Current diabetes reviews最新文献

{"title":"Diabetic Retinopathy-A Review.","authors":"D S Pushparani, J Varalakshmi, K Roobini, P Hamshapriya, A Livitha","doi":"10.2174/0115733998296228240521151050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733998296228240521151050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetic Retinopathy is a vascular microvascular disease also called diabetic eye disease caused by microangiopathy leading to progressive damage of the retina and blindness. The uncontrolled blood glycemic level or sugar level results in diabetic retinopathy. There are two stages of diabetic retinopathy: proliferative diabetic retinopathy and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Symptoms of diabetic retinopathy often have no early warning signs, even muscular edema, which can cause rapid vision loss. Macular edema in which the blood vessels leak can also occur at any stage of diabetic retinopathy. Symptoms are darkened or distorted images and blurred vision that are not the same in both eyes. This review study primarily discusses the pathophysiology, genetics, and ALR, AGEs, VEGF, EPO, and eNOS involved in diabetic retinopathy. The longer a person has diabetes, the higher their risk of developing some ocular problems. During pregnancy, diabetic retinopathy may also be a problem for women with diabetes. NIH are recommends that all pregnant women with diabetes have an overall eye examination. Diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy is made during an eye examination that comprises ophthalmoscopy or fundus photography, and glow-in angiography for Fundus. Here, we present a review of the current insights into pathophysiology in diabetic retinopathy, as well as clinical treatments for diabetic retinopathy patients. Novel laboratory findings and related clinical trials are also analysed.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141237391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comorbidity of Depression and Diabetes: A Literature Review on Systemic Flaws in Healthcare and the Benefits of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment in Primary Care Settings.","authors":"Pranay Wal, Pankaj Kumar, Harsh Bhardwaj, Komal Sharma, Arpan Kumar Tripathi, Arpit Gupta, Ankita Wal, Mukesh Chandra Sharma","doi":"10.2174/0115733998288090240509105717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733998288090240509105717","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The increasing specialization and dispersion of healthcare systems have led to a shortage of resources to address comorbidities. Patients with coexisting mental and physical conditions are disadvantaged, as medical providers often only focus on the patient's mental illness while neglecting their physical needs, resulting in poorer health outcomes.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to shed light on the systemic flaws in healthcare systems that contribute to suboptimal health outcomes in individuals with comorbid diseases, including depression and diabetes. This paper also discusses the clinical and economic benefits of collaborative methods for diagnosing and treating depressive disorders in primary care settings.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive literature review of the relationship between depression and diabetes was conducted. The outcomes of the literature review were carefully analyzed. Several databases were searched using keywords such as \"diabetes,\" \"depression,\" \"comorbidity,\" \"prevalence,\" \"epidemiology,\" and \"risk factors\" using Google Scholar and PubMed as search engines. The review and research papers written between 1961 and 2023 were our main focus.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study revealed improved depressive symptoms and better blood sugar and blood pressure control. Additionally, individuals with comorbid depression and diabetes have higher direct and secondary medical costs. Antidepressants and psychological interventions are equally effective in treating depressive symptoms in patients with diabetes, although they have conflicting effects on glycemic control. For individuals with comorbid diabetes and depression, clear care pathways, including a multidisciplinary team, are essential for achieving the best medical and mental health outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Coordinated healthcare solutions are necessary to reduce the burden of illness and improve therapeutic outcomes. Numerous pathophysiological mechanisms interact with one another and may support the comorbidities of T2DM, and depressive disorders could exacerbate the course of both diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141154787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in SARS CoV-2 Patients.","authors":"Shweta Chahal, Rojin G Raj, Ranjeet Kumar","doi":"10.2174/0115733998290807240522045553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733998290807240522045553","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent studies have found that a link between people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are at higher risk of morbidity as well as mortality from COVID-19 infection, indicating a need for vaccination. T1DM appears to impair innate and adaptive immunity. The overabundance of pro-inflammatory cytokines produced in COVID-19 illness that is severe and potentially fatal is known as a \"cytokine storm.\" Numerous cohorts have revealed chronic inflammation as a key risk factor for unfavorable COVID-19 outcomes. TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1a, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, and other cytokines were found in higher concentrations in patients with T1DM. Even more importantly, oxidative stress contributes significantly to the severity and course of COVID- 19's significant role in the progression and severity of COVID-19 diseases. Severe glucose excursions, a defining characteristic of type 1 diabetes, are widely recognized for their potent role as mediating agents of oxidative stress via several routes, such as heightened production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and activation of protein kinase C (PKC). Furthermore, persistent endothelial dysfunction and hypercoagulation found in T1DM may impair microcirculation and endothelium, which could result in the development of various organ failure and acute breathing syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141154791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment for Diabetic Neuropathy: Treatment and Neurobiological Perspective.","authors":"Bhanupriya Bhrigu, Shikha Sharma, Nitin Kumar, Bimal Krishna Banik","doi":"10.2174/0115733998290606240521113832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733998290606240521113832","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetic neuropathy, also known as diabetic peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy (DPN), is a consequential complexity of diabetes, alongside diabetic nephropathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and diabetic retinopathy. It is characterized by signs and symptoms of peripheral nerve damage in diabetes patients after ruling out other causes. Approximately 20% of people with diabetes are affected by this painful and severe condition. The development of diabetic neuropathy is influenced by factors such as impaired blood flow to the peripheral nerves and metabolic issues, including increased polyol pathway activation, myo-inositol loss, and nonenzymatic glycation. The present review article provides a brief overview of the pathological changes in diabetic neuropathy and the mechanisms and types of DPN. Various diagnostic tests and biomarkers are available to assess nerve damage and its severity. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in diabetic neuropathy is complex. This review will explore current treatment options and potential future developments to improve the quality of life for patients suffering from diabetic neuropathy.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141154785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering Diabetic Foot Wounds: A Comprehensive Review on Classification, Multidrug Resistance, Microbial Insights, Management & Treatment Strategies, and Advanced Diagnostic Tools.","authors":"Susan Silvia N, Mahalakshmi Velrajan","doi":"10.2174/0115733998287694240514110935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733998287694240514110935","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetic foot wounds and infections pose a significant and evolving challenge in diabetes care. Diabetic wound healing has become a major global concern for a very long time. Continuous research has been conducted to increase the healing process in diabetic ulcers to the rate of amputation. Wound healing is prolonged in diabetic patients due to various conditions, such as high glucose levels, neuropathy, poor blood circulation, and prolonged inflammation around the limbs, which causes the healing to be delayed compared to normal patients. Understanding the complexity of chronic foot wounds and the management and proper treatment would lead to a decrease in the risk of amputation. The medical team all over the world is constantly researching to lower the risk. This review paper offers a compelling journey through the multifaceted world of diabetic foot wounds and infections. It underscores the urgency of understanding classification, tackling multidrug resistance, and harnessing microbial insights to revolutionize the treatment and management of diabetic foot complications. Furthermore, it unveils state-of-the-art diagnostics, heralding a brighter future in the battle against this debilitating complication of diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141154789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles with Anti-diabetic Properties. A Systematic Review.","authors":"Alejandra Loyola-Leyva, Karen Hernández-Vidales, Jaime Ruiz-García, Juan Pablo Loyola-Rodríguez","doi":"10.2174/0115733998306451240425135229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733998306451240425135229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Plants are used in medicine because they are low-cost, widely available, and have few side effects (compared to pharmacological treatment). Plants have phytocompounds with antidiabetic properties that can be delivered using nanoparticles (NPs).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the antidiabetic properties of green synthesized NPs (GSNPs) and their characterization methods.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three databases were searched using the terms \"type 2 diabetes mellitus,\" \"antidiabetic effects,\" \"phytochemicals,\" \"plants,\" and \"nanoparticles.\" Studies describing the antidiabetic effects (in vitro or animal models) of NPs synthesized by plant extracts and characterizing them through UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and DLS were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>16 studies were included. In vitro studies reported enzyme inhibition values between 11% (H. polyrhizus) and 100% (A. concinna) for alfa-amylase and between 41.1% (M. zapota) and 100% (A. concinna) for alfa-glucosidase. Animal studies with Wistar Albino rats having diabetes (induced by alloxan or streptozotocin) reported improved blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL after treatment with GSNPs. Regarding characterization, NP sizes were measured with DLS (25-181.5 nm), SEM (52.1-91 nm), and TEM (8.7-40.6 nm). The surface charge was analyzed with zeta potential (-30.7 to -2.9 mV). UV-Vis spectroscopy was employed to confirm the formations of AgNPs (360-460 nm), AuNPs (524-540 nm), and ZnONPs (300-400 nm), and FTIR was used to identify plant extract functional groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>GSNP characterization (shape, size, zeta potential, and others) is essential to know the viability and stability, which are important to achieve health benefits for biomedical applications. Studies reported good enzyme inhibition percentages in in vitro studies, decreasing blood glucose levels and improving lipid profiles in animal models with diabetes. However, these studies had limitations in the methodology and potential risk of bias, so results need careful interpretation.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141080601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modern-Day Therapeutics and Ongoing Clinical Trials against Type 2\u0000Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review","authors":"R. Tiwari, Afza Ahmad, Muskan Chadha, Kingshuk Saha, Harshita Verma, Kalpojit Borgohain, Ratnakar Shukla","doi":"10.2174/0115733998294919240506044544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733998294919240506044544","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a global health concern that affects millions of\u0000people globally. The present review aims to narrate the clinical guidelines and therapeutic interventions\u0000for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients. Furthermore, the present work\u0000summarizes the ongoing phase 1/2/3 and clinical trials against T2DM.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A meticulous and comprehensive literature review was performed using various databases,\u0000such as PubMed, MEDLINE, Clinical trials database (https://clinicaltrials.gov/), and\u0000Google Scholar, to include various clinical trials and therapeutic interventions against T2DM.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Based on our findings, we concluded that most T2DM-associated clinical trials are interventional.\u0000Anti-diabetic therapeutics, including insulin, metformin, Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4\u0000(DPP-4) inhibitors, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1RAs), and Sodium-\u0000Glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are frontline therapeutics being clinically investigated.\u0000Currently, the therapeutics in phase IV clinical trials are mostly SGLT-2 inhibitors, implicating\u0000their critical contribution to the clinical management of T2DM.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Despite the success of T2DM treatments, a surge in innovative treatment options\u0000to reduce diabetic consequences and improve glycemic control is currently ongoing. More emphasis\u0000needs to be on exploring novel targeted drug candidates that can offer more sustained\u0000glycemic control.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140962147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the Ties: Type 2 Diabetes and Parkinson's Disease - A Nano-Based Targeted Drug Delivery Approach.","authors":"Sourav De, Sabyasachi Banerjee, Pallabita Rakshit, Subhasis Banerjee, S K Ashok Kumar","doi":"10.2174/0115733998291968240429111357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733998291968240429111357","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The link between Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) and Parkinson's Disease (PD) dates back to the early 1960s, and ongoing research is exploring this association. PD is linked to dysregulation of dopaminergic pathways, neuroinflammation, decreased PPAR-γ coactivator 1-α, increased phosphoprotein enriched in diabetes, and accelerated α-Syn amyloid fibril production caused by T2DM. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the T2DM-PD association and risk factors for PD in T2DM individuals. The study reviews existing literature using reputable sources like Scopus, ScienceDirect, and PubMed, revealing a significant association between T2DM and worsened PD symptoms. Genetic profiles of T2DM-PD individuals show similarities, and potential risk factors include insulin-resistance and dysbiosis of the gut-brain microbiome. Anti-diabetic drugs exhibit neuroprotective effects in PD, and nanoscale delivery systems like exosomes, micelles, and liposomes show promise in enhancing drug efficacy by crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). Brain targeting for PD uses exosomes, micelles, liposomes, dendrimers, solid lipid nanoparticles, nano-sized polymers, and niosomes to improve medication and gene therapy efficacy. Surface modification of nanocarriers with bioactive compounds (such as angiopep, lactoferrin, and OX26) enhances α-Syn conjugation and BBB permeability. Natural exosomes, though limited, hold potential for investigating DM-PD pathways in clinical research. The study delves into the underlying mechanisms of T2DM and PD and explores current therapeutic approaches in the field of nano-based targeted drug delivery. Emphasis is placed on resolved and ongoing issues in understanding and managing both conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140921760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell Therapies and Gene Therapy for Diabetes: Current Progress.","authors":"Leila Ghassemifard, Masumeh Hasanlu, Negin Parsamanesh, Stephen L Atkin, Wael Almahmeed, Amirhossein Sahebkar","doi":"10.2174/0115733998292392240425122326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733998292392240425122326","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The epidemic of diabetes continues to be an increasing problem, and there is a need for new therapeutic strategies. There are several promising drugs and molecules in synthetic medicinal chemistry that are developing for diabetes. In addition to this approach, extensive studies with gene and cell therapies are being conducted. Gene therapy is an existing approach in treating several diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, heart disease and diabetes. Several reports have also suggested that stem cells have the differentiation capability to functional pancreatic beta cell development in vitro and in vivo, with the utility to treat diabetes and prevent the progression of diabetes-related complications. In this current review, we have focused on the different types of cell therapies and vector-based gene therapy in treating or preventing diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140921759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus-Associated Complications.","authors":"Dharmendra Pradhan, Prafulla Kumar Sahu, Sukumar Purohit, Santosh Kumar Ranajit, Biswajeet Acharya, Shreya Sangam, Amit Kumar Shrivastava","doi":"10.2174/0115733998291870240408043837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733998291870240408043837","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is an alarming health concern, affecting approximately 537 million people worldwide. As a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, DM demands a comprehensive understanding of its diverse pathophysiological mechanisms and disease progression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This traditional review has consolidated literature on the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia, its progression into complications, and advances in optimal treatment strategies. The literature in the last two decades has been reviewed using several keywords, including \"diabetes,\" \"diabetes-associated complications\", \"novel therapeutic interventions for diabetes-associated diseases\", \"phyto-extracts as antidiabetic drugs\", etc. in prominent databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We have discussed macrovascular and microvascular complications, such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD), stroke, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy, as well as various pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions that are currently available for the management of DM. We have also focused on the potential of natural products in targeting molecular mechanisms involved in carbohydrate metabolism, insulin production, repair of pancreatic cells, and reduction of oxidative stress, thereby contributing to their antidiabetic activity. Additionally, novel therapeutic approaches, like genetic, stem cell, and immunomodulatory therapies, have been explored. We have also discussed the benefits and limitations of each intervention, emerging research and technologies, and precision medicine interventions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review has emphasized the need for an improved understanding of these advancements, which is essential to enhance clinicians' ability to identify the most effective therapeutic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140874539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}