programs, including performance pay, general improvements of working conditions, and strengthening workers’ loyalty to the firm. Specific programs, such as grading partial absence, seem to be effective at reducing long-term absences. However, firms will be less inclined to implement such programs if they can shift the financial burden to social security programs.","PeriodicalId":108318,"journal":{"name":"The IZA World of Labor","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116057075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Arbeitsplatzabbau und Verlustabsicherung","authors":"Donald O. Parsons","doi":"10.15185/izawol.444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.444","url":null,"abstract":"Die Verlagerung von Arbeitsplätzen birgt vor allem für Arbeitnehmer mit langer Beschäftigungsdauer erhebliche Risiken durch längere Arbeitslosigkeit und Lohneinbußen bei Folgejobs. Überwiegend besteht die Reaktion auf Arbeitsplatzabbau in einer – unkoordinierten – Kombination von Arbeitslosenversicherung und Abfindungen. Weniger entwickelte Länder verlassen sich aufgrund der administrativen Komplexität von Arbeitslosenversicherungen häufig ganz auf verpflichtende Abfindungszahlungen von Arbeitgeberseite. Existieren beide Optionen, ist deren systematische Koordination wichtig – dies begegnet jedoch Schwierigkeiten im Falle lediglich freiwilliger Abfindungsregeln. Arbeitsplatzabbau und Verlustabsicherung Eine bessere Koordination von Versicherungsund Abfindungsleistungen bieten den Betroffenen mehr Schutz","PeriodicalId":108318,"journal":{"name":"The IZA World of Labor","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128447433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cómo medir el empleo y el desempleo","authors":"A. Brandolini","doi":"10.15185/izawol.445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.445","url":null,"abstract":"Medir el empleo y el desempleo es esencial para la política económica. Las medidas acordadas internacionalmente (por ej., los índices numéricos del empleo y desempleo basados en definiciones estándar) permiten hacer comparaciones en tiempo y espacio, pero los cambios en los mercados laborales reales y las agendas políticas cuestionan estas convenciones tradicionales. Los límites entre los distintos estados del mercado laboral son imprecisos, lo que complica la identificación. Las experiencias individuales en cada estado pueden variar considerablemente, lo que subraya la importancia de cómo se pondera cada persona empleada o desempleada en los índices estadísticos.","PeriodicalId":108318,"journal":{"name":"The IZA World of Labor","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122251817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Definir la informalidad frente a reducir sus efectos negativos","authors":"Elizabeth Ruppert Bulmer","doi":"10.15185/izawol.442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.442","url":null,"abstract":"La definición de «informal» varía considerablemente y depende de muchos factores interrelacionados. Crear una sola definición es difícil cuando la realidad es compleja; además, la propia naturaleza de la actividad informal –sin registros o sin informes– hace que medirla con precisión sea difícil. Si la definición de informalidad se adapta a los datos disponibles, las políticas tendrán problemas para abordar lo que más importa en el trabajo informal: baja productividad, salarios bajos, condiciones de trabajo precarias y vulnerabilidad ante crisis de ingresos. Así, los responsables políticos deben identificar a aquellos que sufren estos efectos y tratar cada conjunto de retos con acciones específicas orientadas a tal fin. Contras","PeriodicalId":108318,"journal":{"name":"The IZA World of Labor","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115024340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The labor market in Australia, 2000–2016","authors":"G. Barrett","doi":"10.15185/izawol.443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.443","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1991, the Australian economy has experienced sustained economic growth. Aided by the commodities boom and strong public finances, the Australian economy negotiated the global financial crisis without falling into recession. Over this period there were important structural changes, with increasing labor force participation among the elderly and the continuing convergence of employment and unemployment patterns for men and women. However, some recent negative trends include a rise in unemployment, especially long-term unemployment, a deteriorating youth labor market, and a stagnant gender earnings gap.","PeriodicalId":108318,"journal":{"name":"The IZA World of Labor","volume":"193 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114229842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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