{"title":"Cumplimiento de la legislación laboral en los países en desarrollo","authors":"Haroon Bhorat","doi":"10.15185/IZAWOL.80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/IZAWOL.80","url":null,"abstract":"A pesar de las preocupaciones sobre el efecto de la legislación en el salario mínimo y las regulaciones laborales en el empleo y la economía, la aplicación de las leyes y su cumplimiento siguen siendo críticos. Los países en desarrollo con recursos limitados deberían aplicar leyes sobre el salario mínimo de forma que se proteja el empleo y se incentive a las empresas a cumplirlas. Un índice de salario mínimo e infracción laboral multidimensional puede ofrecer datos importantes para las decisiones sobre la aplicación de leyes y ser una herramienta política potente para guiar hacia dónde y cómo canalizar los recursos de aplicación de leyes de manera más eficaz. DISCURSO DE ASCENSOR","PeriodicalId":108318,"journal":{"name":"The IZA World of Labor","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121986500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"La diversidad de género en los equipos","authors":"Ghazala Azmat","doi":"10.15185/IZAWOL.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/IZAWOL.29","url":null,"abstract":"El éxito de las políticas que promueven la diversidad de género depende de la medición de los resultados y de la rapidez de implementación de dichas políticas. Existen indicios que demuestran un impacto negativo en los resultados a corto plazo. Sin embargo, esto no refleja necesariamente la posible influencia positiva a largo plazo en la igualdad de género y mejor representación de las preferencias de las mujeres. Los resultados adversos se explican con los cambios en el proceso decisorio y en las dinámicas de equipos y, en algunos casos, con la inexperiencia de (nuevos) miembros femeninos en el equipo. A medida que la diversidad de género se convierta en la norma, estos problemas pueden desaparecer. DISCURSO DE ASCENSOR","PeriodicalId":108318,"journal":{"name":"The IZA World of Labor","volume":"190 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115661232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Programas de compensación laboral a corto plazo y empleo","authors":"Pierre Cahuc","doi":"10.15185/IZAWOL.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/IZAWOL.11","url":null,"abstract":"Government schemes that compensate workers for the loss of income while they are on short hours (known as short-time work compensation schemes) make it easier for employers to temporarily reduce hours worked so that labor is better matched to output requirements. Because the employers do not lay off these staff, the schemes help to maintain permanent employment levels during recessions. However, they can create inefficiency in the labor market, and might limit labor market access for freelancers and those looking to work part-time.","PeriodicalId":108318,"journal":{"name":"The IZA World of Labor","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116715776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Afecta el consumo de sustancias al rendimiento académico","authors":"Daniel I. Rees","doi":"10.15185/IZAWOL.66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/IZAWOL.66","url":null,"abstract":"A non-trivial portion of traffic fatalities involve alcohol or illicit drugs. But does the use of alcohol and illegal substances—which is linked to depression, suicide, and crime—reduce academic performance? Recent studies suggest that drinking has a negative, if modest, effect on grades, and although students who use illegal substances are more likely to drop out of school, this may reflect the influence of difficult-to-measure factors at the individual level, such as personality.","PeriodicalId":108318,"journal":{"name":"The IZA World of Labor","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129716991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rediseñar los sistemas de pensiones","authors":"Marek Góra","doi":"10.15185/IZAWOL.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/IZAWOL.51","url":null,"abstract":"For decades, pension systems were based on the rising revenue generated by an expanding population (demographic dividend). As changes in fertility and longevity created new population structures, however, the dividend disappeared, but pension systems failed to adapt. They are kept solvent by increasing redistributions from the shrinking working-age population to retirees. A simple and transparent structure and individualization of pension system participation are the key preconditions for an intergenerationally just old-age security system.","PeriodicalId":108318,"journal":{"name":"The IZA World of Labor","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121798864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Consecuencias del auge universitario mundial para el mercado laboral","authors":"Gustavo Yamada","doi":"10.15185/IZAWOL.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/IZAWOL.165","url":null,"abstract":"Angesichts einer steigenden Anzahl von Sekundarschulabgängern weiten viele Entwicklungsländer das Angebot an öffentlichen und privaten Hochschulen aus oder stehen unter Druck dies zu tun. Doch schwach ausgebaute Arbeitsmärkte, mangelnde Qualität von Hochschulprogrammen und fehlende Übereinstimmung von Jobanforderungen und Bildungsinhalten mahnen zur Vorsicht. Mehr Akademiker könnten verstärkt zu Arbeitslosigkeit, Unterbeschäftigung und Überqualifikation führen. Ob die Quantität oder Qualität von Hochschulprogrammen reguliert werden sollte, hängt von der spezifischen Kombination solcher Faktoren ab. Arbeitsmarktkonsequenzen des Akademikerbooms Bessere Informationen über die Qualität von Hochschulen können Unterbeschäftigung und Überqualifizierung in Entwicklungsländern verringern","PeriodicalId":108318,"journal":{"name":"The IZA World of Labor","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114391179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"El tracking escolar y la movilidad social intergeneracional","authors":"T. Pekkarinen","doi":"10.15185/izawol.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.56","url":null,"abstract":"El objetivo del tracking (la separación de alumnos en distintos tipos de colegios en función de su habilidad) es aumentar la eficacia educativa creando grupos de alumnos más homogéneos a los que es más fácil enseñar. Sin embargo, las preocupaciones surgen cuando el tracking tiene lugar demasiado pronto, ya que aunque se mejoren los logros educativos, puede reducirse la movilidad social intergeneracional. La evidencia empírica más reciente sugiere que no hay pruebas de compensación de ventajas y desventajas recíprocas entre la eficacia y calidad cuando se retrasa el tracking.","PeriodicalId":108318,"journal":{"name":"The IZA World of Labor","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114816687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Benefician a la sociedad en general los niveles más altos de educación y capacitación","authors":"John V. Winters","doi":"10.15185/izawol.130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.130","url":null,"abstract":"La educación formal aumenta los ingresos y ofrece otras ventajas individuales. Sin embargo, los beneficios de la educación para la sociedad podrían superar a los beneficios individuales. Las investigaciones revelan que unos niveles de educación medios más altos en una zona determinada están relacionados con ingresos más elevados, incluso para los residentes locales con niveles educativos mínimos. Los graduados en ciencia, tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas (CTIM) parecen generar efectos externos especialmente contundentes debido a su papel para estimular la innovación y el crecimiento económico. Según varias estrategias para determinar la causalidad, existen externalidades de capital humano.","PeriodicalId":108318,"journal":{"name":"The IZA World of Labor","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121395805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Trabajan más los trabajadores cuando la retribución es elevada","authors":"Tess M. Stafford","doi":"10.15185/IZAWOL.455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/IZAWOL.455","url":null,"abstract":"A fundamental question in economic policy is how labor supply responds to changes in remuneration. The responsiveness of labor supply determines the size of the employment impact and efficiency loss of progressive income taxation. It also affects predictions about the impacts of policies ranging from fiscal responses to business cycles to government transfer programs. The characteristics of jobs held by independent contractors provide an opportunity to overcome problems faced by earlier studies and help answer this fundamental question.","PeriodicalId":108318,"journal":{"name":"The IZA World of Labor","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115572963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Liberalización del comercio y desigualdad de género","authors":"D. Enste","doi":"10.15185/IZAWOL.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/IZAWOL.127","url":null,"abstract":"The shadow (underground) economy plays a major role in many countries. People evade taxes and regulations by working in the shadow economy or by employing people illegally. On the one hand, this unregulated economic activity can result in reduced tax revenue and public goods and services, lower tax morale and less tax compliance, higher control costs, and lower economic growth rates. But on the other hand, the shadow economy can be a powerful force for advancing institutional change and can boost the overall production of goods and services in the economy. The shadow economy has implications that extend beyond the economy to the political order.","PeriodicalId":108318,"journal":{"name":"The IZA World of Labor","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122381056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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