{"title":"Chitin and chitosan from shellfish waste and their applications in agriculture and biotechnology industries.","authors":"Sampurna Rai, Prashant Pokhrel, Pranaya Udash, Menjo Chemjong, Namita Bhattarai, Arthittaya Thuanthong, Sitthipong Nalinanon, Nilesh Nirmal","doi":"10.1080/07388551.2025.2473576","DOIUrl":"10.1080/07388551.2025.2473576","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A shellfish processing plant generates only 30-40% of edible meat, while 70-60% of portions are considered inedible or by-products. This large amount of byproduct or shellfish processing waste contains 20-40% chitin, that can be extracted using chemical or greener alternative extraction technologies. Chitin and its derivative (chitosan) are natural polysaccharides with nontoxicity, biocompatible, and biodegradable properties. Due to their versatile physicochemical, mechanical, and various bioactivities, these compounds find applications in various industries, including: biomedical, dental, cosmetics, food, textiles, agriculture, and biotechnology. In the agricultural sector, these compounds have been reported to promote: plant growth, plant defense system, slow release of nutrients in fertilizer, plant nutrition, and remediate soil conditions, etc. Whereas, biotechnology applications indicated: enhanced enzyme stability and efficacy, water purification and remediation, application in fuel cells and supercapacitors for energy conversion, acting as a catalyst in chemical synthesis, etc. This review provides a comprehensive discussion on the utilization of these biopolymers in agriculture (fertilizer, seed coating, soil treatment, and bioremediation) and biotechnology (enzyme immobilization, energy conversion, wastewater treatment, and chemical synthesis). Additionally, various extraction techniques including conventional and non-thermal techniques have been reported. Lastly, concluding remarks and future direction have been provided.</p>","PeriodicalId":10752,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"1508-1526"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biomaterials for eco-friendly packaging in dairy products: towards a cleaner, greener, and sustainable future.","authors":"Vandana Chaudhary, Priyanka Kajla, Parveen Kumari, Ankur Luthra, Seema Ramniwas, Sarvesh Rustagi, R Pandiselvam","doi":"10.1080/07388551.2025.2482951","DOIUrl":"10.1080/07388551.2025.2482951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Milk and milk products are very susceptible to spoilage and therefore, suitable innovative packaging strategies are indispensable to enhance shelf life along with maintaining quality and safety. Transformation in the utilization of packaging materials and technologies in the dairy sector is trending to match and meet the changing demands of consumers aware of this. Smart, intelligent, and active packagings are a few innovative packaging strategies that aim at protracting the shelf stability of milk and milk products while enhancing safety and sensory qualities. Other packaging innovations also include the use of different packaging systems which are not only safe, compatible with food, and stable over a wide range of storage conditions but are more eco-friendly and thus posing the least possible burden on the environment. In this review, the authors attempt to compile innovative green packaging technologies for different dairy products. The properties and applications of biomaterials used for smart, active, and intelligent packaging of milk and milk products, such as: pasteurized milk, evaporated milk, sweetened milk, condensed milk, milk powder, along with: ice cream, butter, coagulated dairy products, and heat-desiccated milk products are briefly discussed. Environmental impact, safety regulations as well as challenges in the implementation of different innovative packaging technologies in the dairy sector are also covered. The use of eco-friendly packaging innovative approaches in terms of improved biodegradability and lesser environmental hazards aims to achieve environmental sustainability goals for a clean and green future.</p>","PeriodicalId":10752,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"1371-1398"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143971986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qiang Ding, Mengqi Ji, Buhan Yao, Kangliang Sheng, Yongzhong Wang
{"title":"Recent advances in biological synthesis of food additive succinate.","authors":"Qiang Ding, Mengqi Ji, Buhan Yao, Kangliang Sheng, Yongzhong Wang","doi":"10.1080/07388551.2025.2472636","DOIUrl":"10.1080/07388551.2025.2472636","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Succinate, a crucial bio-based chemical building block, has already found extensive applications in fields such as food additives, pharmaceutical intermediates, and the chemical materials industry. To efficiently and economically synthesize succinate, substantial endeavors have been executed to optimize fermentation processes and downstream operations. Nonetheless, there is still a need to enhance cost-effectiveness and competitiveness while considering environmental concerns, particularly in light of the escalating demands and challenges posed by global warming. This article primarily focuses on the application of metabolic engineering strategies to strengthen succinate biosynthesis. These strategies encompass fermentation regulation, metabolic regulation, cellular regulation, and model guidance. By leveraging advanced synthetic biology techniques, this review highlights the potential for developing robust microbial cell factories and shaping the future directions for the integration of microbes in industrial applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":10752,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"1478-1491"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143662977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rubab Shabbir, Talha Javed, Wang Wenzhi, Chang Yating, Yang Benpeng, Shen Linbo, Sun Tingting, Zhang Shuzhen, Pinghua Chen
{"title":"Insights into recent advances in secondary metabolites (SMs)-mediated defense responses in plants.","authors":"Rubab Shabbir, Talha Javed, Wang Wenzhi, Chang Yating, Yang Benpeng, Shen Linbo, Sun Tingting, Zhang Shuzhen, Pinghua Chen","doi":"10.1080/07388551.2025.2484598","DOIUrl":"10.1080/07388551.2025.2484598","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climate change induces various environmental stressors that restrict plant processes, thereby limiting overall crop productivity. Plant secondary metabolites (SMs) enable plants to quickly detect a broad array of environmental stressors and respond in accordance to rapidly changing environmental scenarios. Notably, SMs regulate defense signaling cascades and provide defensive functions to safeguard plants against various biotic and abiotic stressors. In this review, we provide an overview of insights into recent advances in types and biosynthetic pathways of SMs. We emphasize the mechanisms of different biotic and abiotic elicitors-induced SMs synthesis and accumulation to regulate defense responses. In addition, SMs-mediated regulation of plant processes act through phytohormones signaling cascades is discussed. Finally, we show that transcriptional factors regulating SMs biosynthesis and associated regulatory networks could be used for creating resilient plants. Overall, this comprehensive review gives insight into recent advances regarding crucial roles of SMs in enhanced resistance and provides new ideas for the development of stress-resistant varieties under current climate change scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":10752,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"1399-1413"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143984092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Potato microtuberization: its regulation and applications.","authors":"Vishal, Surbhi Mali, Madhushree Dutta, Anuj Choudhary, Gaurav Zinta","doi":"10.1080/07388551.2025.2490957","DOIUrl":"10.1080/07388551.2025.2490957","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Potato (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L.) is a globally consumed staple food crop grown in temperate regions. The underground storage organs (tubers) are a rich source of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals, contributing to food and nutritional security. Tuberization, the process by which underground stems (stolons) develop into tubers, is intricately regulated by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Studying the developmental transition from stolon to tuber in soil-based systems is challenging due to the limited visibility of below-ground stages. Microtuberization is the formation of small tubers under controlled, soil-less, and in vitro conditions, offering an effective alternative for precise monitoring of tuber development stages. Microtubers are valuable as disease-free seed propagules and essential for germplasm conservation, supporting the preservation and propagation of genetic resources. Microtuberization is influenced by both internal factors, viz., genotype and explant, and external factors, viz., photoperiod, temperature, light, plant growth regulators, sucrose, and synthetic molecules. These factors collectively regulate the transition from stolon to tuber. Microtubers exhibit strong similarities to field-grown tubers, making them a reliable model to study the environmental and molecular mechanisms of tuberization. This review examines the key factors driving microtuberization and explores potential molecular regulators involved in stolon-to-tuber transition. Furthermore, the applications of microtuberization are highlighted, including disease-free seed production, mass multiplication, germplasm evaluation and conservation, molecular farming, genetic engineering, and stress adaptation research. Additionally, microtubers serve as an experimental tool for unraveling the molecular intricacies of tuberization, paving the way for advancements in potato research and global food security strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10752,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"1454-1477"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144076457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"<i>AREB/ABF/ABI5</i> transcription factors in plant defense: regulatory cascades and functional diversity.","authors":"Atif Ayub, Talha Javed, Airish Nayab, Yunyou Nan, Yuyu Xie, Sadam Hussain, Yousuf Shafiq, Hui Tian, Jing Hui, Yajun Gao","doi":"10.1080/07388551.2025.2475127","DOIUrl":"10.1080/07388551.2025.2475127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Basic leucine zipper transcription factors (TFs), also known as ABRE-BINDING PROTEINs/ABRE BINDING FACTORs (<i>AREBs/ABFs</i>), and ABA INSENSITIVE 5 (<i>ABI5</i>), show a great potential for the regulation of gene expressions in different crops under unfavorable conditions. These factors are involved in phytohormone signaling pathways, developmental metabolism, and growth regulation under environmental stresses. <i>ABI5</i> functions alongside <i>ABREs</i> to regulate gene expression, with their promoter regions composed of the receptors <i>PYR/PYL/RCAR</i>, kinases (sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase 2) and phosphatases (PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2 C). These TFs participate in signaling pathways that regulate key genes and control numerous morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes under stressful environments. In this review, we studied <i>ABFs/AREBs/ABI5s</i> TFs, the phytohormone signaling pathways and their crosstalk, which play critical roles in regulating responses to abiotic stresses. The key TFs discussed in this work regulate various metabolic pathways and are promising candidates for the development of stress-resilient crops <i>via</i> CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein technology to address threats to food security and sustainability in agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":10752,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"1414-1434"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143967284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chinese cordyceps products, geographic traceability and authenticity assessment: current status, challenges, and future directions.","authors":"Guoliang Meng, Fen Wang, Caihong Dong","doi":"10.1080/07388551.2025.2495280","DOIUrl":"10.1080/07388551.2025.2495280","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chinese cordyceps, a medicinal fungus and nutritional supplement native to the Tibetan Plateau, is highly celebrated for its potential health benefits and significant economic value. The quality of wild Chinese cordyceps varies across different production regions, resulting in considerable price differences. While the successful artificial cultivation of Chinese cordyceps marks a major breakthrough, it also introduces the challenge of distinguishing wild products from cultivated ones on the market. The industry faces critical issues arising from widespread fraudulent activities, such as geographic mislabeling, the substitution of wild cordyceps with cultivated ones, and counterfeiting. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the Chinese cordyceps products available on the market, including both wild and cultivated in dried and fresh forms, as well as fermentation products. It details fraudulent practices like mislabeling, substitution, adulteration, and artificial enhancement, and outlines methodologies for tracing the geographic origins of wild Chinese cordyceps, differentiating it from substitutes, and assessing authenticity. Although various methods have been developed, there remains a significant gap in terms of accessibility and practical implementation. Future efforts should prioritize extensive sampling, the creation of a comprehensive database of chemical fingerprints for Chinese cordyceps and related products, and the establishment of standardized workflows. By integrating this database with artificial intelligence and hyperspectral imaging technologies, it would be possible to develop rapid, nondestructive methods for geographic tracing and authenticity verification of Chinese cordyceps.</p>","PeriodicalId":10752,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"1435-1453"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144076454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Buddha Bahadur Basnet, Zhen-Yi Zhou, Bin Wei, Hong Wang
{"title":"Advances in AI-based strategies and tools to facilitate natural product and drug development.","authors":"Buddha Bahadur Basnet, Zhen-Yi Zhou, Bin Wei, Hong Wang","doi":"10.1080/07388551.2025.2478094","DOIUrl":"10.1080/07388551.2025.2478094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural products and their derivatives have been important for treating diseases in humans, animals, and plants. However, discovering new structures from natural sources is still challenging. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has greatly aided the discovery and development of natural products and drugs. AI facilitates to: connect genetic data to chemical structures or vice-versa, repurpose known natural products, predict metabolic pathways, and design and optimize metabolites biosynthesis. More recently, the emergence and improvement in neural networks such as deep learning and ensemble automated web based bioinformatics platforms have sped up the discovery process. Meanwhile, AI also improves the identification and structure elucidation of unknown compounds from raw data like mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. This article reviews these AI-driven methods and tools, highlighting their practical applications and guide for efficient natural product discovery and drug development.</p>","PeriodicalId":10752,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"1527-1558"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143751531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lin Fan, Ting Shi, Xuemei Chen, Yunjie Li, Pingping Han, Peter Ruhdal Jensen, Yi-Heng P Job Zhang
{"title":"Biosynthesis of a healthy natural sugar D-tagatose: advances and opportunities.","authors":"Lin Fan, Ting Shi, Xuemei Chen, Yunjie Li, Pingping Han, Peter Ruhdal Jensen, Yi-Heng P Job Zhang","doi":"10.1080/07388551.2025.2489424","DOIUrl":"10.1080/07388551.2025.2489424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>D-tagatose is a natural low-calorie rare sugar with nearly the same sweet taste as sucrose. It has nutritional and functional properties of great interest for health, such as anti-diabetes, anti-caries, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-aging, improvement of intestinal microflora, etc. The production of D-tagatose from D-galactose catalyzed by an alkali suffers from limited supplies of costly feedstock (i.e., lactose) and high manufacturing costs due to harsh reaction conditions, costly separation, as well as severe degradation and pollution. In this review, we briefly present the properties of D-tagatose and its physiological effects, review the recent advances in the biosynthesis of D-tagatose from inexpensive and abundant glucans (e.g., starch) and their derivatives (e.g., D-glucose and D-fructose) and from lactose, including both academic literature and industrial patents, as well as discuss its future challenges and opportunities. The biosynthesis of D-tagatose can be catalyzed by four types of biocatalysts: enzymes, whole-cells, microbial fermentation, and <i>in vitro</i> multi-enzyme molecular machines. The biomanufacturing of starchy D-tagatose catalyzed by multi-enzyme molecular machines could be the most promising approach because it not only makes D-tagatose from ample starch but also surpasses the equilibria of monosaccharide isomerization reactions (e.g., D-fructose-to-D-tagatose, D-galactose-to-D-tagatose). D-tagatose as a filler for a variety of food and drinks or a key component mixed with other sweeteners would become a predominant starch-derived sweetener and partially replace high-fructose corn sirup in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":10752,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"1492-1507"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143987172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The thermal cycling methods for rapid PCR.","authors":"Ruihua Ding, Jiali Zhang, Chang Chen","doi":"10.1080/07388551.2025.2540368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2025.2540368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a critical technology in nucleic acid detection and quantification. The PCR reaction requires thermal cycling the reaction mixture between two or more temperature stages for ∼30 cycles to achieve exponential amplification of the target DNA. Typically, the thermal cycling takes roughly an hour to finish and the large time consumption is a drawback for PCR. We review the various methods developed to reduce the thermal cycling time and build a rapid PCR. We group the methods to two approaches. The first approach is to increase the local heating/cooling power. The methods in this approach include contact heating, such as: heating resistors and Peltier pumps, and non-contact heating using air-blow, radiation on water and plasmonics. The other approach is to rapidly move the reaction mixture to a different temperature zone. Methods in this approach include: relocating the reaction vessel, continuous flow PCR using microfluidic chips, long tubes or oscillatory PCR scheme, and convective PCR. We analyze the advantages and challenges for each method used and the critical parameters to consider when evaluating the technologies. We review the technological advances and commercialization for each method. We also discuss the current challenges and future directions in building an effective and commercial rapid PCR, with the emphasis on sensitivity, portability and cost.</p>","PeriodicalId":10752,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145063584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}