Composites Part B: Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Morphological engineering and gradient architecture of O3-Type NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 cathodes for sodium-ion batteries: Synergistic modulation of wide-temperature adaptability and air stability","authors":"Yong Liang,&nbsp;Wanmin Liu,&nbsp;Zexun Tang,&nbsp;Mulan Qin,&nbsp;Jie Zeng,&nbsp;Xiang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pursuit of high-performance, air-stable cathode materials presents a critical challenge for sodium-ion battery commercialization. While morphological engineering offers property modulation, conventional homogeneous designs fundamentally limit the balance between reactivity and structural stability. This work employs a coprecipitation-based approach to innovatively integrate morphological control and compositional gradient design, constructing a cubic O3-type NaNi_1/3Fe_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ (NFM-3) cathode with a nickel-rich core/manganese-rich shell architecture. Benefiting from the superior kinetics of cubic particles and the synergistic effects of gradient structure on Na⁺ transport, surface passivation suppression, and transition metal stabilization, NFM-3 achieves breakthrough performance across a broad temperature range (−20 to 70 °C) and under air exposure conditions. At 25 °C and 0.1 C (2.0–4.0 V), it delivers an initial discharge capacity of 145.2 mAh·g⁻¹ with 82.2 % capacity retention after 500 cycles at 1 C, while maintaining 87.3 mAh·g⁻¹ at a high rate of 10 C. At a low temperature of −20 °C, the material retains a discharge capacity of 126.9 mAh g⁻¹ with 85.5 % capacity retention. At an elevated temperature of 70 °C, the corresponding values are 141.4 mAh·g⁻¹ and 22.5 %, respectively. Notably, after 30-day exposure to ambient conditions, NFM-3 preserves 93.4 % initial capacity while sustaining post-exposure cyclability (75.7 %) and high-rate capability (74.9 mAh·g⁻¹ at 10 C). This work establishes a pioneering pathway toward highly reversible and environmentally resilient SIB cathodes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 113073"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physics-informed machine learning model for mode I fatigue delamination growth in composite laminates under different load ratios","authors":"Jiexiong Wang ,&nbsp;Liaojun Yao ,&nbsp;Zixian He ,&nbsp;Stepan V. Lomov ,&nbsp;Valter Carvelli ,&nbsp;Eng Tat Khoo ,&nbsp;Sergei B. Sapozhnikov","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fatigue delamination growth (FDG) is the predominant damage mode in composite laminates, with the potential to compromise the integrity and reliability of composite structures. The prediction of delamination propagation during cyclic loadings is therefore of great importance in several industrial applications. The emerging machine learning (ML) provides a new research paradigm to characterize FDG behavior. Incorporating physical knowledge into ML promises reliable predictions with limited data volumes. A self-consistent physics-informed ML prediction framework, consisting of two connected physics-informed ML models, is proposed in the present study. The first ML model employs experimental data to predict the strain energy release rate (SERR) under different load ratios (<em>R</em>-ratios). The SERR predictions from the first ML model, as a function of the crack propagation length <em>a-a</em>_<em>0</em>, are utilized to train the second physics-informed ML model to estimate the fatigue crack growth rate <em>da/dN</em> under different <em>R</em>-ratios. The Bayesian optimization (BO) is adopted during the ML training to ensure that all hyperparameters of each ML model are self-optimizing, thus eliminating the need for manual tuning. After training, the model is able to predict FDG behavior under different <em>R</em>-ratios as a function of the SERR. The proposed physics-informed ML framework was found to be superior to non-physics-informed ML models, and exhibited reliable performance in terms of prediction accuracy, interpretability, generalization and extrapolation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 113074"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel multifunctional composite ionogels for smart actuation, underwater sensing, and self-powered Braille communication systems","authors":"Yufang Liao ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Liang ,&nbsp;Hongwang Qu ,&nbsp;Didi Wen ,&nbsp;Yuqi Li ,&nbsp;Jian Xu ,&nbsp;Yongkang Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The multifunctional integration properties of biological tissues provide significant bionic insights for designing intelligent materials, driving the advancement of materials science toward multifunctional coupling. Traditional flexible materials often face challenges in achieving property compatibility and functional synergy, especially under complex environments. To address these challenges, this work developed a novel composite ionogel based on poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) and PEDOT:PSS, which exhibits toughness, frost resistance, underwater stability, and shape memory functionality. The incorporation of conductive filler PEDOT:PSS synergistically optimizes the mechanical properties, near-infrared-responsive functionality and conductivity of composite ionogels. The ionogels exhibit superior thermo/light dual-response shape memory behavior, with shape fixation and recovery rates both exceeding 98 %. Based on the light-responsive shape memory performance, the ionogels can lift objects 22 times its own weight and enable real-time monitoring of the actuation process through the resistance variation induced by shape recovery. The ionogel's underwater environmental stability and enhanced conductivity allow its strain sensors to effectively monitor human joint movements, such as finger and wrist bending, in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Additionally, a self-powered pressure sensor fabricated with this ionogel serving as both the friction and conductive layers exhibits a high sensitivity of 5.890 V kPa⁻¹, enabling real-time human activity capture and facilitating an innovative braille typing assistance system for the visually impaired. This work offers novel insights into the engineering of material properties and the integration of multifunctionalities, thereby promoting the advancement of multifunctional material systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 113058"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioinspired programmable multi-scale surface architectures for toughening ceramic-polymer composites","authors":"Ehsan Azad ,&nbsp;Hamidreza Yazdani Sarvestani ,&nbsp;Meysam Rahmat ,&nbsp;Marc Genest ,&nbsp;Behnam Ashrafi ,&nbsp;Farjad Shadmehri ,&nbsp;Mehdi Hojjati","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural materials like nacre achieve exceptional toughness through hierarchical designs that integrate structural and interfacial mechanisms. Inspired by these functional principles, we present a digitally programmable laser micromachining strategy to fabricate multi-scale surface architectures on ceramic-polymer composites. By integrating full-depth hexagonal macro-patterns with shallow diagonal micro-patterns into alumina-Surlyn® laminates, we engineer surface features that simultaneously enable crack deflection, bridging, and enhanced interfacial bonding. The combined patterned configuration absorbs nearly twice the energy of unpatterned ceramics under 20 J low-velocity impacts and exhibits superior resilience under repeated 2 J impacts. Post-impact zinc-iodide X-ray radiography and rebound-based performance metrics revealed reduced delamination and partial elastic recovery in patterned samples, confirming the role of multi-scale architectures in governing damage tolerance. To probe interface mechanics, double lap joint experiments measured average interfacial shear strengths of ∼11 MPa for Plain samples and ∼18 MPa for micro-patterned samples. Cohesive-zone finite element analysis reproduced crack evolution and confirmed higher mode II strain energy release rates for micro-patterned interfaces. Together, these mechanics-based insights show how hierarchical surface patterning tailors failure pathways across both the ceramic phase and the ceramic-polymer interface. Unlike conventional macrostructural mimicry, our experimental-numerical framework offers a scalable route to toughening brittle systems and designing impact-resistant materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 113049"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of structural battery composites with high mechanical performance via extension of carbon fabric electrodes","authors":"Yubo Hu ,&nbsp;Deyong Sun ,&nbsp;Qingbin Zheng ,&nbsp;Zhibin Han ,&nbsp;Weizhao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Structural battery composites (SBCs), which exhibit both electrical energy storage and mechanical load-bearing capabilities, have emerged as a prominent research focus in the field of lightweight and multifunctional materials. One of the primary challenges hindering the practical application of structural batteries is the inferior mechanical properties of most SBCs developed to date. To address this issue, a structure-level strategy was established to significantly enhance the mechanical performance by extending carbon fabric electrodes of the SBCs. Specifically, by selectively precuring the structural electrodes to facilitate encapsulation of the \"battery part,\" the remaining outside regions of the fabric electrodes can be impregnated with polymer resin for effective loading transfer, resulting in greater stiffness compared to that of conventional SBCs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to characterize the interface between the active cathode material and the extended carbon fabrics. Furthermore, the electrochemical performance of SBCs with two different active material combinations but the same fabric extension strategy was evaluated, revealing high energy density of 19.8 Wh/kg based on total mass of the SBCs. In uniaxial tensile tests, the developed SBCs demonstrated exceptional ultimate tensile strength and Young's modulus of 401.1 MPa and 43.8 GPa, respectively. Additionally, under bias-extension loading, shear yield strength of 17.1 MPa and shear modulus of 2.17 GPa were achieved. These results collectively contribute to excellent multifunctional efficiency, with the maximum value of 1.59. This work promotes the development and practical deployment of structural batteries, particularly for applications in highly demanding load-bearing scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 113051"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tensile behaviour of basalt textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) composites at intermediate strain rates for structural strengthening","authors":"Amrita Milling ,&nbsp;Giuseppina Amato ,&nbsp;Su Taylor ,&nbsp;Pedro Moreira ,&nbsp;Daniel Braga","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) composites have become a preferred solution for strengthening masonry and concrete structures owing to their durability, ease of application, and compatibility. The quasi-static tensile response of TRMs is well established; however, their performance under dynamic loading remains poorly understood. This study investigates the tensile behaviour of BTRM composites at strain rates ranging from 10⁻⁵ to 9/s, using high-speed servo-hydraulic and Zwick testing systems and the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. Two specimen preparation methods were explored: moulded (M) and cut (C). The BTRM composites demonstrated strain-hardening behaviour, displaying bi-linear or tri-linear stress-strain responses depending on the strain rate and specimen type. C specimens maintained relatively consistent mechanical properties across the strain rates, while M specimens experienced enhanced first cracking stress, tensile strength, strain capacity, and toughness beyond 5/s. The post-cracking stiffness and efficiency of the reinforcing grid were reduced with increasing strain rate, with efficiency factors dropping from &gt;0.9 in quasi-static tests to as low as 0.5 under dynamic loading. The common failure mechanisms were multiple cracking, grid rupture and telescopic failures. Extensive grid pullout and delamination failures were observed only under dynamic loading conditions. Compared to glass and carbon TRM composites, BTRMs at dynamic strain rates showed similar stress-strain relationships but lower strength and strain capacity. The results reveal the potential and constraints of BTRMs in dynamic structural applications, pointing to the need for stronger grid-to-mortar interactions to improve performance at dynamic strain rates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 113048"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the role of oxygen defects in facilitating Mg2+ diffusion and charge storage in MgMn2O4 cathodes for aqueous magnesium-ion capacitors","authors":"Yingjie Zhao ,&nbsp;Leichao Meng ,&nbsp;Lingyun An ,&nbsp;Shuzhen Cui ,&nbsp;Qianghong Wu ,&nbsp;Yongfu Cui ,&nbsp;Tianyi Ma ,&nbsp;Hang Xu ,&nbsp;Siwen Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of high-performance aqueous magnesium-ion capacitors (AMICs) critically depends on overcoming the inherent challenges of sluggish Mg²⁺ diffusion and limited electronic conductivity in cathode materials. This study presents an effective strategy utilizing oxygen defect engineering in MgMn₂O₄ cathodes to enhance Mg²⁺ storage performance in aqueous electrolytes. Oxygen defect formation induces significant lattice expansion, increasing the crystal plane spacing from 0.22 nm to 0.36 nm, which substantially reduces steric hindrance for bulky hydrated Mg²⁺ ions during intercalation. This structural modification accelerates ion diffusion kinetics and mitigates volumetric changes during cycling, thereby minimizing mechanical stress and enhancing the electrode's structural stability. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that oxygen defects reduce the Mg²⁺ diffusion barrier from 0.97 eV to 0.38 eV, and modify the electronic structure by introducing defect states near the Fermi level, thus improving electronic conductivity and charge transfer efficiency. Furthermore, defect-induced charge redistribution generates energetically favorable adsorption sites with binding energies of −0.44 eV for Mg²⁺ ions. Ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses confirm the structural and chemical stability of the host lattice during Mg²⁺ insertion/extraction, emphasizing the role of oxygen defects in framework stabilization. The optimized oxygen-deficient MgMn₂O₄ cathode demonstrates a remarkable specific capacity of 230.8 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 A g⁻¹ and exceptional cycling stability, maintaining 85 % capacity after 3000 cycles. This research provides valuable insights into defect engineering as a versatile approach for advancing aqueous multivalent ion energy storage and establishes a framework for rational cathode design through electronic structure modification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 113050"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of self-sensing and interfacial properties of CNT-grown basalt fiber reinforced composites under low-temperature CVD conditions","authors":"Seung-Jun Yeo ,&nbsp;Donghyeon Lee ,&nbsp;Jong-Hyun Kim ,&nbsp;Dong-Jun Kwon ,&nbsp;Man-Tae Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113060","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Composite materials characterized by high strength and low weight are extensively utilized in structural applications. Recent efforts have concentrated on enhancing eco-friendliness and functionality. In this study, basalt fiber (BF) was used as reinforcement, and carbon nanotubes (CNT) were grown on the fiber surface via low-temperature chemical vapor deposition (L-CVD) to produce functional fabrics and composites. To minimize thermal damage to BF, CNT growth was conducted at 400 °C and 450 °C for 15, 30, and 45 min. The CNT layer morphology and growth degree were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrical resistance (ER), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that CNT crystallinity increased with higher growth temperature. CNT-g-BFRP demonstrated up to a 40 % enhancement in interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) compared with pristine BFRP, and self-sensing capability was verified through stress-dependent ER. A 2–2.5 μm CNT layer grown at 450 °C for 15 min exhibited superior sensing but reduced mechanical properties due to BF thermal damage. In contrast, 400 °C for 45 min resulted in a similar CNT layer thickness with excellent self-sensing and improved interfacial strength, avoiding significant degradation. These results demonstrate that controlling growth time under low-temperature CVD conditions is an effective strategy for enhancing the CNT layer crystallinity, interface properties, and multifunctionality of CNT-g-BFRP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 113060"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bidirectional H-spillover promotion in Mo2C-confined Pt single-atoms for high-rate hydrogen electrocatalysis","authors":"Wei Wu ,&nbsp;Zichen Wang ,&nbsp;Jiancan Zhang ,&nbsp;Fei Guo ,&nbsp;Yu Zhu ,&nbsp;Runzhe Chen ,&nbsp;Haoran Jiang ,&nbsp;Qiliang Wei ,&nbsp;Suhao Chen ,&nbsp;Yandong Wang ,&nbsp;Niancai Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The design of economically feasible and effective platinum (Pt)-based single-atom electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is critical to the realization of a clean hydrogen energy infrastructure but is hindered by a lack of sufficient understanding to overcome kinetically adverse hydrogen spillover. Herein, we confine Pt single atoms into the lattice of nitrogen-doped MoC nano-sheets (MoC-NNs) to activate the dual hydrogen spillover effect and outline the design guidelines between electronic metal-support interaction and spillover kinetics. Constrained Pt single-atom causes MoC-NNs local lattice distortion and gives rise to the emergence of Mo–O coordination, resulting in simultaneous manipulation of electronic structure on Pt single atom and MoC-NNs. Thus, Pt_SA/MoC-NNs exhibited outstanding HER performance with a 70-fold higher mass activity than commercial Pt/C. DFT calculations revealed that the enhanced HER performance originated from the charge delocalization between the Pt single-atom and MoC-NNs, which reduced the Mo-to-Pt hydrogen migration barrier and subsequently activated the Mo-to-Mo hydrogen spillover on the support. Furthermore, it suggests that the difference (Δε_d) between the d-band center of Pt (ε_d-Pt) and support (ε_d-_support) can serve as a descriptor for designing kinetically efficient Pt-based single-atom HER electrocatalysts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 113056"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An experimental method for determining the in-plane shear modulus of carbon fibres","authors":"V. Keryvin ,&nbsp;P.-Y. Mechin ,&nbsp;A. Bendaoued ,&nbsp;C. Bernard","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113037","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113037","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Determining the in-plane shear modulus of carbon fibres remains challenging due to their small diameter and extreme anisotropy. Existing methods – whether based on micro-mechanical testing or indirect inference through homogenisation models – suffer from inconsistencies or rely on strong modelling assumptions. In this study, a novel, model-free experimental method for directly determining the in-plane shear modulus of carbon fibres is presented. This method is derived from standard in-plane shear tests performed on continuous carbon fibre composite plies. It is applied to several types of PAN-based carbon fibres (standard, intermediate, and high modulus), with E-glass fibres used as a reference. The findings indicate that the in-plane shear modulus of carbon fibres ranges from 23 to 29 GPa, which is approximately 15%–20% lower than that of E-glass, with no substantial variation observed among the different fibre grades. A numerical analysis of representative volume elements with random fibre arrangements reveals that the microstructure of the composite, particularly the spacing between fibres, has a measurable but limited effect (less than 5%) on the extracted values.</div><div>This method is both accessible and reproducible, thus providing a reliable means of experimentally determining an important mechanical property of carbon fibres. It has been developed for use in a variety of applications, including the optimisation of fibre design, the validation of micro-mechanical models, or the prediction of the ply-level shear response for the purpose of compressive strength estimations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 113037"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}