Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Assessing the impacts of nanoencapsulated geraniol on amphibians: A step toward sustainable pesticide alternatives?","authors":"Willian de Paula Santos ,&nbsp;Letícia Paduan Tavares ,&nbsp;Carolina Guerra Pontes ,&nbsp;Wagner Ezequiel Risso ,&nbsp;Aline Theodoro Toci ,&nbsp;Jhones Luís de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto ,&nbsp;Claudia Bueno dos Reis Martinez","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amphibians are vulnerable to the effects of pesticides, and nanoencapsulation of geraniol in zein nanocapsules may provide a more sustainable alternative to synthetic pesticides. These nanoformulations enhance the targeting of active ingredients, reduce the amount of pesticide applied, and may reduce impacts on non-target organisms. Thus, the effects of geraniol (GER), nanoencapsulated geraniol (nGER), and zein nanocapsules (NANO) were evaluated on <em>Aquarana catesbeiana</em> tadpoles after 24 and 96 h exposure. Animals exhibited distinct physiological responses. GER caused pronounced metabolic disruption, including glycogen depletion, hyperglycemia, and neurotoxicity (brain acetylcholinesterase hyperactivity). nGER reduced acute metabolic stress but elicited intermediate effects, such as immunosuppression (lymphocyte reduction), ionic imbalance (elevated plasma K⁺), and muscle acetylcholinesterase inhibition. The empty nanocapsules (NANO) induced transient osmoregulatory disturbances (increased plasma Na⁺ and gill H⁺-ATPase/Ca²⁺-ATPase activity) and caused neurotoxicity after 96 h (55 % brain acetylcholinesterase inhibition). The Integrated Biomarker Response index (IBR) validated the toxicity ranking: GER &gt; nGER &gt; NANO. Therefore, nanoencapsulated geraniol cannot yet be considered safe for <em>A. catesbeiana</em> tadpoles, as the toxicity of individual components and the behavior of nanoparticles in aquatic environments must be considered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 110231"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144154403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined effects of micro/nanoplastics and ZnO nanoparticles on lactuca sativa seedlings under varied lighting","authors":"Xuancheng Yuan ,&nbsp;Bochen Zhang ,&nbsp;Fan Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhuang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Micro/nanoplastics (MNPs) can serve as vectors for engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), thereby eliciting mixture toxicological responses in target species. However, our understanding of the combined environmental impacts of lighting conditions and co-exposure to MNPs and ENPs on crop plants remains limited. Herein, we investigated the individual and joint effects of polystyrene microplastics (PMs; 1 μm) or nanoplastics (PNs; 50–100 nm) and ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on seed germination and early seedling growth of lettuce (<em>Lactuca sativa</em>) under the dark condition or the light–dark cycle condition. The results showed that the joint toxic effects of PMs/PNs and ZnO NPs on seed germination were antagonistic, regardless of lighting conditions. Furthermore, the coexistence of PMs/PNs attenuated the inhibitory effect of ZnO NPs on the total photosynthetic pigment content in seedling shoots. Under the light–dark cycle condition, the translocation factor values of zinc from seedling roots to shoots when exposed to PMs or PNs with ZnO NPs exceeded 1, indicating that zinc in the form of ZnO NPs easily migrated from seedling roots to shoots. When ZnO NPs were combined with either PMs or PNs under varying light conditions, a consistent alleviation of oxidative stress was observed in the seedlings compared to individual particle treatments. This finding may represent a key cellular mechanism underlying the antagonistic effects between PMs/PNs and ZnO NPs. Additionally, the expression of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase gene in seedlings was differentially modulated in response to both individual and combined exposures to PMs/PNs and ZnO NPs. Collectively, this study provides comprehensive insights into the cellular and molecular responses of agricultural crops under complex environmental conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 110233"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144172808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolomic analysis reveals paraquat-induced metabolic alternation in BV2 microglia: Focus on glutamate metabolism","authors":"Xutong Qin ,&nbsp;Yaxin Han ,&nbsp;Jiming Zhang,&nbsp;Zheng Wang,&nbsp;Qiuyun Gu,&nbsp;Jiayi Li,&nbsp;Zhijun Zhou,&nbsp;Xiuli Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110234","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110234","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Abstract</h3><div>Paraquat (PQ), a commonly used contact herbicide, is known to induce oxidative stress and energy depletion, leading to cell death. Chronic low-dose exposure to PQ has been associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease, with microglia playing a significant role in its pathogenesis. However, little research has been conducted on the specific effects of PQ on microglial metabolism. This study employs ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) to investigate the metabolic changes in BV2 microglial cells exposed to varying concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 μM of PQ. A dose-response fitting model was constructed to determine the effective concentrations and identify sensitive differential metabolites (DMs). Furthermore, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) was used to assess the expression levels of key genes involved in glutamate metabolism, namely SLC7A11, GLS and SLC38A1. The study identified 40 intracellular inter-group DMs, mainly enriched in amino acid metabolic pathways. d-Glucosamine 6-phosphate and pantothenic acid were identified as the most sensitive DMs. Glutamate emerged as a pivotal metabolite, with its upregulation being accompanied by a significant increase in SLC7A11 expression increasing with PQ concentration, indicating an enhanced cellular response to oxidative stress via glutathione synthesis. Moreover, increased expression of GLS and SLC38A1 was observed exclusively at the 2.5 concentration group, suggesting a shift in glutamate synthesis mechanisms depending on PQ exposure levels. These findings contribute to the understanding of PQ's impact on microglial metabolism and its potential role in neurodegenerative diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 110234"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144172852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of bioaccumulation and biological impacts of cadmium sulfide (CdS) bulk versus nanoparticles in the freshwater snail Helisoma duryi","authors":"Esraa M. Rabia ,&nbsp;Hossam M. Hwihy ,&nbsp;Mohamed H. Gaber ,&nbsp;Heba M. Fahmy","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanomaterials are used in photothermal therapy, drug delivery, photocatalysis, and device lasers. Due to the rise of nanotechnology, assessments of their impact on human health and ecosystems are essential. Cadmium-based nanoparticles are notable for their physicochemical properties and use in hazardous substances like pesticides. While cadmium toxicity in fish species is well-researched, little is known about how CdS nanoparticles affect other aquatic life. This study investigates the toxicological effects of CdS in bulk and nanoparticle forms on the freshwater snail <em>Helisoma duryi</em>, using starch as a stabilizer and various characterization techniques. Snails were exposed to different CdS concentrations to determine LC50 values, followed by a four-week sublethal exposure and a two-week recovery phase to assess biochemical, oxidative stress, and bioaccumulation responses. Results showed that CdS-NP exhibited lower toxicity than bulk CdS. CdS-NP induced significantly higher oxidative stress) Nitric oxide, Malonaldehyde), marked by reduced antioxidant markers like catalase and total antioxidant capacity (TAC).</div><div>In contrast, bulk CdS caused more pronounced biochemical disruptions, increasing hepatic enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)). Bioaccumulation studies indicated greater CdS retention in soft tissues, but CdS-NP showed faster clearance during recovery. This study demonstrates the extent of CdS nanoparticles' toxicity to the environment and human and animal health. These findings highlight distinct toxicological risks: CdS-NP intensifies oxidative stress, while bulk CdS leads to severe biochemical disruptions. This study demonstrates that cadmium sulfide in nanoparticles and bulk forms exerts differential toxic effects, necessitating targeted environmental monitoring and regulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 110229"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144141632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review on the neurobehavioural effects of bisphenol compounds and the underlying molecular mechanisms in zebrafish (Danio rerio)","authors":"A K M Munzurul Hasan ,&nbsp;Christopher J. Martyniuk ,&nbsp;Som Niyogi ,&nbsp;Douglas P. Chivers","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aquatic ecosystems face ever increasing threats from pollutants, including those derived from exposure to bisphenol compounds (BPs). Bisphenols are endocrine disruptors with significant neurotoxic effects. This review examines the neurobehavioural impacts of bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogues (e.g. BPS, BPF, BPAF, and others) in zebrafish <em>(Danio rerio),</em> a widely used model organism in environmental and regulatory toxicology. Behavioural endpoints such as locomotor activity, anxiety, shoaling, and cognitive functions can be measured in zebrafish, providing insight into the potential neurotoxicity of chemicals. Bisphenols disrupt neural processes through mechanisms involving oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, neurotransmitter dysfunction, and altered gene expression related to neurodevelopment. Specific behavioural disruptions include impaired locomotor activity, heightened anxiety, altered social behaviours, and visual disturbances, often linked to structural damage in the nervous system. While BPA remains the most studied compound, evidence suggests other BPA analogues may have comparable or greater neurobehavioural toxicity. Implicated mechanisms underlying bisphenol-mediated behavioural events in zebrafish include cortisol metabolism, antioxidant defence, serotoninergic receptor signaling, and glutamate receptor signaling, revealing complex interactions that require further investigation. In addition, emerging studies point to the transgenerational effects of these compounds on neurobehavioural functions, necessitating further exploration of behaviour. This comprehensive review underscores the need for expanded research into the molecular pathways underlying BPs-induced neurotoxicity to help formulate better mitigation strategies and regulatory policies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 110228"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144109832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary aflatoxin B1 exposure induced the inflammation and apoptosis in freshwater fish (Channa argus) via disturbing ROS/ERS signaling axis","authors":"Siqi Jiao ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Shen ,&nbsp;Qiongya Fang ,&nbsp;Xiaorui Liu ,&nbsp;Yongkun Hao ,&nbsp;Yidi Kong ,&nbsp;Sibo Peng ,&nbsp;Min Li ,&nbsp;Guiqin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examined the impact of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) on inflammation and apoptosis within the intestine and head kidney of freshwater fish - northern snakehead (<em>Channa argus</em>), focusing on the interaction between oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) within the signaling pathways. In this study, 600 snakeheads, each weighing approximately 7.52 ± 0.02 g, were categorized into five groups, each consisting of three replicates. These groups were administered diets with incremental concentrations of AFB₁ (0 (CON), 50 (AF1), 100 (AF2), 200 (AF3), and 400 ppb (AF4)) over a duration of eight weeks. Histopathological analysis of the intestine and head kidney showed different degrees of pathological changes in the AFB₁-added groups. Exposure to AFB₁ markedly elevated ROS levels and activities of enzymes like MDA and 8-OHdG, concurrently decreasing the activities of CAT, GST, SOD, GSH, GPX, and GR within both organs. Additionally, as AFB₁ levels increased, a decrease in the expression of genes associated with antioxidant functions (<em>gst</em>, <em>cat</em>, <em>sod</em>, <em>gsh-px</em>, <em>nqo-1</em>, <em>ho-1</em>, and <em>nrf2</em>) was observed. Analysis via quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed changes in the mRNA levels of genes related to ERS (<em>grp78</em>, <em>ire1</em>, <em>jnk</em>, <em>perk</em>, <em>chop</em>, and <em>xbp1</em>), apoptosis (<em>cas-3</em>, <em>cas-9</em>, <em>bax</em>, <em>bcl-2</em>, <em>cyt-c</em>, and <em>cas-8</em>), and inflammation (<em>nf-κb</em>, <em>tnf-α</em>, <em>iκbα</em>, <em>il-1β</em>, <em>il-8</em>, and <em>il-6</em>) in both the intestine and head kidney, we found that AFB1 induces overproduction of ROS and exacerbates ERS, thereby activating apoptosis and inflammation. The results underscore the interconnected roles of oxidative stress, ERS, apoptosis, and inflammation in the damage observed in the fish's intestine and head kidney following AFB₁ exposure, indicating that the ROS-ERS signaling axis may play a significant role in the induced inflammation and apoptosis. This study offers valuable insights for further exploration into the effects of AFB₁ and its operational mechanisms in the head kidney and intestine of fish.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 110227"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144109833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trichothecenes toxicity in humans and animals: Unraveling the mechanisms and harnessing phytochemicals for prevention","authors":"Jiexing Zhang,&nbsp;Haoyan Li,&nbsp;Encheng Zhang,&nbsp;Yuhan Lu,&nbsp;Bingxue Liu,&nbsp;Kexin Yan,&nbsp;Xin Yang,&nbsp;Hongming Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mycotoxins are the major widespread hazardous substances in feed and food and are widely distributed throughout the world. Mycotoxins are a major food safety concern since they can produce substantial toxic and carcinogenic consequences in human and animals when consumed. Trichothecenes (TCTs), a class of highly toxic mycotoxins mainly generated by <em>Fusarium</em> species, are among the most prevalent food pollutants. Deoxynivalenol (DON), largely biosynthesized by <em>Fusarium graminearum</em> and <em>Fusarium culmorum</em>, along with T-2 toxin generated chiefly by <em>Fusarium langsethiae</em> and <em>Fusarium sporotrichioides</em>, represent the most agriculturally significant TCT subtypes. There are still no effective control strategies. Furthermore, phytochemicals have received widespread attention as natural compounds with strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and detoxifying effects. Because of the powerful antioxidant effects of phytochemicals, researchers have begun to look at ways to counteract the intense toxicity of TCT. Focusing on the global challenge of TCTs, this comprehensive review systematically examines contamination patterns of DON and T-2 toxin, elucidates their multi-organ toxicity pathways, and critically evaluates emerging evidence on phytochemical-based interventions targeting DON and T-2 toxin-induced health impairments. It concludes that These findings demonstrate that phytochemicals counteract DON and T-2 toxin toxicity by suppressing oxidative stress-mediated pathways, including pyroptosis, ferroptosis, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses. Accordingly, the direct addition of phytochemicals to food and feed is expected to be a promising prospect for the detoxification of DON and T-2 toxin, considering their safety, efficiency, and accessibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 110226"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144090562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative biochemistry and physiology, part C combined Zn and Mn affect osmoregulation of the freshwater teleost Prochilodus lineatus in distinct ways from isolated metals","authors":"Luciana Fernandes De Oliveira ,&nbsp;Carlos Delfino Vieira ,&nbsp;Wagner Risso ,&nbsp;Claudia Bueno dos Reis Martinez","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110225","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110225","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Juveniles of the freshwater teleost <em>Prochilodus lineatus</em> were used to evaluate the osmoregulatory effects of the essential metals zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe), both individually and in different combinations. Fish were subjected to three independent 96-h exposure tests, each including its respective control group (CTR; fish exposed only to water): (i) Zn test, with exposures to 0.18, 1.0, and 5.0 mg L⁻¹ Zn; (ii) Mn test, with exposures to 0.1, 0.5, and 5.0 mg L⁻¹ Mn; and (iii) combined test with exposures to Fe (5.0 mg L⁻¹) individually, a mixture of Zn (1.0 mg L⁻¹) and Mn (0.5 mg L⁻¹), or the three metals combined (Zn + Mn + Fe). Gill enzyme activities were analyzed for carbonic anhydrase (CA), H⁺-ATPase (HATP), Ca²⁺-ATPase (CaATP), Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase (NKA), and Mg²⁺-ATPase (MgATP). Plasma concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl⁻, and plasma osmolality were also measured. Exposure to Zn resulted in decreased plasma concentrations of K⁺, Na⁺, and Ca²⁺ without affecting gill enzymes activities. Mn exposure altered only plasma Ca²⁺ concentration, decreasing at low Mn levels and increasing at high Mn levels, accompanied by elevated HATP and CA activities, suggesting the occurrence of acidosis. In fish exposed to Zn + Mn, a reduction in plasma Ca²⁺ concentration and an increase in CaATP activity were observed. In fish exposed to Zn + Mn + Fe, an increase in plasma Ca²⁺ concentration and a decrease in HATP activity were detected. The evaluated biomarkers proved effective for monitoring Zn, Mn, and Fe contamination, both individually and in combination, in Neotropical species such as <em>P. lineatus</em>. Zn and Mn disrupted osmoregulation through different mechanisms, while mixed exposures produced agonistic effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 110225"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polystyrene nanoplastics cause developmental abnormalities, oxidative damage and immune toxicity in early zebrafish development","authors":"Febriyansyah Saputra ,&nbsp;Azzah Dyah Pramata ,&nbsp;Agoes Soegianto ,&nbsp;Shao-Yang Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aquatic organisms are increasingly affected by polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs), which have the potential to disrupt development, induce oxidative stress, and impair immune function. This study examined the effects of PSNPs on zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>) embryos exposed to 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/mL from 2 to 120 h post-fertilization (hpf). The findings indicated that developmental abnormalities occurred in a dose-dependent manner, including delayed hatching, decreased survival rates, reduced body length, smaller eye diameter, and enlarged yolk sac area. PSNPs accumulated in the chorion and yolk sac as early as 6 hpf and were detected in vital tissues, such as the eyes, heart, yolk sac, liver, pancreas, intestine, neuromasts, and tail, immediately after hatching. By 120 hpf, PSNPs significantly reduced swimming distance and velocity. Exposure to PSNPs induced oxidative damage evidenced by altered expression of antioxidant-related genes (<em>CAT1, GPX1A, SOD1, NRF2, KEAP1, HSP70, MT</em>), disrupting cellular homeostasis and causing structural and organ defects. Immune toxicity was marked by dysregulated expression of immune-related genes (<em>IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB, TNF-α, C3B, TLR-1, TLR-3, TLR-4</em>), indicating inflammation and innate immune activation triggered by oxidative damage. This study highlights the interconnected impacts of developmental abnormalities, oxidative damage, and immune toxicity caused by PSNPs exposure, highlighting the systemic impacts of nanoplastics contamination in aquatic environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 110216"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143923870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The correlation of immunotoxicity with size and chemical properties of particulate matter within macrophages","authors":"Hsiang-Yu Kung ,&nbsp;Yi-Shiuan Wang ,&nbsp;Yung-Jui Chen ,&nbsp;Ting-Hsuan Wu ,&nbsp;Jai-Yu Chen ,&nbsp;Yueh-Feng Wen ,&nbsp;Yu-Cheng Chen ,&nbsp;Hong-Lin Chan ,&nbsp;Hsiu-Chuan Chou","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, air pollution has become a major public health concern. The emission of greenhouse gases aggravates climate change, thereby affecting air quality. Among these pollutants, particulate matter (PM) can cause respiratory and cardiovascular damage. The smaller the particulate matter, the more likely it is to enter the body. However, research on immune responses to PM is limited and many molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Two sizes of particulate matter, PM₄ (&lt;4 μm) and PM₁₀ (&lt;10 μm), were used in this paper. The results showed that the smaller particles tend to adsorb more complex elements. PM₄ caused more severe cell count reduction and appearance changes. Supernatant test with DMSO and PBS suggested a stronger effect of PM size on cells. PM4 exhibited greater toxicity than PM₁₀, as indicated by lower cell survival rates at both 24 and 48 h. Additionally, PM₄ induced higher level of chemotaxis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, suggesting a stronger immune activation response. The difference is that the cell cycle arrest of the two cells was at different phases, RAW264.7 arrest at the Sub-G1 phase and J774A.1 arrest at the G2/M phase, which might be due to the differences in the mechanisms of different macrophage strains or the complex composition of PMs triggering multiple cellular mechanisms. Macrophages also produced chemotactic properties and ROS due to the chemical composition of PM. The results indicate that PM affects the immune system by triggering inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell cycle arrest, leading to immune dysfunction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 110215"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143899811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}