Current diabetes reviews最新文献

{"title":"Analytical and Bioanalytical Methods for the Determination of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors in Various Matrices: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Sakshi Hadawale, Sanjay Sharma","doi":"10.2174/0115733998288292240409060854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733998288292240409060854","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>DPP-4 inhibitors, or gliptins, are new oral antidiabetic drugs for type 2 diabetes. They help to regulate insulin and glucagon. These drugs have the advantage of a lower risk of hypoglycemia compared to some other diabetes medications and are typically prescribed when metformin and sulphonylureas have become less effective.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This review analyses a range of analytical and bioanalytical methods for DPP-4 inhibitors, that use spectroscopic techniques, chromatographic, and hyphenated techniques for analysis. So far, no review comprising all DPP-4 inhibitors has been presented. The primary objective of this review is to present the analysts with various analytical and bioanalytical methods for the quantification and estimation of DPP-4 inhibitors in different matrices.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To improve understanding, a review was carried out by creating a database of pre-existing research from digital sources such as ScienceDirect, and PubMed. The methodology is shown in the flowchart of the literature selection process.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The comprehensive assessment of methods for analysing DPP-4 inhibitors can be a valuable resource for researchers and healthcare practitioners. Hitherto, no review encompassing all DPP-4 inhibitors has been presented. Therefore, gaps in the data available on a particular subject, need to be required to collect data on a particular construct. The review suggests that chromatographic techniques were majorly used for analysis wherein solvents like acetonitrile, methanol, and buffer solutions were used as mobile phases that can deteriorate HPLC columns and equipment. So, scientists could investigate new methods for the assessment of DPP-4 inhibitors using more eco-friendly solvents.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140853243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impaired Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) Associated with Visceral Adiposity Leads to Insulin Resistance: The Core Defect in Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Unnati Jain, Priyanka Srivastava, Ashwani Sharma, Subrata Sinha, Surabhi Johari","doi":"10.2174/0115733998265915231116043813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733998265915231116043813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Central nervous system (CNS) is the prime regulator of signaling pathways whose function includes regulation of food intake (consumption), energy expenditure, and other metabolic responses like glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and thermogenesis that have been implicated in chronic inflammatory disorders. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity are two metabolic disorders that are linked together and have become an epidemic worldwide, thus raising significant public health concerns. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine hormone with pleiotropic metabolic effects that increase insulin sensitivity and energy expenditure by elevating thermogenesis in brown or beige adipocytes, thus reducing body weight and sugar intake. In contrast, during starvation conditions, FGF21 induces its expression in the liver to initiate glucose homeostasis. Insulin resistance is one of the main anomalies caused by impaired FGF21 signaling, which also causes abnormal regulation of other signaling pathways. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), the cytokine released by adipocytes and inflammatory cells in response to chronic inflammation, is regarded major factor that reduces the expression of FGF21 and modulates underlying insulin resistance that causes imbalanced glucose homeostasis. This review aims to shed light on the mechanisms underlying the development of insulin resistance in obese individuals as well as the fundamental flaw in type 2 diabetes, which is malfunctioning obese adipose tissue.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140864331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phloridzin's Diabetic Wound Healing Potential through DPP-4 Enzyme Inhibition: A Review Article.","authors":"Khushi Sharma, Vadivelan Ramachandran, Ashutosh Sharma, Tharani Mohanasundaram, Harshini Mageshkumar","doi":"10.2174/0115733998291941240416053855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733998291941240416053855","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetic wound healing is a dynamic medical process that takes place in an environment within the body that is complex and contains elevated sugar levels, oxygen deprivation, and cellular oxidative stress. Phloridzin (Phlorizin) is one of the most well-known polyphenols found in apples because of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic, and antiseptic properties; it can also play a significant part in the healing of diabetic wounds. The study aimed to investigate the role of phloridzin as an efficient DPP-4 inhibitor with additional therapeutic effects in diabetic wound healing, as Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) expression increases in response to increases in glucose, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), and inflammation. Phloridzin inhibiting DPP-4 preserves Stromal cell-derived Factor-1α (SDF-1α), Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF), and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1), which are possible DPP-4 substrates involved in wound healing. The accessible material from systemic searches in PubMed, Scopus, and published articles was reviewed with no period of limitation. The in silico study showed strong binding of phloridzin with DPP-4 protein (2P8S); also, in vitro DPP-4 inhibition assay has shown better inhibition by phloridzin. This study offers new research directions for examining phloridzin's capacity to withstand oxidative stress, as well as for redefining its tactical function as a powerful DPP-4 inhibitor to regulate the process involved in the healing of diabetic wounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140855955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probiotic Supplementation during Pregnancy: Evaluating the Current Clinical Evidence Against Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Eleni Pavlidou, Olga Alexatou, Gerasimos Tsourouflis, Georgios Antasouras, Sousana K Papadopoulou, Dimitrios Papandreou, Anastasia Sampani, Constantinos Giaginis","doi":"10.2174/0115733998284749240417052006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733998284749240417052006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) constitutes a common metabolic disorder that could lead to deleterious short- and long-term complications in both the mother and her infant. Probiotic supplementation seems to exert diverse, healthy effects by acting as a preventive agent against various human diseases, including GDM.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of the current narrative review was to critically summarize and scrutinize the available clinical studies during the last 15 years (2008-2023) concerning the use of probiotic supplementation during pregnancy as a protecting agent against GDM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A thorough and in-depth search was performed in the most accurate scientific databases, e.g., PubMed., Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar applying effective, and relevant keywords.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There are currently some clinical studies suggesting the potential beneficial impact of probiotic supplementation in the prevention and/or co-treatment of GDM. Nevertheless, there is a high heterogeneity amongst the available clinical studies concerning the dosage, the administration duration, the probiotic species types, the method designs and protocols, and the study populations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Probiotic supplementation at conventional dosages and in combination with a balanced healthy diet, and lifestyle seems to reduce the the risk of developing GDM, while ameliorating the severity of its symptoms. Further clinical studies taking into account the above considerations should be performed to establish conclusive results, while the future meta-analyses should include studies with the feasibly lowest heterogeneity.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140851913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technology for the Management of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Saudi Arabia and MENA Region: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Ayman Al Hayek, Mohamed A Al Dawish","doi":"10.2174/0115733998295755240416060913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733998295755240416060913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetes technology in the form of digital health or medical devices holds a promise for improving the quality of life and glycemic outcomes. A comprehensive insight into diabetes technology and its impact in Saudi Arabia and the MENA region may improve type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) management.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to assess the impact of different DM-specific technologies: insulin pump therapy, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and automated insulin delivery system in terms of glycemic control and QoL among T1DM patients in Saudi Arabia and the MENA region.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed and Scopus from 2005 until August 2023. The search was based on the PICO strategy, focusing on T1DM patients, diabetes technology, and QoL. The inclusion criteria were studies illustrating the effect of diabetes technologies on glycemic control or quality of life or both among T1DM patients. Systematic reviews, books, letters, or studies, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, were excluded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 101 articles, eighteen studies were duplicated, and thirty-three studies were excluded after reading the title and abstract. Of the 50 articles analyzed, twenty-five articles did not meet the inclusion criteria. Therefore, 25 articles involving a total of 3088 participants were enrolled in the study. It was shown that a continuous glucose monitoring system and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion improved the glycemic control and the QoL of T1DM patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There was a positive impact of insulin pumps, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems, and telemedicine in achieving optimal glucose control and better QoL. Further studies are recommended to clarify the significant role of advanced diabetes technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140852022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Scoping Review of GIS Mapping of Type 1 Diabetes in Children: Identifying Current Gaps and Future Research Directions Using PRISMA-ScR.","authors":"Demi Miriam, Navendu Chaudhary, Sushil Yewale, Anuradha Khadilkar","doi":"10.2174/0115733998288125240402052930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733998288125240402052930","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Type 1 Diabetes poses a significant public health threat, especially in low-and-middle countries, where resources are limited. The use of geographical information systems in diabetes research has shown the potential to reveal several epidemiological risk factors.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This scoping review aimed to identify the scope and extent of the current literature and explore its limitations on the geographical mapping of children with type 1 diabetes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A scoping review was conducted using five electronic databases and included studies published between the years 2000 and 2023. The search terms included: \"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus\", \"GIS mapping\", \"Juvenile Onset Diabetes Mellitus\", \"Spatial Epidemiology\", \"Spatial Clustering\", \"Spatial analysis\", and \"Geographic information system\". Relevant full-text articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected for review.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The search identified 17 studies that met the criteria for inclusion in the review. More than half the studies were conducted before 2015 (n=11; 61%). All studies were conducted in High-Income Countries. More than 10 articles studied environmental factors, 3 of them focused on the environment, 6 of them included sociodemographic factors, and 1 study incorporated nutrition (as a variable) in environmental factors. 2 studies focused on the accessibility of health services by pediatric patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Studies on type 1 diabetes highlight the complex relationship between incidence and risk, suggesting comprehensive prevention and treatment. Geographical mapping has potential in low- and middle-income nations, but further research is needed to develop innovative strategies. The importance of geomappping in understanding the risk factors for Type 1 Diabetes is highlighted in this scoping review, which also suggests a possible direction for focused interventions, particularly in settings with low resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140848440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Anti-VEGF Drugs for the Management of Diabetic Retinopathy: An Overview.","authors":"Aman Khandelwal, K. Gowthamarajan, Jayabalan Nirmal, S. Ponnusankar","doi":"10.2174/0115733998294968240405091023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733998294968240405091023","url":null,"abstract":"The discovery of antivascular endothelial growth factor medications has resulted in a substantial change in diabetic retinopathy treatment. The most common cause of diabetic retinopathy blindness is Diabetic Macular Edema. The pathophysiology of Diabetic Macular Edema is thought to include the well-known pro-angiogenic and pro-permeability factor vascular endothelial growth factor. Over the past decade, drugs that impede the functions of vascular endothelial growth factors have established themselves as a standard-of-care treatment for a range of ocular ailments and improved patients' clinical results with diabetic retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema, and their frequency has grown exponentially with the introduction of these agents Pegaptanib, Ranibizumab, and Aflibercept which are approved for ophthalmic indications, while Bevacizumab is used off-label. These medications delivered intravitreally have halted the vascular development of diabetic retinopathy. Various randomized trials have proven that antivascular endothelial growth factor medication is safe and effective in preserving vision. Following an extensive period of preclinical development aimed at enhancing and defining its biological impacts, these drugs were shown in clinical trials to be effective in treating diabetic retinopathy and other ophthalmic conditions. Data from various sources suggest that Pegaptanib, Ranibizumab, and Aflibercept are costly, while Bevacizumab is cost-effective, and in low and middle-income nations, it is thus a desirable therapy choice. However, issues with compounding, counterfeiting, and off-label usage restrict its availability in many nations. The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse effects, and contraindications of antivascular endothelial growth factor agents are discussed, and the results of clinical trials evaluating their efficacy are summarized.","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140696411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review on GLP-1 Signaling Pathways in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus - Focus on the Potential Role of GLP-1 Receptors Agonists and Selenium Among Various Organ Systems.","authors":"Ghinwa M Barakat, Ghaith Assi, Hussein Khalil, Sami El Khatib","doi":"10.2174/0115733998287178240403055901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733998287178240403055901","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes Mellitus develops when the body becomes unable to fuel its cells with glucose, which results in the accumulation of sugar excess in the bloodstream. Because it has diverse pathophysiological impacts on the body, diabetes mellitus represents a significant issue of concern in an attempt to find suitable treatment modalities and medications for afflicted diabetic patients. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) plays a pivotal role in the incretin effect, emerging as a prospective treatment for diabetes mellitus and a promising means of regenerating pancreatic cells, whether directly or through its receptor agonists. It has been shown that GLP-1 efficiently increases insulin production, lowers blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and decreases appetite, craving, and hunger, therefore amplifying the sensation of fullness and satiety. Moreover, since they are all dependent on GLP-1 effect, intricate signaling pathways share some similarities during specific phases, although the pathways continue to exhibit significant divergence engendered by specific reactions and effects in each organ, which encompasses the rationale behind observed differences. This triggers an expanding range of GLP-1 R agonists, creating new unforeseen research and therapeutic application prospects. This review aims to explain the incretin effect, discuss how GLP-1 regulates blood glucose levels, and how it affects different body organs, as well as how it transmits signals, before introducing selenium's role in the incretin impact.","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140697601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conceptual Overview of Prevalence of Prediabetes.","authors":"Monika, Pragi Arora, Varun Kumar, Pankaj Popli","doi":"10.2174/0115733998285294240307052909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733998285294240307052909","url":null,"abstract":"Prediabetes increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, chronic renal disease, and cardiovascular disease in a person. In current practice, five alternative definitions of prediabetes are utilized, each based on different HbA1C, fasting glucose, and 2-hour glucose cut points. Prediabetes is a common condition that occurs between normal glycemia and diabetes. It is more common in elderly and obese people. The prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes can be influenced by a variety of individual, family, and societal variables. Additionally, as diabetes is the primary contributor to non-communicable diseases (NCD), it is crucial to identify the key temporal variables for diabetes early diagnosis. In turn, effective prediabetes and diabetes awareness, control, and preventive programs may be created by policymakers and public health professionals worldwide. Popular pathogenic pathways in prediabetes include insulin resistance, inflammation, and sensitivity to insulin. HBA1C, OGTT, and FPG are discussed as the diagnostic criteria in order of frequency. The most commonly researched therapies in the realm of prediabetes are metformin, exercise, and physical activity. Physiological markers including BMI, blood pressure, and waist circumference prompted relatively significant concern. Despite declining trends, the study demonstrates that prediabetes and diabetes are widely prevalent. In order to prevent non-communicable illnesses, the research suggests encouraging healthy lifestyles and regular screenings.","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140747938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interferon Upregulation Associates with Insulin Resistance in Humans.","authors":"Maria M Adeva-Andany, Natalia Carneiro-Freire, Elvira Castro-Quintela, Eva Ameneiros-Rodriguez, Lucia Adeva-Contreras, Carlos Fernandez-Fernandez","doi":"10.2174/0115733998294022240309105112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733998294022240309105112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In humans, insulin resistance is a physiological response to infections developed to supply sufficient energy to the activated immune system. This metabolic adaptation facilitates the immune response but usually persists after the recovery period of the infection and predisposes the hosts to type 2 diabetes and vascular injury. In patients with diabetes, superimposed insulin resistance worsens metabolic control and promotes diabetic ketoacidosis. Pathogenic mechanisms underlying insulin resistance during microbial invasions remain to be fully defined. However, interferons cause insulin resistance in healthy subjects and other population groups, and their production is increased during infections, suggesting that this group of molecules may contribute to reduced insulin sensitivity. In agreement with this notion, gene expression profiles [transcriptomes] from patients with insulin resistance show a robust overexpression of interferon-stimulated genes [interferon signature]. In addition, serum levels of interferon and surrogates for interferon activity are elevated in patients with insulin resistance. Circulating levels of interferon-γ-inducible protein-10, neopterin, and apolipoprotein L1 correlate with insulin resistance manifestations, such as hypertriglyceridemia, reduced HDL-c, visceral fat, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance. Furthermore, interferon downregulation improves insulin resistance. Antimalarials such as hydroxychloroquine reduce interferon production and improve insulin resistance, reducing the risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In addition, diverse clinical conditions that feature interferon upregulation are associated with insulin resistance, suggesting that interferon may be a common factor promoting this adaptive response. Among these conditions are systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, and infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140157757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}