Multi-scale stochastic study of glass fiber sizing effects in automotive structural sheet molding compounds

IF 14.2 1区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Composites Part B: Engineering Pub Date : 2025-07-12 DOI:10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112795

William J. Henken , Stephen Young , Vivek Chawla , Cecile A. Grubb , Rebecca E. Bergee , Mohamed M. Selim , Jonathan McKay , Hendrik Mainka , Marton Kardos , Dayakar Penumadu

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Abstract

Three commercially available sizings A, B, and C were studied in this work based on their target use towards class-A, semi-structural, and general-purpose SMC formulations. Each chemical sizing treatment A, B, and C was compounded on a pilot-scale SMC line with target 55 wt% fiber content using the same paste formulation suitable for high fiber content. Compression molding and sample preparation was conducted systematically and consistently to minimize variance when comparing test results. Notable differences in wetting and sheet density of the compounded charges were observed. After compression molding one chemical sizing exhibited blister defects on the panel surfaces of approximately 1/3rd of the molded panels, indicating the entrapment of air during flow which was not observed in the other compounds. ANOVA revealed significant differences (17 %–20 %) in IFSS at the fiber-matrix interface resulting from chemical sizing. Despite these observed differences, ANOVA revealed no significant differences in quasi-static tension, shear, flexure, or compression properties of molded panels containing the different glass fiber sizings. This work concludes that chemical sizing significantly affects SMC compounding, molding, and microscale IFSS. Provided the composites can consolidate without the formation of blister defects, the overall structural performance is not observed to change statistically when considering inherent sources of variability stemming from localized effects of fiber volume and fiber orientation at the mesoscale. Outcomes of this work allow for greater confidence in producing semi-structural SMC components using generalized chemical sizing packages as long as consolidation of SMC parts is achieved through compounding and molding.

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汽车结构板材成型复合材料中玻璃纤维施胶效应的多尺度随机研究

本文研究了三种市售浆料A、B和C在A类、半结构和通用SMC配方中的目标用途。每种化学施胶处理A、B和C均在中试SMC生产线上复合，目标纤维含量为55%，使用适用于高纤维含量的相同浆料配方。压缩成型和样品制备进行系统和一致，以尽量减少差异时比较测试结果。观察到复合电荷的润湿性和片密度的显著差异。压缩成型后，一种化学浆料在大约1/3的模压板表面显示出水泡缺陷，这表明在流动过程中空气被困住了，这在其他化合物中没有观察到。方差分析显示，化学施胶导致纤维-基质界面的IFSS显著差异（17% - 20%）。尽管存在这些观察到的差异，方差分析显示含有不同玻璃纤维浆料的模塑板在准静态张力、剪切、弯曲或压缩性能方面没有显著差异。这项工作得出结论，化学施胶显著影响SMC复合，成型和微尺度IFSS。如果复合材料可以在不形成泡状缺陷的情况下进行固结，那么考虑到纤维体积和纤维取向在中尺度上的局部影响所产生的固有变异源时，总体结构性能在统计上不会发生变化。这项工作的结果允许更大的信心在生产半结构SMC组件使用通用的化学尺寸封装，只要SMC部件的巩固是通过复合和成型实现。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Composites Part B: Engineering 工程技术-材料科学：复合

CiteScore

24.40

自引率

11.50%

发文量

784

审稿时长

21 days

期刊介绍： Composites Part B: Engineering is a journal that publishes impactful research of high quality on composite materials. This research is supported by fundamental mechanics and materials science and engineering approaches. The targeted research can cover a wide range of length scales, ranging from nano to micro and meso, and even to the full product and structure level. The journal specifically focuses on engineering applications that involve high performance composites. These applications can range from low volume and high cost to high volume and low cost composite development. The main goal of the journal is to provide a platform for the prompt publication of original and high quality research. The emphasis is on design, development, modeling, validation, and manufacturing of engineering details and concepts. The journal welcomes both basic research papers and proposals for review articles. Authors are encouraged to address challenges across various application areas. These areas include, but are not limited to, aerospace, automotive, and other surface transportation. The journal also covers energy-related applications, with a focus on renewable energy. Other application areas include infrastructure, off-shore and maritime projects, health care technology, and recreational products.