Composites Part B: Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Composite-Based Additive Manufacturing (CBAM): Mechanical characterization of high-throughput thermoplastic composites and demonstration for urban air mobility application","authors":"Soyeon Park ,&nbsp;Samiul Alam ,&nbsp;Gavin Stoker ,&nbsp;Kjersten Segura ,&nbsp;Won Gyo Seo ,&nbsp;Devin Young ,&nbsp;Juhyeong Lee ,&nbsp;Dae Han Sung","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces Composite-Based Additive Manufacturing (CBAM), a novel laminate-based technique for fiber-reinforced thermoplastics, offering a promising alternative to conventional extrusion-based methods such as fused deposition modeling (FDM). CBAM consolidates thermoplastic micro-powders precisely patterned on fiber laminates with an automated system, enabling effective matrix impregnation and higher fiber volume fractions. Micro-X-ray computed tomography revealed that CBAM composites contain smaller, more uniformly distributed micropores, whereas FDM parts exhibit inter-filament macro-voids. The distinct microstructures from both processes along with printing directions lead to different mechanical performance. In tension, CBAM composites achieved Young's modulus of 10.0–11.4 GPa and strength of 119.4–121.1 MPa, significantly higher than FDM (4.2–8.1 GPa, 54.7–81.5 MPa), with reduced sensitivity to print orientation due to improved interlayer bonding. Flexural tests showed CBAM's modulus (8.1 GPa) and strength (103–106 MPa) remained consistent across orientations, again surpassing FDM, particularly for 45° flat specimens. In compression, CBAM exhibited lower strength (63.3 MPa at 0°, 54.4 MPa at 90°) than FDM (85.4–91.7 MPa), attributed to matrix-dominant properties. These results demonstrate that CBAM's improved tensile and flexural performance arises from the coupled effects of fiber orientation, volume fraction, and void morphology. To demonstrate application potential, a two-blade propeller was fabricated using CBAM with non-woven glass fiber and PA-12. Ten blades were produced within 3 h, meeting dimensional tolerances &lt;1 mm—substantially faster than the 35–50 h typical of FDM. These establish CBAM as a rapid, precise, and structurally advantageous composite manufacturing technology for aerospace and advanced mobility applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 113035"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145098218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Material removal mechanisms during micro-hole drilling of UD-Cf/SiC composites: A study via nano-scratch and drilling tests","authors":"Haotian Yang ,&nbsp;Guolong Zhao ,&nbsp;Feng Jiang ,&nbsp;Li Zhu ,&nbsp;Zhiwen Nian ,&nbsp;Liang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites (C_f/SiCs) are widely used in aerospace due to their exceptional strength-to-weight ratio. However, their high hardness and anisotropy often lead to rapid tool wear and poor drilling performance. To investigate their fracture behavior, nano scratch was conducted on unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced SiC composites (UD-C_f/SiCs). The ductile-brittle transition depths of carbon fibers in the radial, axial, and end-face directions were 907.2 nm, 961.3 nm, and 455.6 nm, respectively. Meanwhile, the micro-macro brittle transition depths were 3013.4 nm, 2759.4 nm, and 5101.2 nm, respectively. Furthermore, drilling tests were conducted on UD-C_f/SiCs to produce 600 μm diameter holes using parallel drilling (PD) and vertical drilling (VD) processes. The thrust force in the VD process was higher than in the PD process at a feed rate (<em>f</em>) of 0.3 μm/r, nearly equal at <em>f</em> of 0.9 μm/r, and lower at <em>f</em> of 1.8 μm/r. The PD process caused less exit damage than the VD process at 0.3–1.5 μm/r but more at 1.8 μm/r. With increasing <em>f</em>, the carbon fibers gradually transitioned from ductile fracture to micro- and macro-brittle fracture<em>.</em> The primary removal mechanisms of the carbon fibers involved compression, shear, and bending fracture. Hole-wall with longitudinal fibers exhibited the best integrity (<em>R</em>_<em>a</em> increasing from 0.3940 μm to 1.1110 μm), whereas perpendicular and transverse bundles deteriorated more severely (<em>R</em>_<em>a</em> reaching up to 1.6991 μm–3.7058 μm). Notably, the most severe subsurface damage occurred in holes with perpendicularly oriented fibers, reaching a depth of approximately 6.93 μm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 113031"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constructing robust C–N bonding interphases of carbon fiber/epoxy composites via the electrode-switching electrochemical surface treatment of carbon fibers","authors":"Bing Zhang ,&nbsp;Changyu Leng ,&nbsp;Maoqun Hu ,&nbsp;Xianglin Ma ,&nbsp;Mengjiao Xu ,&nbsp;Nannan Guo ,&nbsp;Lili Ai ,&nbsp;Qingtao Ma ,&nbsp;Dengtai Yuan ,&nbsp;Shishi Zhang ,&nbsp;Qian Li ,&nbsp;Dianzeng Jia ,&nbsp;Luxiang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The interphase formed between carbon fiber (CF) and polymer matrix is crucial to improve the mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. Various surface treatment methods have been developed for grafting functionalized molecules on the CF surface to form robust covalent bonding interphase. However, the state-of-the-art strategies demand long reaction time, complex operation and harsh reaction conditions, which cannot meet growing demands for large-scale actual production. Herein, an electrode-switching electrochemical surface treatment (ESET) method was proposed for the efficient and controllable grafting of ethylenediamine (EDA) molecules on the CF surface within merely 180 s. The obtained o-<em>r</em>-CF@EDA was successively used as the anode and cathode for grafting EDA molecules on the surface. It exhibited a high surface N content of 18.74 at.% (with a maximum of 32.04 at.%) and surface energy of 52.61 mN m⁻¹. When combined with epoxy resin (EP) matrix, the average interfacial thickness of o-<em>r</em>-CF@EDA/EP composite reached 495.6 nm, resulting in an expected interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of 126.5 MPa. Moreover, the reaction mechanism of ESET method and covalent C–N bonds enhancing the interfacial interaction were discussed in-depth. This work presents promising strategy for grafting targeted molecules onto the CF surface and developing high-performance CFRP composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 113029"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A model based accelerated RTM process design for optimal performance","authors":"Sanjay Sharma ,&nbsp;Xiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Jesse Grant ,&nbsp;Ryan Fitzhugh ,&nbsp;Jason W. Scharf","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Typical carbon-fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite high-rate manufacturing processes require a multi-physics understanding of the key material and process design variables. A model-based approach may deliver an optimized manufacturing process and yet require experimental validation of quality and mechanical performance to make it an acceptable solution to the industry. The models, especially if 3D, are complex and require extensive characterization with a cross-functional level of resources. This study captures (A) the development of a 1D multi-physics heuristic model applicable to any material system, and (B) the development of an accelerated resin transfer molding (RTM) process design for low-permeability fiber reinforcement using this 1D heuristic model. The laminates manufactured using this model-based accelerated approach meet the specifications on quality and key mechanical properties. Hexcel's biaxial IM8 HiMax® non-crimp fabric with a thermoplastic veil and 1078-1 resin are chosen for the study to develop a process design methodology for (177 °C) cure epoxy. Multi-physics material models of IM8 HiMax® and 1078-1 resin are used to simulate and predict the optimal cure cycles. Critical mechanical testing compares the outcomes from different cure cycles, including a baseline process nominally followed by the industry. Results show that the accelerated-cure panels (50 % cycle time compared with the baseline) are of good quality and perform just as well regarding the mechanical properties. This model-based approach can be extended to more complex geometry and structures for this material system and/or applied to other composite material systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 113008"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards overcoming hetero-deformation-induced hardening and strain localization Trade-off: A review of micro/nano hybrid-reinforced composites","authors":"Elham Garmroudi Nezhad,&nbsp;Farhad Saba,&nbsp;Genlian Fan,&nbsp;Zhanqiu Tan,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Particle-reinforced metal matrix composites (PRMMCs) often suffer from high stress concentration regions due to incompatibility between hard reinforcements and the soft matrix. Reinforcement hybridization is a promising strategy; however, traditional hybrid MMCs with homogeneous/random microstructures typically exhibit a strength-ductility-toughness trade-off, limiting their practical applications. In heterogeneous microstructures, deformation incompatibility between hard and soft domains<strong>—</strong>accommodated by geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs)<strong>—</strong>generates hetero-deformation-induced (HDI) hardening, which is considered the key factor behind their exceptional mechanical properties. This review examines micro/nano hybrid reinforcements in MMCs to optimize heterogeneity, enhancing HDI hardening effects while mitigating stress concentrations. We explore architectured micro/nano hybrid composites as a promising toughening strategy, demonstrating how the synergy of micro- and nano-reinforcements in tailored architectures can transform conventional composites into strong, tough materials. Key topics include typical architectures, mechanical property characterization, strengthening/toughening mechanisms, and theoretical insights for future advancements in this emerging class of MMCs. Additionally, we highlight the new concept of the trade-off between HDI hardening and strain localization in heterostructures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 113028"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delamination-informed lifecycle decisions: A dielectric and machine learning framework for composite sorting and recycling","authors":"Monjur Morshed Rabby ,&nbsp;Tahmid Hasan Oni ,&nbsp;Partha Pratim Das ,&nbsp;Vamsee Vadlamudi ,&nbsp;Ahmed Arabi Hassen ,&nbsp;Rassel Raihan","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Composite materials are widely used in aerospace, marine, and automotive sectors due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and durability. However, their long-term reliability can be compromised by damage accumulation. Specifically, delamination initiation serves as a precursor to structural failure, which is often difficult to detect during damage inspection. Identifying and sorting delamination initiation in samples not only increases operational safety while providing critical information for end-of-life decisions, which influences both the service life extension value and the efficiency of fiber extraction during recycling. This research addresses two challenges: (1) developing a nondestructive, ex-situ framework to sort composite materials based on damage severity, particularly delamination, and (2) understanding how damage in composites influences resin removal during pyrolysis. Both experimental work and finite element analysis were performed to predict critical stress levels that are associated with delamination onset. Based on these results, three loading levels 50 %, 75 %, and 90 % of maximum stress, were selected for controlled experiments, generating composite samples with varying extents of damage for machine learning model training. Microscopic imaging of these samples confirmed the damage progression from matrix cracking to delamination, validating the computational predictions. We explored supervised machine learning using dielectric measurements to classify damage states. Preliminary results show an artificial neural network can identify early delamination which is a potential precursor to failure, with 94.44 % accuracy on our dataset. A parallel investigation into the effect of damage severity on pyrolysis recycling showed that heavily delaminated samples required significantly less energy for comparable matrix removal than undamaged samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 113007"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexible, breathable and cuttable zinc-air battery textile towards real wearable energy supply clothing","authors":"Zhaolei Ma ,&nbsp;Ruoning Bai ,&nbsp;Wei Yu ,&nbsp;Guoxian Li ,&nbsp;He Chen ,&nbsp;Chuizhou Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The permeable skin electronics have recently emerged as a frontier research direction with the achievement of permeable sensors, organic transistors, and displays. However, due to the complex device structure imposed by the sophisticated electrochemical catalytic reactions, the development of breathable high-energy zinc-air batteries still remains a challenge. Herein, we successfully develop a flexible and breathable zinc-air battery based on the polypropylene nonwoven fabric (PPNWF) towards real wearable energy supply clothing. All of the battery functional components including the catalyst cathode, zinc anode, gel electrolyte and packing encapsulation are constructed on PPNWF through combined technique of plasma etching, dip-coating, electroplating and photocuring. Balance between sufficient loading of active electrochemical materials for high battery performance and reservation of excellent fabric network for good air permeability of the whole battery device is achieved. The developed zin-air battery exhibits a high open-circuit voltage of 1.44 V, a high maximum power density of 136 mW cm⁻², a large specific capacity of 806 mAh g⁻¹ at 2 mA cm⁻², and a long cycling lifetime of up to 200 h. Meanwhile, the integrated textile zinc-air battery with both breathability and waterproof property can be cut and sewed into fabric clothing in our daily life such as wristband and shirt with customized shapes and modules, capable of offering stable electric energy to power portable electronics such as digital display and phone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 113021"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145045898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wavy-microstructure-sandwiched flexible composite towards wearable monitoring and acoustic detecting","authors":"Danyi Li ,&nbsp;Zimu Li ,&nbsp;Shilong Duan ,&nbsp;Congcong Lou ,&nbsp;Wenwen Li ,&nbsp;Ziyang Fan ,&nbsp;Xinglong Gong ,&nbsp;Honghao Ma ,&nbsp;Shouhu Xuan","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flexible composites have been widely used in smart wearable devices, in which the composites with superior mechanical properties and the abilities to sense multiple physical fields in complex environments have garnered increasing attention. This paper reports a bionic wave structured multifunctional flexible composite (MPAP) which possesses multi-modal response characteristics. MPAP can respond to various mechanical stimuli and generate positive/negative electrical signals in response to bending loads in different directions, allowing for the differentiation of bending directions. The sensitivity reaches −12.88 × 10⁻² mm⁻¹ and 16.02 × 10⁻² mm⁻¹ under in-plane and out-of-plane bending, respectively. When integrated into a Bluetooth sensing gloves, it accurately recognizes different sign language letters. Moreover, due to the enhanced acoustic contact area, the wavy-microstructure enables the MPAP to monitor small changes in acoustic intensity, with a sensitivity of 3.44 dB/%. Based on this feature, a sound volume alarm device has been developed to monitor and alert environments with excessive decibel levels in real-time. Furthermore, MPAP exhibits excellent electromagnetic shielding and electric heating performance. Therefore, this randomly distributed wavy-microstructure synergistically enhances the acousto-mechano-electric coupling effect, overcoming the single-function limitation of traditional flexible composite. This innovation offers novel solutions for wearable health monitoring, intelligent security and environmental perception.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 113023"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145045896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UV-resistant and light-controlled self-healing lignin-based waterborne polyurethane elastomers for photothermal welding","authors":"Jinbang Han ,&nbsp;Xiuzhong Zhu ,&nbsp;Li Tian ,&nbsp;Naishuo Yan ,&nbsp;Jinjie Zang ,&nbsp;Haitao Zhang ,&nbsp;Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Fengshan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exploiting inexpensive, bio-derived lignin as a partial replacement for petroleum-based polyols offers a sustainable pathway to high-value lignin applications. However, prior studies have mainly focused on lignin's reinforcing effects in elastomers, neglecting its potential photothermal properties. Lignin-modified waterborne polyurethane elastomers (LWPUxAy) were synthesized, demonstrating UV resistance, enhanced mechanical robustness, rapid light-controlled self-healing, and photothermal weldability. LWPUxAy exhibited exceptional mechanical properties (51.9 MPa tensile strength, 768.8 % elongation) and a significantly enhanced photothermal conversion efficiency due to Ag⁺ ligand bonding. Upon near-infrared (NIR) irradiation (1.25 W/cm²), LWPUxAy rapidly reached a surface temperature exceeding 160 °C within 35 s. The synthesized LWPUxAy demonstrated rapid, light-controlled self-healing and notable welding performance under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation (0.6 W/cm², 5 min). Furthermore, LWPUx effectively blocked the entire UV spectrum within the 200–400 nm range. Bio-derived lignin was incorporated into light-responsive polyurethane elastomers, resulting in enhanced tensile strength and self-healing efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 113001"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145045897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural-engineered V2O5/MoO3 nanocomposite scaffolds via direct ink writing 3D printing for asymmetric supercapacitors with ultrahigh areal energy density","authors":"Ali Asghar ,&nbsp;Muhammad Shahid Rashid ,&nbsp;Muhammad Hamza ,&nbsp;Mohsin Raza ,&nbsp;Iftikhar Hussain ,&nbsp;Zhangwei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the dense and disordered distribution of nanomaterials, the bulk electrode structure hindered advancement in energy storage devices. However, 3D printing technology supported the layer-by-layer printing process displays interconnected porous structures that provided the continuous pathways for effective diffusion of ions and electrons transportation, offering the kinetic limitations typically associated with electrode thickness. Herein, a functionalized ink composed of MV0.3/AC/PVDF for both bulk and direct ink writing (DIW) printing, enabling the construction of both electrodes with customized structure in 1-layer and 2-layer configuration. In the AASC testing, the 2-layer printed AASC(3DP-2LMV0.3) revealed a significantly high areal capacity up to 1.54 C cm⁻² at 6.2 mg cm⁻² mass loading. Furthermore, the 3DP-2LMV0.3 delivered a high areal energy density 333.4 μW h cm⁻² compare to 3DP-1LMV0.3 and BMV0.3, without compromising areal power density (2.1 mW cm⁻²) at current density (1.24 mA cm⁻²), with the excellent retention of 94.8 % after 5 k charging/discharging cycles. This work highlights the potential of DIW-3D printing as a scalable approach to construct vertically aligned porous structure with thick electrode scaffolds. It offers a promising platform for advanced energy storage applications with reduced solution resistance for ion/electron transport compared to bulk electrode structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 113022"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145045893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}