Current diabetes reviews最新文献

{"title":"Advances in the Management of Diabetes and Overweight using Incretin-based Pharmacotherapies.","authors":"Shatrudhan Prajapati","doi":"10.2174/0115733998256797231009062744","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998256797231009062744","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Throughout the previous three decades, the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 hormone has attracted much attention to attain possible therapy goals for the treatment of both hypoglycaemic along type II diabetes militates and overweight. The pharmaceutical generation of peptides similar to hypoglycaemia-based medicines is exemplified by agonists of the GLP- 1R (Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors). Pharmacokinetic profiles are continuously being improved, beginning with the native hormone with a two- to three-minute quarter and progressing through growth every day with once-drug combinations. Due to contradictory data that indicate stimulation or inhibition of the Glucagon-like peptide receptor, the Glucose-dependent insulin tropic peptide receptor offers favorable effects on systemic metabolism. The recent Glp-1R (Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor-) targeting monomolecular drugs has demonstrated therapeutic effectiveness and has stoked interest in Glucose-dependent insulin tropic polypeptide antagonism as a treatment for overweight and diabetes mellitus. These drugs have been shown to dramatically improve carbohydrates with body weight management in sick people who have obesity and type II diabetes mellitus. In this study, recent breakthroughs in compelling therapeutic interventions are discussed, and the biology and pharmacology of the glucose-like peptide are reviewed.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e131123223544"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92153097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between Gut Microbiota Compositions with MicrovascularComplications in Individuals with Diabetes: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Motahareh Hasani, Zahra Asadi Pilerud, Atefe Kami, Amir Abbas Vaezi, Sahar Sobhani, Hanieh-Sadat Ejtahed, Mostafa Qorbani","doi":"10.2174/0115733998280396231212114345","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998280396231212114345","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetes is one of the chronic and very complex diseases that can lead to microvascular complications. Recent evidence demonstrates that dysbiosis of the microbiota composition might result in low-grade, local, and systemic inflammation, which contributes directly to the development of diabetes mellitus and its microvascular consequences.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the association between diabetes microvascular complications, including retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and gut microbiota composition.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search was carried out in PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science from database inception to March 2023. Screening, data extraction, and quality assessment were performed by two independent authors. The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was used for quality assessment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>About 19 articles were selected from 590 retrieved articles. Among the included studies, nephropathy has been studied more than other complications of diabetes, showing that the composition of the healthy microbiota is changed, and large quantities of uremic solutes that cause kidney injury are produced by gut microbes. Phyla, including Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria, accounted for the majority of the variation in gut microbiota between Type 2 diabetic patients with and without neuropathy. In cases with retinopathy, an increase in pathogenic and proinflammatory bacteria was observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results revealed that increases in Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria may be associated with the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. In view of the detrimental role of intestinal dysbiosis in the development of diabetes-related complications, gut microbiota assessment may be used as a biomarker in the future and interventions that modulate the composition of microbiota in individuals with diabetes can be used to prevent and control these complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e240124226068"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139563930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diabetic Retinopathy Leading to Blindness- A Review.","authors":"Amandeep Kaur, Ranjeet Kumar, Amit Sharma","doi":"10.2174/0115733998274599231109034741","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998274599231109034741","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes that damages the retina, leading to blindness. People with type 1 diabetes are at greater risk of developing DR than people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy may be divided into two primary categories: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). There are multiple risk factors for the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy, such as hypertension, obesity, smoking, duration of diabetes, and genetics. Numerous investigations have evaluated the levels of a wide range of inflammatory chemokines within DR patients' serum, vitreous, and aqueous fluids. In diabetic retinopathy, the vitreous fluid exhibited rises in angiogenic factors like platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or declines in antiangiogenic factors like pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF). For prevention of diabetic retinopathy, more physical activity as well as less sedentary behavior were linked to a reduced likelihood of DR. Supplementing with nutraceuticals containing vitamins (B1, B2, B6, B12, C, D, E, and l-methyl folate) and mineral (zinc) can help decrease or avoid an outbreak of DR. Only laser photocoagulation and Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (Anti-VEGF) injections are advised as favorable therapies in severe retinopathy. When it comes to treating DR's VEGF levels, inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has an excellent future.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e240124225997"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139563933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum Gamma Glutamyl Transferase: Understanding its Contribution as a Potential Predictor of the Occurrence of Type 2 Diabetes.","authors":"Sristi Anupam, Simran Goel, Karun Bhatti, Dinesh Kumar Mehta, Rina Das","doi":"10.2174/0115733998260996231122054907","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998260996231122054907","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The liver and kidneys are the primary locations of the glutathione metabolism enzyme gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). The two main factors contributing to an increase are hepatic illnesses and excessive alcohol use. This study set out to test a theory on the predictive importance of the association between GGT and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. (T2DM).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In order to do this, we combed through PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline, and Science Direct for a wide range of information from previous studies. Attributes were established at the outset and compared to GGT concentration.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>GGT, present in most cells, absorbs glutathione for intracellular antioxidant defences. This study links GGT to hepatic enzymes including HDL, LDL, and triglyceride. LDL, triglycerides, AST, and ALT increased with GGT concentration, but LDL decreased. Because of obesity, GGT production rises with BMI. We found that greater GGT levels were associated with more T2DM after analysing data from multiple sources.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This literature review concludes that GGT is related to other factors such as BMI, HDL, AST, and triglycerides in the development of diabetes mellitus. Serum GGT was found to be a potential predictor of metabolic syndrome and T2DM.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e240124226080"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139563946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of Different Risk Factors in Relation to Hyperlipidemia Using Framingham Risk Score and Cholesterol Risk Score in a Tertiary Care Hospital.","authors":"Abrar Ahmad Zargar, Ranjeet Kumar, Amit Sharma","doi":"10.2174/0115733998284967240412104822","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998284967240412104822","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A condition that affects the circulatory system of the human body is referred to as a cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are responsible for a significant number of fatalities globally. Annually, CVDs result in the demise of 17.9 million people, which accounts for 31% of all fatalities on a global scale.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of the study was to assess the demographic profile of diabetic and nondiabetic patients suffering from cardiovascular disease. The aim of the study is to predict risk factors in relation to hyperlipidaemia using two different scales, the Framingham Risk Scale (FRS) and the Cholesterol Risk Calculator (CRC), and to determine the frequency of hypercholesterolemia in relation to CVD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted in Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Punjab, India.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of patients was found to be M= (51.23), SD= (9.348) years, and among 331 patients (52.6%) were female patients. The mean of Framingham Risk Score was found to be (29.07%). The Framingham Risk Score was found significant with gender and calorie intake below the recommended dietary allowances of the patient (p=0.001). The Framingham Risk Score was found significant with physical activity and employment status of the patients (p= 0.001). In linear regression, the Framingham Risk Score was found significant with the lipid profile of the patients (p=0.001) i.e., the higher the value of cholesterol level, the higher the Framingham Risk Score. The chi-square test showed a significant relation between Cholesterol Risk Score and employment status, physical activity, calorie intake, gender, and occupation of the patients (p=0.001, p=0.001, p=0.001, p=0.004) respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study demonstrated that patients with high Framingham risk score and cholesterol risk score are at increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The present study concludes that the FRS is higher in patients below RDA, patients doing low physical activity, and sedentary workers. In order to provide proper assistance and counselling, healthcare professionals must continuously analyze each patient's risk factor for CVD and barriers to healthy and preventive behaviors. There is a lack of comprehensive studies comparing the effectiveness of the Framingham Risk Score and Cholesterol Risk Score in predicting hyperlipidemia and associated cardiovascular risks within the context of a tertiary care hospital setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e100724231817"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141579167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence, Incidence and Factors Associated with Diabetic Foot in People with Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Maria de Jesus Nascimento de Aquino, Ana Célia Caetano de Souza, José Wicto Pereira Borges, Francisca Diana da Silva Negreiros, Marilia de Sousa Gonçalves, Polyanna Maria Oliveira Martins, Thereza Maria Magalhães Moreira","doi":"10.2174/1573399819666230407093450","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1573399819666230407093450","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetic Foot is a severe chronic complication of diabetes and an important factor in the morbidity of diabetic people, resulting in high health costs and increased risk of death.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To analyze the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors associated with diabetic foot in people with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Systematic literature review. Searches in MedLine via PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus CINAHL, and Cochrane Library databases were performed. Inclusion of 52 studies. The R program, Metan packages, was used to calculate the meta-analysis. Given the heterogeneity of studies, the random effect was used to calculate the meta-analysis of risk factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The meta-analysis showed that the prevalence of diabetic foot was 14% in a hospital setting and 5% in a community setting. The overall prevalence and incidence were 9% and 4%, respectively. Significant risk factors included time of DM (odds ratio [OR] =1.46, confidence interval [CI], 0.36-2.57, P = 0.009), smoking (OR = 1.46, CI, 1.16 -1.85, P< .001), glycated hemoglobin (OR = 0.96, CI, 0.50; 1.42, P< .001), peripheral arterial disease (OR = 3.38, CI, 2.07; 5.53, P < .001) and peripheral neuropathy (OR = 5.88, CI, 2.39-14.45, P<.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Multidisciplinary monitoring, educational strategies, periodic foot examination for alterations, and early identification of risk factors are essential to prevent ulceration and reduce the disease burden.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e070423215527"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9257511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Gut Microbiota Modification as a Next-Generation Therapy for Obesity and Diabetes.","authors":"Md Imran Hossain, Sajidur Rahman Akash, Md Omor Faruk, Sanjida Islam Mimi, Imtiaj Hossain Chowdhury, Md Shariful Islam, Md Mahbubol Alam, Md Sarafat Ali","doi":"10.2174/1573399820666230515115307","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1573399820666230515115307","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human body is a complex ecosystem that thrives on symbiosis. It is estimated that around 10^14 commensal microorganisms inhabit the human body, with the gut microbiota being one of the most diverse and complex populations of bacteria. This community is thought to comprise over a thousand different species that play a crucial role in the development of critical human diseases such as cancer, obesity, diabetes, mental depression, hypertension, and others. The gut microbiota has been identified as one of the most recent contributors to these metabolic disorders. With the emergence of inexpensive and high-performance sequence technology, our understanding of the function of the intestinal microbiome in host metabolism regulation and the development of (cardio) metabolic diseases has increased significantly. The symbiotic relationship between the gut microbiota and the host is essential for properly developing the human metabolic system. However, if this balance is disrupted by various factors such as infection, diet, exercise, sleep patterns, or exposure to antibiotics, it can lead to the development of various diseases in the body, including obesity and diabetes type 1 and 2. While many approaches and medications have been developed globally to treat these diseases, none have proven to be entirely effective, and many show side effects. Therefore, scientists believe that treating the gut microbiota using tried-and-true methods is the best option for combating obesity and diabetes. In this study, we aim to identify several feasible ways and prospects for gut microbiota therapy that can shape a new format for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e150523216913"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9475014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Rate of Insulin use and Suboptimal Glycemic Control among Egyptian Patients with T2DM: Cohort Analysis of Eighth Wave of the International Diabetes Management Practices Study (IDMPS).","authors":"Samir Helmy Assaad Khalil, Mohsen Khaled, Raafat Zakhary, Mark Shereen","doi":"10.2174/1573399820666230602100629","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1573399820666230602100629","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>The International Diabetes Management Practices Study (IDMPS) is an international annual survey aiming to study and characterize the current standards of care for managing DM in developing countries.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>In Egypt, DM represents a substantial burden on the healthcare system, with an estimated 10.9 million patients, ranking it 10th amongst countries with the highest prevalence of DM. Previous studies showed that to maintain safety and achieve treatment goals among diabetic patients, optimal insulin therapy should be selected individually based on the patient's needs. We reported the proportion of Egyptian T2DM patients on insulin therapy who participated in the eighth wave of the IDMPS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The 2018 IDMPS wave consisted of cross-sectional and longitudinal phases and aimed to evaluate the proportion of T2DM who were on insulin therapy in 13 countries from four regions. In Egypt, 17 physicians agreed to participate in the present study and were required to include at least one patient.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 180 T2DM patients were included in the cross-section phase. At the end of the ninth month of follow-up, data from 170 T2DM patients were available. A total of 39 T2DM patients (21.7%) were on insulin therapy, with a mean duration of 32.4 ± 36.6 months. More than half of the patients (n = 22; 56.4%) were on basal insulin, mainly long-acting (n = 20; 90.9%). The mean basal insulin daily dose was 0.3 ± 0.1 IU/Kg. Notably, 28.2% of the patients received insulin via vials, and 46.2% stated that they were adjusting the insulin dose by themselves. On the other hand, 60.2% of the study population was on oral antidiabetic drugs at the cross-sectional phase. Nearly 17.4% and 27% of the patients in the cross-sectional phase achieved the glycemic target per recommendations of international guidelines and the treating physicians, respectively. At the end of the longitudinal phase, the percentage of T2DM patients who achieved glycemic targets increased to 38.4% and 77.4% as per recommendations of international guidelines and the treating physicians, respectively. Overall, 38.3% of T2DM patients received diabetes education, and 28.9% were involved in an educational program provided by the physician or their clinical staff. Besides, 85.5% of T2DM patients followed their diabetes medication dosage and frequency strictly as prescribed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The proportion of insulin use in patients with T2DM aligned with the previous studies from different countries; however, it is still inadequate to achieve the targeted glycemic control. Nearly one-third of Egyptian patients received diabetes education, highlighting the need for adopting a national educational program. Nonetheless, the level of adherence among T2DM from Egypt appears to be high.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e020623217590"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10909816/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9560284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 1 (<i>SLC22A1</i>) Gene Polymorphism on Metformin Pharmacokinetics and HbA1c Levels: A Systematic Review.","authors":"A D Pradana, E Kristin, D A A Nugrahaningsih, A K Nugroho, R T Pinzon","doi":"10.2174/1573399820666230807145202","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1573399820666230807145202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 1 (<i>SLC22A1</i>, also known as OCT1) protein has a vital role in the metabolism of metformin, a first-line anti-diabetes medication. Genetic poly-morphism in <i>SLC22A1</i> influences individual response to metformin.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This review aims to compile the current knowledge about the effects of <i>SLC22A1</i> genetic polymorphism on metformin pharmacokinetics and HbA1c levels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We followed the PRISMA 2020 standards to conduct a systematic review. We searched the publications for all appropriate evidence on the effects of <i>SLC22A1</i> genetic polymorphism on metformin pharmacokinetics and HbA1c from January 2002 to December 2022.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Initial database searches identified 7,171 relevant studies. We reviewed 155 titles and abstracts after deleting duplicates. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 23 studies remained.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Three studies found that rs12208357, rs34059508, and G465R had a considerable impact (p &#60; 0.05) on metformin pharmacokinetics, resulting in increased metformin plasma (Cmax), a higher active amount of drug in the blood (AUC), and lower volume of distribution (Vd) (p&#60;0.05). <i>SLC22A1</i> polymorphisms with effects on HbA1c include rs628031 (four of seven studies), rs622342 (four of six studies), rs594709 (one study), rs2297374, and rs1867351 (one of two studies), rs34130495 (one study), and rs11212617 (one study) (p &#60; 0.05).</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e070823219470"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10008299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling Diabetes: Categories, Genetics, Diagnostics, Treatments, and Future Horizons.","authors":"Aftab Alam, Shivang Dhoundiyal, Niyaz Ahmad, G S N Koteswara Rao","doi":"10.2174/1573399820666230818092958","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1573399820666230818092958","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetes mellitus is a global epidemic affecting millions of individuals worldwide. This comprehensive review aims to provide a thorough understanding of the categorization, disease identity, genetic architecture, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetes. The categorization of diabetes is discussed, with a focus on type 1 and type 2 diabetes, as well as the lesser-known types, type 3 and type 4 diabetes. The geographical variation, age, gender, and ethnic differences in the prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes are explored. The impact of disease identity on disease management and the role of autoimmunity in diabetes are examined. The genetic architecture of diabetes, including the interplay between genotype and phenotype, is discussed to enhance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms. The importance of insulin injection sites and the insulin signalling pathway in diabetes management are highlighted. The diagnostic techniques for diabetes are reviewed, along with advancements for improved differentiation between types. Treatment and management approaches, including medications used in diabetes management are presented. Finally, future perspectives are discussed, emphasizing the need for further research and interventions to address the global burden of diabetes. This review serves as a valuable resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers, providing insights to develop targeted strategies for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of this complex disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e180823219972"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10019209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}