L. Vivekanandan, Prabha Thangavelu, Jagadeeswaran Murugesan, Hemalatha Selvaraj
{"title":"Role of Sapindus emarginatus Pericarp Extract in Gut Serotonin Level and its Emetic Activity in Animal Models","authors":"L. Vivekanandan, Prabha Thangavelu, Jagadeeswaran Murugesan, Hemalatha Selvaraj","doi":"10.2174/1573407219666230815121205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573407219666230815121205","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Emesis is a complexand distressing protective mechanism that helps to remove toxic substances from the stomach and prevent further ingestion. The emetics and cathartics are predominantly used for accidental and intentional ingestion of poisons or toxins. The availability and usage of emetics in humans are limited because of their side effects. Therefore, to treat poisoned people, we need effective medications. Sapindus emarginatus Vahl., often called soapnut, is a member of the Sapindaceae family. They have historically been used as emetic, antipruritic, laxative, antifertility, and anti-inflammatory medicines.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study aims to assess the gut serotonin level and emetic effect of Sapindus emarginatus hydroethanolic pericarp extract (HESE) by using animal models.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Gravimetric analysis was used to determine the HESE's saponin content. The emetic effect of the HESE at a dose of 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg was evaluated by copper sulfate-induced emesis in the chick model and cisplatin-induced emesis in the rat-pica model. The serotonin level in rat intestinal mucosa was measured by spectrofluorimetry.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000HESE was estimated to contain 11.92% saponin. The extract at high doses of 1000 and 2000 mg/kg showed emetic activity evidenced by increased frequency of retching in chick, increased kaolin intake, and anorexia in the rat-pica model. The extract showed a significant increase in serotonin levels in the proximal part of the small intestine in comparison with normal animals.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000According to the results of the current investigation, which employed various animal models, the HESE demonstrated appreciable emetic activity. The extract at a high dose showed a significant emetic effect due to increased serotonin levels in the gut. The HESE was discovered to be a strong contender for the treatment of poisoned patients. More research are required to validate their adverse effects of frequent usage.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10772,"journal":{"name":"Current Bioactive Compounds","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43003641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synthesis of New Glycosylamine Derivatives based on Carbohydrates","authors":"H. Jabbari","doi":"10.2174/1573407219666230810094657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573407219666230810094657","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Glycosylamine play an important role in living organisms. Most plants\u0000store their chemical resources in the form of inactive glycosides, which are broken down and\u0000converted into sugar in the body of herbivores by hydrolyzing enzymes. Glycosylamine are\u0000obtained from the secondary metabolism of plants and consist of two parts. One part of it contains\u0000sugar like glucose and is inactive in most substances, and has a good effect on the solubility of the\u0000glycosylamine derivatives and its absorption and even its transfer from one organ to another. The\u0000therapeutic effect is related to the second part, which is called aglycan (or aglucan). Glycosylamine\u0000derivatives form a large group of valuable medicinal substances, which at the same time include\u0000some of the most dangerous and toxic substances in nature. These substances are present in many\u0000groups of flowering plants. Glycosides are made in different ways in different metabolic pathways.\u0000These materials have a complex and special chemical structure and leave special effects on the\u0000human body. Glycosylamine derivatives are called O-glycosid, N-glycosid, S-glycosid in terms of\u0000atoms coupling to anomeric carbon. Carbohydrate esterification reaction to prepare new glycosylamine derivatives is one of the most important carbohydrate reactions. The anomeric position of\u0000carbohydrates with strong leaving groups is very important for the preparation of glycosides.\u0000Preparation of glycosylamine derivatives based on acetylated carbohydrates is the main purpose of this\u0000article. Different carbohydrates were acetylated under mild conditions and high yields. The anomeric\u0000position was deacetylated by a magnesium oxide heterogeneous catalyst in methanol solvent. In order\u0000to prepare new glycosides acetylated/ deacytylated carbohydrate reacted with N-Methyl-(naphtha-2-\u0000ylmethoxy)amine. The final product was identified by various spectroscopic methods.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Anhydrous sodium acetate (4 g) and α-D-glucose (28 mg, 5 g) were mixed. The mixture\u0000was transferred to a 200 ml Round-bottom flask . Acetic acid (260 mg, 25 ml) was added to the\u0000reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was heated in a boiling water bath for 2 h until complete\u0000dissolution of the glucose. Then 100 ml of ice was added. After 1 hour, White crystals formed and\u0000were washed with cold water. And then 1 mol of glucose pentaacetate per 50 ml of methanol was\u0000dissolved by a magnetic stirrer. After thatMgO (0.2gr) was added to the reaction mixture. The\u0000reaction mixture was refluxed at room temperature within 4-5 hours. After 5 hours, the solvent was\u0000removed and separated by chromatography. It is then washed with hexane and crystallized by etherhexane. And the final step reacted with N-Methyl- (naphtha-2-ylmethoxy) amine in order to prepare\u0000new glycosylamine derivatives.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Magnesium oxide in methanol solvent is one of the best effective catalysts in the\u0000deacetylation of the anomer position of acetylated carbohydrates. It is done under ambient temperature\u0000and in very easy","PeriodicalId":10772,"journal":{"name":"Current Bioactive Compounds","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41407933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Inefficiency of Low-concentration Curcumin Intervention in Ameliorating\u0000Chronic-stage Pulmonary Fibrosis","authors":"F. Muneesa M, Y. Bhandary","doi":"10.2174/1573407219666230810094839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573407219666230810094839","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Curcumin, a polyphenol compound, is reported to exhibit ameliorative\u0000effects in acute lung injury and different organ fibrosis models. We have previously demonstrated\u0000that curcumin, at a dose of 75 mg/kg, could modulate inflammatory mediators and fibrinolytic system proteins in the inflammatory stage as well as fibroproliferative stage in a mouse model of bleomycin (BLM) induced pulmonary fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of the same\u0000dose of curcumin in resolving the established fibrotic stage in a mouse model of BLM-induced\u0000pulmonary fibrosis.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000We prepared the fibrosis model by intranasal administration of BLM (2 mg/kg). Curcumin intervention was performed by intraperitoneal injection on 16th to 20th days post BLM exposure. The control group was administered with normal saline. The mice were sacrificed on the 21st\u0000day post BLM exposure.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Histological analysis of the lung tissue samples indicated that curcumin (75 mg/kg) could\u0000not reverse the fibrotic features induced by BLM. We also performed RT-PCR and western blot to\u0000examine the molecular changes induced by BLM and curcumin. It was observed that curcumin\u0000could neither reduce the expressions of fibrotic markers nor restore the normal expressions of proteins in the fibrinolytic system.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Our data suggest that a low dose of curcumin is not effective in ameliorating the fibrotic stage of BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis. An increased dose or a formulation that increases\u0000the bioavailability of curcumin could probably exhibit promising effects against pulmonary fibrosis\u0000in the future.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10772,"journal":{"name":"Current Bioactive Compounds","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45879288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}