{"title":"Lyophilization of biologics: innovations, challenges, and future directions in stabilizing next-generation therapeutics.","authors":"Sabiha Khatoon, Shafiul Haque, Imran Saleem, Faizan Haider Khan","doi":"10.1080/07388551.2026.2652316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2026.2652316","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biologics, such as monoclonal antibodies, therapeutic proteins, gene therapies, and vaccines, are revolutionizing treatments for cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. However, their inherent sensitivity to environmental factors like heat and moisture necessitates advanced stabilization techniques. Lyophilization, or freeze-drying, has emerged as a critical method to preserve biologics by removing water through sublimation, resulting in a stable, dry powder. This review examines recent advancements in lyophilization, including the integration of Quality by Design (QbD) and Process Analytical Techniques (PAT), which enhance process optimization and product consistency. Regulatory frameworks from the FDA and EMA, coupled with advanced analytical methods, ensure the safety and efficacy of lyophilized biologics. The review also explores emerging technologies and innovations poised to address current challenges, such as scalability, cost-efficiency, and long-term stability. By synthesizing scientific, technological, and regulatory perspectives, this article provides a comprehensive overview of lyophilization's role in biopharmaceutical development and its future potential to meet the growing demands of biologic therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":10752,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147764989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lavinia-Florina Călinoiu, Răzvan Odocheanu, Gheorghe-Adrian Martău, Dan Cristian Vodnar
{"title":"Bio-based vitamin B12: bridging biotechnology and sustainability for industrial production.","authors":"Lavinia-Florina Călinoiu, Răzvan Odocheanu, Gheorghe-Adrian Martău, Dan Cristian Vodnar","doi":"10.1080/07388551.2026.2647978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2026.2647978","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a structurally complex, cobalt-containing micronutrient essential for neurological maintenance, cognitive function, and erythropoiesis. Although traditionally obtained from animal-derived foods or <i>via</i> chemical supplementation, the growing demand for sustainable, natural sources has intensified interest in microbial fermentation as an alternative production route. Current knowledge remains fragmented regarding the comparative performance of microbial species, the bottlenecks in <i>de novo</i> corrinoid biosynthesis, and the integration of waste-derived substrates into scalable systems. This review critically integrates recent advances in vitamin B12 bioproduction, focusing on genetic and metabolic engineering strategies that reconfigure the pathways, optimize precursor availability, and redirect metabolic flux toward cobalamin synthesis. Methodological developments in controlled fermentation, downstream purification, and bioavailability assessment, including intestinal uptake mechanisms, are evaluated to identify persistent technological gaps. Particular emphasis is placed on multi-actor approaches that couple microbial biotechnology with food processing and the valorization of agro-industrial by-products, thereby enabling cost-effective production aligned with circular bioeconomy principles. By consolidating mechanistic insights, engineering innovations, and sustainability-driven process integration, this review delineates emerging opportunities for industrial-scale manufacturing of natural vitamin B12 and highlights future research directions needed to enhance yield, functionality, and applicability in health-promoting foods.</p>","PeriodicalId":10752,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147764868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New biotechnological routes to upcycle food by-products and waste into high-value lipids through microalgae.","authors":"Giovanni L Russo, Antonio L Langellotti","doi":"10.1080/07388551.2026.2653693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2026.2653693","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing demand for sustainable sources of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as DHA and EPA, has driven research into alternative production methods. This review explores the potential of using FBW and by-products as substrates for microalgae cultivation, offering a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach to PUFA production. Through a structured narrative and a deep bibliometric analysis, key trends and research hotspots were identified, highlighting the most promising microalgae and thraustochytrids species, including <i>Aurantiochytrium sp.</i>, <i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i>, and <i>Nannochloropsis oculata</i>. These species demonstrated high lipid yields and significant PUFA content when grown on diverse FBW substrates, such as dairy by-products, molasses, and palm oil mill effluent. The review emphasizes the importance of pretreatment processes of recycled nutrients, such as enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation, in enhancing nutrient bioavailability and optimizing microalgal growth. Economically, the use of FBW can reduce operating costs with potential increases in return on investment. However, challenges such as the initial setup costs of pretreatment processes and the need for contamination control must be addressed. To assist investors, a decision tree was developed, guiding through critical decision points, from resource assessment to process optimization and economic analysis. This tool supports informed decision-making, ensuring the balance of costs, benefits, and sustainability goals.</p>","PeriodicalId":10752,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147764986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advancing transcriptional regulation in <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i>: from endogenous promoter discovery to synthetic promoter engineering.","authors":"Jia Yan, Jinming Liu, Fangbing Kang, Quanfeng Liang, Zhiyong Cui, Qingsheng Qi","doi":"10.1080/07388551.2026.2646202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2026.2646202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As an unconventional yeast, <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i> is increasingly used in biomanufacturing high-value chemicals, including organic acids, sugar alcohols, fatty acid derivatives, and terpenes, owing to its unique physiological and biochemical properties. However, fine-tuning its biosynthetic pathways requires advanced transcriptional regulatory tools, with promoters being the most essential component. Numerous studies have sought to characterize promoter sequences by breaking them into distinct functional elements, while also constructing stronger and inducible synthetic promoters through rational design, modification, and optimization. This review summarizes the progress in discovering endogenous and engineering synthetic promoters in <i>Y. lipolytica</i>. We highlight emerging strategies such as hybrid promoter engineering, core promoter engineering, and transcription factor-based promoter engineering, which expand the promoter toolbox with enhanced properties. Finally, we address the current state of research and identify potential future directions in this field.</p>","PeriodicalId":10752,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147764946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prasanna J Patil, Muhammad Usman, Xiaoxiao Dong, Haroon Shah, Nagesh Manurkar, Chengnan Zhang, Akhtiar Ali, Xiuting Li
{"title":"Recent advances in hierarchically porous metal-organic frameworks mediated enzyme immobilization: progress and perspective.","authors":"Prasanna J Patil, Muhammad Usman, Xiaoxiao Dong, Haroon Shah, Nagesh Manurkar, Chengnan Zhang, Akhtiar Ali, Xiuting Li","doi":"10.1080/07388551.2026.2621102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2026.2621102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enzymes are essential catalysts in numerous biological processes due to their efficiency, specificity, and selectivity. To enhance their stability and reusability, enzyme immobilization onto solid supports is crucial. Hierarchically porous metal-organic frameworks (HP-MOFs), with tunable meso- and macropores, have emerged as a promising solution for enzyme encapsulation, significantly improving catalytic performance. This review examines the development of various metal-based HP-MOFs, such as: iron, copper, zirconium, zinc, aluminum, and chromium, specifically designed for enzyme immobilization. The focus is on novel synthesis strategies, including functional group incorporation and hierarchical pore design, which optimize enzyme performance. Key advancements in immobilization techniques, such as: adsorption, covalent binding, <i>in situ</i> encapsulation, and post-synthetic infiltration, are also discussed. The review addresses the often-overlooked issue of HP-MOF toxicity, presenting both challenges and benefits. It also emphasizes the regulatory implications of HP-MOF applications, particularly in the food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical sectors, offering insights into how these materials can be safely integrated into these industries. Data from various studies demonstrate significant improvements in enzyme activity retention, stability, and efficiency in biocatalytic applications. Additionally, diverse applications in biocatalysis, biodiesel production, biosensing, and disease diagnosis are explored. A key feature of this review is the focus on advancing HP-MOF-enzyme composites toward higher technology readiness levels (TRLs), a topic not comprehensively covered in the literature. This review provides valuable insights for researchers aiming to optimize HP-MOFs for enzyme encapsulation and industrial biotechnological applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":10752,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"1-51"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147497783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jéssica Mulinari, Carolina Elisa Demaman Oro, Alessandra Cristina de Meneses, Guilherme Zin, Luciane Maria Colla, Marco Di Luccio, Rogério Marcos Dallago
{"title":"The development of active membranes: use of immobilized enzymes as fouling-reducing and self-cleaning agents.","authors":"Jéssica Mulinari, Carolina Elisa Demaman Oro, Alessandra Cristina de Meneses, Guilherme Zin, Luciane Maria Colla, Marco Di Luccio, Rogério Marcos Dallago","doi":"10.1080/07388551.2026.2639607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2026.2639607","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Integrating of immobilized enzymes into membrane technology represents a significant advancement in the field of membrane science, particularly in addressing issues of fouling and self-cleaning. This review explores the development, techniques, and applications of enzymatic membranes, focusing on their fouling-degrading and self-cleaning properties. Enzymatic membranes combine catalytic and separation functions, offering environmentally friendly solutions with high selectivity and mild operating conditions. The review traces the historical development from early attempts in the 1970s using proteases in polymeric membranes to recent advancements involving a variety of enzymes and support materials. Various immobilization techniques, such as covalent bonding and physical adsorption, are discussed in relation to their impact on membrane performance. Applications span multiple industries, including food, biofuels, and wastewater treatment. Despite significant progress, the field continues to evolve with emerging technologies and novel enzyme immobilization strategies, presenting ongoing opportunities for research and industrial application.</p>","PeriodicalId":10752,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147497801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Alcohol dehydrogenases catalyzed asymmetric reductions of \"difficult-to-reduce\" ketones and the involved mechanism of stereoselective recognition and regulation.","authors":"Xin Su, Jie Gu, Yan Xu, Yao Nie","doi":"10.1080/07388551.2026.2638569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2026.2638569","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) are widely used to prepare chiral alcohols because of their environmental benefits, high-cost effectiveness, broad substrate acceptance, and high enantioselectivity. However, the stereoselective reduction of \"difficult-to-reduce\" ketones, which are characterized by bulky substituents, similar steric and electronic properties at the α, α'-positions, or complex structures, remains a significant challenge. Understanding the interaction between these ketones and enzymes is crucial for overcoming catalytic limitations. This review summarized recent research advances in the asymmetric reduction of \"difficult-to-reduce\" ketones. We specifically discuss the stereoselective recognition mechanisms and outline strategies for regulating enzyme selectivity based on enzyme-substrate interactions. Finally, we propose future perspectives on the rational design of ADHs for the synthesis of high-value chiral chemicals.</p>","PeriodicalId":10752,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147497850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Challenges and progress toward real-time detection of airborne viral pathogens.","authors":"Michael Caffrey, Igor Paprotny, Rebecca Smith","doi":"10.1080/07388551.2026.2628597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2026.2628597","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Airborne viruses pose significant health, social and economic threats to humans and animals. Moreover, zoonotic transfer of viruses among animals and humans is a concern. Detection methods to identify viruses present in air before causing outbreaks in humans or agricultural animals is highly desirable. In this review we discuss airborne viruses that currently threaten humans and the agricultural industry and the possibility of emerging and reemerging viruses. Examples of airborne viruses threatening human health include influenza and SARS-CoV2; examples of airborne viruses threatening agricultural animals include: influenza, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV), and Foot and Mouth Disease virus (FMDV). In addition, we discuss the potential of real-time detection of airborne viruses with a focus on current models, desired properties, current techniques, challenges, and progress to date. Finally, we discuss possible mitigation strategies and future opportunities.</p>","PeriodicalId":10752,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147364459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dancing to the tune of the light regime: from perception to secondary metabolite biosynthesis in plants.","authors":"Ashwani Punia, Satyakam, Vishal Saini, Monika Chouhan, Niranjan Chakraborty, Rajiv Kumar","doi":"10.1080/07388551.2026.2619534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2026.2619534","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The orchestra of ambient light intensity and wavelengths are pivotal in regulating the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Hence, the implications of light on plants' secondary metabolites are an active area of research, and new information is slowly being accrued. Plants have inbuilt light-sensitive molecules, such as: phytochromes, cryptochromes, phototropins, UVR8, and zeitlupe family proteins. In particular, blue light absorbed by cryptochrome has positive effects on antioxidants and other bioactive compounds. However, far-red light perceived by phytochrome reduces anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants, whereas mixed light in varying proportions is more beneficial for secondary metabolite synthesis. This article reviews the current information on plants' perception of light, their downstream signaling, and the role of different light regimes on secondary metabolite biosynthesis and accumulation. It also examines the epigenetic regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis under various light regimes. Additionally the review examines the economic and medicinal aspects of manipulating/controlling/optimizing secondary metabolite synthesis by light modulation. Consequently, this review is expected to benefit any researchers involved in fundamental and applied research.</p>","PeriodicalId":10752,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147343893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multifaceted roles of carboxyl compounds in antibiofilm potency and resistance modulation in <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>.","authors":"Bharath Reddy Boya, Jennessa Jacob, Olajide Sunday Faleye, Vinothkannan Ravichandran, Durga Mohan, Liangbin Hu, Jintae Lee, Satish Kumar Rajasekharan","doi":"10.1080/07388551.2026.2628602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2026.2628602","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The escalating threat of multidrug-resistant (MDR) <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> is primarily driven by its robust biofilm-forming capacity and complex antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. This review comprehensively explores the pivotal role of the carboxyl functional group in modulating biofilm-associated virulence, quorum sensing (QS), and resistance pathways in <i>A. baumannii</i>. We emphasize the critical regulatory functions of the BfmRS two-component system and the AbaI/R QS system in biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and immune evasion. A diverse range of carboxyl-functionalized compounds, including: fatty acids, terpenoids, benzoic acids, and cinnamic acids, are highlighted for their broad-spectrum antibiofilm, anti-resistance, and antimicrobial activities, achieved through mechanisms, such as: quorum quenching, efflux pump inhibition, membrane destabilization, and metal ion chelation. These compounds enhance antimicrobial efficacy and show promise as adjuvants that potentiate existing antibiotics while minimizing resistance development. Furthermore, the review discusses the carboxyl motif's role in targeting bacterial persisters, a major challenge in chronic infections, and the evolutionary constraints imposed by carboxyl-bearing compounds on resistance evolution. Despite challenges related to membrane permeability and metabolic liabilities, innovative drug design approaches and advanced delivery systems offer promising solutions. This review underscores the versatile potential of carboxyl scaffolds as multi-target therapeutic agents against MDR <i>A. baumannii</i> and other high-risk pathogens, advocating their integration into future antimicrobial and repurposing strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10752,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147343933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}