Composites Part B: Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Construction of Se-doped MnS with sulfur-bridged bonds in N, S-codoped carbon nanofibers as an anode for robust sodium-ion capacitors","authors":"Jiamin Yu ,&nbsp;Lin Gao ,&nbsp;Guoqi Qiao ,&nbsp;Shanjie Wang ,&nbsp;Yuyan Tang ,&nbsp;Zhengjun Deng ,&nbsp;Cong Wei ,&nbsp;Yuliang Hou ,&nbsp;Shaohui Li","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Manganese sulfide (MnS) has emerged as a promising anode material for sodium-ion capacitor owing to its significant theoretical capacity, abundant reserves, and non-toxic characteristics. Nevertheless, the sluggish reaction kinetics, coupled with low electrical conductivity and substantial volume expansion, result in inferior rate capabilities and a relatively short cycle life, which severely hinders its practicality. In response to these challenges, Se-doped MnS confined within N, S-codoped carbon nanofibers (Se–MnS@CNFs) has been precisely engineered. Experimental results reveal that Se doping enhances both the lattice spacing and electrical conductivity of MnS. Furthermore, the CNF coating facilitates the formation of Mn–S–C bonds between Se–MnS and CNFs, effectively promoting Na⁺/electron migration while preventing agglomeration and volumetric change of Se–MnS during the (de)sodiation processes. These advantageous properties endow the Se–MnS@CNFs anode with a supernormal capacity (609.8 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.05 A g⁻¹), remarkable rate performance (355.1 mAh g⁻¹ at 20 A g⁻¹), and unparalleled cycle lifespan (retaining 89.1 % of its capacity after 800 cycles). Moreover, a comprehensive investigation into the sodium storage mechanism of Se–MnS@CNFs was conducted utilizing a series of in-situ and ex-situ characterization techniques alongside rigorous theoretical calculations. As expected, when coupled with a nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) cathode, the constructed Se–MnS@CNFs//NC sodium-ion capacitor delivered outstanding energy and power densities (146.1 Wh kg⁻¹/22000 W kg⁻¹) along with excellent cycling life (79.6 % capacitance retention after 6000 cycles). This research contributes novel perspectives on the exploration of non-metallic atom-doped MnS and offers an efficient approach to designing fast kinetic anodes for advanced energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 113055"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constructing π-d interfacial conduction channels in COF-based S-scheme heterojunctions for efficient solar-to-H2O2 conversion","authors":"Dehui Zhang ,&nbsp;Huage Lin ,&nbsp;Jiaxiang Zong ,&nbsp;Yihan Tang ,&nbsp;Weinan Xing","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113054","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Designing an efficient photocatalytic system capable of facilitating rapid separation and transfer of photogenerated charge carriers is pivotal for enhancing hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production. In this work, a covalent organic framework (COF) was employed as a platform for the in situ growth of Cd_0.6Zn_0.4S (CZS), leading to the formation of a well-defined S-scheme heterojunction. The construction of this hybrid interface enabled strong π–d conjugation between the delocalized π-electrons of the COF and the localized d-orbitals of the semiconductor, significantly reinforcing interfacial electronic interactions and promoting synergistic charge transfer behavior. Comprehensive characterization, including in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, confirmed that this electronic coupling effectively enhanced charge carrier separation and migration. As a result, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was markedly accelerated, yielding a substantial improvement in H₂O₂ production. Under visible light irradiation, the CZS@COF2 photocatalyst achieved an impressive H₂O₂ generation rate of 933.28 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹, representing a 3.88-fold enhancement over the pristine COF. Notably, even in pure water without sacrificial agents, the catalyst maintained a high production level of 580.32 μmol g⁻¹, underscoring its excellent photocatalytic performance. Furthermore, the system exhibited robust cycling stability, demonstrating its strong potential for sustainable and practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 113054"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lewis acid-base mediated MOF-polymer hydrogel electrolyte for oriented ion conduction and textured Zn (002) deposition","authors":"Chongchao Chen ,&nbsp;Ming Zhao ,&nbsp;Tianyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Kaihan Xie ,&nbsp;Hongfei Wang ,&nbsp;Yong Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogel electrolytes offer inherent flexibility and safety advantages for Zn-ion batteries, yet their practical implementation remains hindered by insufficient Zn²⁺ mobility and unstable anode/electrolyte interfaces. This work leverages molecularly engineered Lewis acid-base interactions to integrate rigid metal-organic frameworks into flexible polymer networks, providing fundamental insights into Zn²⁺ transport mechanisms and deposition control. By incorporating zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) into a polyacrylamide (PAM) matrix, we fabricate a composite hydrogel electrolyte (PAM@ZIF-8) featuring precisely oriented ion-conduction pathways. The molecular-level design of complementary Lewis acid-base sites between ZIF-8 and PAM optimizes amide group interactions with mobile Zn²⁺ ions, enabling a rapid ion-hopping mechanism that yields a high Zn²⁺ transference number of 0.73. Additionally, the C<img>N moieties in ZIF-8 serve as adaptive traps for SO₄²⁻ and H₂O, stabilizing mass transfer. Crucially, the interfacial chemistry of ZIF-8 steers crystallographic orientation via preferential adsorption onto Zn (002) facets, directing facet-specific kinetics to achieve dominant (002)-textured deposition. Consequently, PAM@ZIF-8 electrolyte enables ultra-stable Zn plating/stripping for &gt;6500 h in symmetric cells (1 mA cm⁻²/1 mAh cm⁻²). Full Zn-ion batteries paired with a V₂O₅-based cathode exhibit exceptional long-term cyclability, retaining 95.0 % capacity after 3000 cycles at 5 A g⁻¹.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 113053"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hierarchical multi-layer surface engineering via dual-function polydopamine for Li0.5La0.5TiO3 coating and surface rearrangement to spinel phase in Li, Mn-rich cathodes","authors":"Wonwoo Seo ,&nbsp;Heecheon Kang ,&nbsp;Woosuk Cho ,&nbsp;Ji-Won Jung ,&nbsp;Wonchang Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Li, Mn-rich cathodes (LMR) have attracted considerable interest as next-generation cathode materials for rechargeable batteries owing to their high operating voltage, large specific capacity, and outstanding energy density. However, challenges such as parasitic reactions with electrolytes and irreversible phase transitions have limited their commercial potential. This study proposes a dual-modification strategy to simultaneously address these issues by introducing a Li_0.5La_0.5TiO₃ (LLTO) coating layer alongside a surface-region Li₄Mn₅O₁₂ spinel heterostructure. Polydopamine (PDA), incorporated during synthesis, serves a dual purpose acting as a dispersing agent for the LLTO precursor and as a reductant that facilitates carbothermal reactions during annealing, thereby facilitating the formation of a new surface phase on the LMR. The resulting LLTO-coated spinel heterostructured LMR shows considerably improved rate capability and cycling stability compared to the pristine LMR. Additionally, the modified cathodes maintain superior performance under harsh conditions, including cycling after high-temperature (HT) storage and during HT cycling tests. This study presents a rational design strategy that leverages the multifunctional role of PDA to simultaneously stabilize both the interface and surface structure of LMR cathodes, providing a promising pathway toward their practical application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 113052"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-scale simulation-driven design of rGO-PFAN/epoxy coatings: Synergistic physical barrier-chemical repulsion for superior moisture resistance","authors":"Xiang Li ,&nbsp;Yanji Zhu ,&nbsp;Yue Sun ,&nbsp;Dan Lin ,&nbsp;Huaiyuan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In harsh humid environments, conventional epoxy coatings suffer from inadequate corrosion resistance due to microporous defects formed during curing, while the trial-and-error optimization of fillers faces challenges such as unclear mechanisms and low design efficiency. This study proposes a novel “computation-driven material design” paradigm, elucidating the synergistic moisture-resistant mechanisms of fillers through cross-scale simulations. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show that adding 3 wt% graphene oxide (GO) reduces the free volume of epoxy by 15 % and decreases the water diffusion coefficient by 10 %. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations identify a high adsorption energy barrier (21.831 eV) generated by fluorine groups in polyfluoroaniline (PFAN) through electron cloud redistribution, effectively suppressing water penetration. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations further bridge microscopic energy barriers with macroscopic penetration flux. Guided by these insights, reduced graphene oxide-polyfluoroaniline (rGO-PFAN) composite fillers are synthesized via covalent grafting, experimentally demonstrating synergistic barrier-hydrophobic effects. Epoxy coatings containing 1.5 wt% rGO-PFAN retain an impedance modulus of 4.44 × 10¹¹ Ω cm² after 90-day immersion, while 2 wt% filler reduces long-term water absorption by 73.63 %. Salt spray tests confirm superior corrosion suppression at defect regions. Mechanical property tests show that the coating exhibits significantly reduced wear loss, enhanced adhesion strength, and perfect adhesion after thermal cycling. This work pioneers the multiscale correlation from electron-cloud interactions to macroscopic anticorrosion performance, establishing a theoretical framework for the rational design of intelligent coatings in extreme environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 113011"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-driven surface temperature prediction for variable tool geometries in automated fiber placement","authors":"Matthew Godbold ,&nbsp;Ben Francis ,&nbsp;Ramy Harik ,&nbsp;Erin Anderson ,&nbsp;Dawn Jegley","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate surface temperature prediction is critical for ensuring quality control and process optimization in automated fiber placement (AFP). While traditional heat transfer modeling approaches rely on finite element analysis (FEA) and numerical methods, they often struggle to generalize across different tool geometries and heating mechanisms because they are typically tailored to specific conditions and require substantial reformulation when conditions change. This study introduces a data-driven modeling approach to predict applied surface temperature during AFP layup. A polynomial regression model was developed using experimental data collected from infrared (IR) and pulsed light (PL) heating systems across various processing parameters, including heater power, layup speed, distance-to-surface, and p-angle (AFP end-effector head tilt relative to the nip-point). A 10-fold cross-validation demonstrated strong predictive accuracy, yielding coefficient of determination, <span><math><mrow><msup><mi>R</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span>, values of <span><math><mrow><mn>0.914</mn></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mn>0.916</mn></mrow></math></span> for the IR and PL models, respectively. A manufacturing case study further demonstrated the ability of the model to predict temperature variations across flat and complex tool surfaces, while flux knockdown experiments were used to quantify temperature distribution effects. Experimental validation using thermocouple measurements confirmed the accuracy of the model in predicting surface temperature, with a mean percent error of <span><math><mrow><mn>3.01</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></math></span>, highlighting the model's potential for real-time AFP process monitoring. While the model effectively captures key thermal behaviors, future work will focus on incorporating two- and three-dimensional thermal effects, integrating physics-based modeling, and expanding validation to laser-assisted AFP heating. This research advances machine learning-driven heat transfer modeling in AFP, paving the way for intelligent composite manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 113047"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-dependent thermo-elastic creep response of rotating thick cylindrical shells made of axially functionally graded materials based on the TSDT","authors":"Tahereh Taghizadeh,&nbsp;Mohammad Zamani Nejad","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an analytical study on the time-dependent thermo-mechanical creep behavior of rotating thick cylindrical shells made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) with axial gradation. These structures are widely used in aerospace, nuclear, pressure vessels, and mechanical systems subjected to extreme thermal and mechanical environments where creep significantly affects long-term performance. Notably, the creep behavior of FGMs with axial variation has not been previously investigated. The third-order shear deformation theory (TSDT) is employed to model the structure, providing greater accuracy than classical and first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), especially for thick shells. To the best of the authors' knowledge, TSDT has not been applied to analyze creep behavior before, marking a significant novelty of this work. Except for Poisson's ratio, all thermal and mechanical characteristics of the material vary gradually along the cylinder's axis based on a power-law model. The governing equations are derived using the principle of minimum total potential energy, resulting in a system of variable-coefficient nonhomogeneous differential equations. These equations are solved analytically via a multi-layered method (MLM), which transforms them into homogeneous equations with constant coefficients in each layer, enhancing accuracy over numerical or approximate methods. The creep behavior is modeled using Norton's law, and an iterative procedure is adopted to obtain time-dependent stress and displacement distributions. The analysis includes the effects of axial gradation, temperature gradients, internal pressure, and rotational forces. Results are validated against the finite element method (FEM), showing excellent agreement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 113046"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Load-bearing capacity improvement and failure mechanisms of integrated multi-cell sandwich hybrid tube under lateral deformation","authors":"Yunfei Peng,&nbsp;Maojun Li,&nbsp;Xujing Yang,&nbsp;Jinlei Liu,&nbsp;Bingjie Sun,&nbsp;Tian Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, an integrated multi-cell sandwich hybrid (MCSH) tube with foam filling and localized thickness enhancement is proposed and fabricated using an internal thermal expansion forming process. Systematic three-point bending and lateral compression tests reveal that increasing the number of internal cells significantly enhances the load-bearing capacity and failure stability, achieving a desirable balance between stiffness and toughness. Under three-point bending, the triple-cell sandwich hybrid (TCSH) tube exhibits a structural stiffness of 4.2 kN/mm and crush force efficiency (CFE) of 96.22 %, surpassing most previously reported structures. Finite element simulations further indicate that the multi-rib design activates the responses of both the top and bottom flanges, forming symmetric shear paths and establishing a multi-path load transfer mechanism. The MCSH tube demonstrates a combination of high stiffness, superior energy absorption (EA), and structural lightweighting. The rib structure effectively alleviates stress concentration, delays interfacial debonding and shell buckling, and promotes a transition from localized failure to multi-stage progressive damage mode. The MCSH tube exhibits outstanding performance in terms of load-bearing, specific energy absorption, damage delay, and lightweight design, offering theoretical foundations and design insights for high-performance composite structures in protection, transportation, and aerospace applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 113045"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultra-linear flexible pressure sensors via skin-inspired gradient engineering","authors":"Xin Gou ,&nbsp;Changrong Liao ,&nbsp;Yong Zhang ,&nbsp;Pei Li ,&nbsp;Shipan Lang ,&nbsp;Chao Zhang ,&nbsp;Shengkai Hu ,&nbsp;Ning Yu ,&nbsp;Chunbao Li ,&nbsp;Jun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flexible pressure sensors face an irreconcilable trade-off among linearity, sensitivity, and signal stability due to viscoelastic creep. Inspired by the gradient modulus characteristics of human skin, this study employs electrospinning to construct a heterogeneous structure composed of a high-modulus nanofiber network embedded in a low-modulus ionic gel. This structure mimics epidermal rigidity (high-modulus nanofiber layer), dermal viscoelasticity (fiber-gel hybrid), and hypodermal compliance (soft ionic matrix) to synergistically redistribute stress and suppress ion migration. The sensor achieves breakthrough performance: a wide linear range (1 MPa) with near-perfect linearity (R² = 0.999) and ultrahigh sensitivity (81.3 kPa⁻¹), yielding a record linear sensing factor (LSF, 81,300). Simultaneously, it exhibits ultralow creep (1.76 % signal drift under sustained loading)—96.8 % lower than non-structured iongels—enabled by nanofiber-restricted ion pathways. Theoretical modeling reveals a dynamic compensation mechanism where pressure-induced changes in dielectric properties, contact area expansion, and electric double-layer thinning interact linearly. Laboratory validation demonstrates high-fidelity plantar pressure monitoring during gait cycles and machine learning-based prediction of vertical ground reaction forces with exceptional accuracy (R² &gt; 0.95). This work establishes a new design paradigm for high-precision flexible sensing by fundamentally resolving long-standing material limitations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 113043"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micromechanical modelling of unidirectional continuous fibre-reinforced composites: A review","authors":"Yongfeng Ding ,&nbsp;P.P. Camanho ,&nbsp;Arlindo Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113036","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The microscopic mechanical response of composites can provide direct and critical insights for meso- and macro- scale material analyses, and the representative volume element microstructural model is an effective computational medium to virtually characterize and describe the microscale behaviour of the material. This paper presents a comprehensive review of micro-scale mathematical characterizations and demonstrations of unidirectional continuous fibre-reinforced composites. The representative volume element, including its definition and homogenization, is examined in detail. Geometric parameters of the virtual microstructure are analysed, and the microstructure generation algorithms are systematically classified into six categories. Statistical methodologies are introduced to assess the spatial distribution of fibres in the microstructure and explore the structure–property relationships between graphical descriptors and mechanical responses. In addition, defects in the representative volume element microstructure are presented in detail, along with their statistical evaluation methods from different perspectives. A critical discussion of the advantages, differences and limitations of each method (or model) is also provided.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 113036"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}