Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Acute toxicity effects of rice paddy bactericide bismerthiazol on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos","authors":"Jia Gao (高佳) ,&nbsp;Xianlang Liu (刘显浪) ,&nbsp;Benhe Wang (王本和) ,&nbsp;Yong Huang (黄勇) ,&nbsp;Risi Chen (陈日思) ,&nbsp;Wei Yuan (袁薇) ,&nbsp;Qiang Luo (罗强) ,&nbsp;Huiqiang Lu (陆辉强) ,&nbsp;Guiyou Tian (田贵游)","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bismerthiazol is an extensively utilized agricultural bactericide in paddy fields. However, its toxicity to aquatic animals remains poorly understood. Through acute exposure of zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio)</em> embryos, we determined that the 72 h half-lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of bismerthiazol was 7.38 mg/L, and 3 mg/L bismerthiazol induced systemic developmental abnormalities. Further studies showed that low concentrations (25 ng/L, 50 ng/L) of bismerthiazol selectively impaired notochord and muscle development in embryos and reduced their motility. Additionally, bismerthiazol exposure upregulated the Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway and myogenic gene expression. It also increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels while decreasing the enzymatic activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Notably, the antioxidant <em>N</em>-acetylcysteine (NAC) rescued the bismerthiazol-induced notochord and muscle defects. In summary, our findings demonstrate that acute bismerthiazol exposure causes developmental toxicity in aquatic organisms by inducing oxidative stress, highlighting its potential ecological risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 110303"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The silkworm (Bombyx mori) alleviates the toxic effects of the novel meta-diamide insecticide broflanilide by modulating its midgut immune system","authors":"FeiFei Wang ,&nbsp;Zengqing Huang ,&nbsp;Jiacheng Zheng ,&nbsp;Zhonghe Sun ,&nbsp;Shangshang Ma ,&nbsp;Keping Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Ju ,&nbsp;Qiang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the development of resistance in pests to the first two generations of noncompetitive antagonists (NCAs), broflanilide, a novel meta-diamide insecticide targeting the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAR) in pests, has been widely used in many countries. However, the improper use of broflanilide can result in its residue accumulating in agricultural environments, posing a potential threat to the sericulture industry. In this study, we measured biological parameters of silkworms and found that exposure to sublethal doses of broflanilide significantly inhibited the development, silk yield, and reproduction of silkworms. Meanwhile, we also measured the H₂O₂ content, antioxidant enzyme activities, and MDA levels in the midgut of silkworms. The results indicated that sublethal doses of broflanilide induced oxidative stress in the silkworm midgut and caused tissue damage. In addition, we measured the expression levels of immune-related signaling pathway genes in the silkworm midgut using qRT-PCR. The results showed that broflanilide significantly increased the expression levels of genes in the TOLL, immune deficiency (IMD), and JAK/STAT signaling pathways, as well as antimicrobial peptide genes. This suggests that immune regulation in the midgut may help silkworms resist the toxicity of broflanilide. Finally, through age-stage two-sex life table analysis, we found that broflanilide reduced the life table parameters (<em>s</em>_<em>xj</em>, <em>e</em>_<em>xj</em>, and <em>l</em>_<em>x</em>) of the F₁ generation silkworms. This indicates that broflanilide has transgenerational effects on silkworms. In summary, broflanilide exerts multiple adverse effects on silkworms and their offspring, while silkworms can mitigate the toxicity of broflanilide through immune regulation in the midgut.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 110304"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144722147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A mechanistic investigation of the effects of lactic acidosis on myocardial contractility in the Neotropical fast-swimming freshwater fish Brycon amazonicus","authors":"André Guelli Lopes ,&nbsp;Priscila Rodrigues de Siqueira ,&nbsp;Francisco Tadeu Rantin ,&nbsp;Ana Lúcia Kalinin ,&nbsp;Diana Amaral Monteiro","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lactic acidosis commonly impairs myocardial contractility in vertebrates, limiting cardiac performance under metabolic stress. However, the rheophilic Neotropical species matrinxã (<em>Brycon amazonicus</em>) appears to exhibit physiological adaptations that support cardiac resilience. In this study, ventricular muscle strips were exposed to extracellular lactic acidosis (LA, 22 mM lactic acid, pH 6.9) and evaluated for twitch contractility and the roles of calcium handling and pH regulation. Isometric ventricular preparations were utilized to assess: (a) the effects of LA; (b) the combined effects of LA and ryanodine, an inhibitor of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) function; (c) the combined effects of LA and amiloride, an inhibitor of the Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger (NHE); (d) the effects of lithium, an inhibitor of the Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger (NCX), and its interaction with LA; and (e) the effects of a Ca²⁺-free solution and its interaction with LA. Acidosis initially reduced contractile force, followed by a complete recovery and accelerated relaxation. Ryanodine and amiloride effectively abolished recovery, whereas Na^+/Ca²⁺ exchanger blockade enhanced force but prolonged relaxation. Compared to other acidosis-resilient fish species, our findings show that <em>B. amazonicus</em> employs a distinct adaptive strategy to maintain cardiac function under lactic acidosis. This strategy involves coordinated sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca²⁺ release and activation of the NHE to restore myocardial performance. Such physiological adjustments likely support survival during intense anaerobic activity in fluctuating aquatic environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 110299"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144717700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Limited feed, ammonia, 17α-ethinylestradiol and temperature cause variable effects on growth and gene expression in the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-1 pathway in juvenile mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus)","authors":"Olena Kuntyj,&nbsp;Andrea Lister,&nbsp;Deborah MacLatchy","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fish may be exposed to multiple environmental stressors that are known to impact growth, including environmental changes or contaminants. This study aimed to examine the effects of limited food availability and elevated total ammonia or 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE₂) exposure under two temperatures (20 and 25 °C) on the growth of juvenile mummichog (<em>Fundulus heteroclitus</em>). Key genes in the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) pathway were examined in muscle and liver tissues to explore their potential role in mediating growth. We conducted a 21-day experiment in which, compared to excess-fed fish, limited-fed fish exhibited decreased growth concomitant with reduced liver <em>igf1</em> and muscle <em>ghra</em> expression. In two separate experiments of 21 and 33 days using NH₄Cl treatment to elevate total ammonia levels, expression of GH-IGF-1 pathway genes (<em>igf1, igf1ra, igf1rb, ghra, ghrb</em>) in liver and muscle was not affected similarly between exposures, despite significant reductions in growth compared with control fish. Growth (body weight, specific growth rate) of fish held at 25 °C was greater than 20 °C, with NH₄Cl inhibition of growth observed at both temperatures; however, the higher temperature attenuated the response. The temperature-induced increase in the growth of control fish did not affect the expression of GH-IGF-1 pathway genes after 21 days. The increased temperature resulted in lower actual EE₂ exposure concentrations, but EE₂ did not affect growth at either temperature. Overall, further studies are required to characterize the role of the GH-IGF-1 pathway in mummichog and the mechanism by which temperature and contaminants such as ammonia alter juvenile fish growth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 110294"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144694711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence mechanism of sludge composting on antibiotic resistance genes under antibiotic stress: A comprehensive analysis","authors":"Jisen Xiong ,&nbsp;Yuying Wu ,&nbsp;Jie Chen ,&nbsp;Dengmiao Cheng ,&nbsp;Xinhui Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are increasingly recognized as emerging contaminants that enter agricultural lands and surrounding ecosystems through the application of sewage sludge containing residual antibiotics. Composting is an effective method for reducing antibiotics and ARGs in sludge; however, the impact of residual antibiotics on the efficiency of ARG removal remains unclear. This study explored the reduction of oxytetracycline (OTC), sulfamerazine (SM1), and ciprofloxacin (CIP), as well as their impact on the removal of ARGs during sewage sludge composting. Our results demonstrated that composting achieved average removal efficiencies of 89.37 %, 72.63 %, and 82.98 % for OTC, CIP, and SM1, respectively. Metagenomic sequencing revealed that antibiotic residues significantly promoted the elimination of ARGs by 26.05–40.81 %. In contrast, the CK treatment resulted in a notable increase in tetracycline-resistant genes, particularly <em>ade</em>F, <em>tet</em>X, and <em>sox</em>R, compared to the levels reduced under antibiotic-induced selective pressure. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that temperature, pH, C/N, CIP, and Proteobacteria, Tenericutes, and Chloroflexi were significant factors influencing the reduction of ARGs (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Network analysis further confirmed that Proteobacteria, particularly genera such as <em>Pseudomonas</em> and <em>Pseudoxanthomonas</em>, were predominantly associated with ARGs. These findings indicated that antibiotic residues can effectively promote the rebound of related ARGs, and offer valuable insights for the source control of ARGs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 110297"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined effects of microplastics and copper on antioxidant capacity, gut microbiome, and metabolomics of Pseudorasbora parva","authors":"Baicai Wang ,&nbsp;Guoao Xie ,&nbsp;Hailun Zhang ,&nbsp;Yueting Zhao ,&nbsp;Yekai Sun ,&nbsp;Hang Yuan ,&nbsp;Lijuan Cai ,&nbsp;Xiuling Li ,&nbsp;Wenxia Wang ,&nbsp;Changwei Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics (MPs) and metal pollutants such as copper (Cu) are common pollutants in aquatic environments worldwide, posing a potential threat to the health of aquatic organisms and ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the effects of single and combined exposures of MPs (1 mg/L) and Cu (50 μg/L) on the antioxidant capacity, histopathology, gut microbiota, and metabolomics of <em>Pseudorasbora parva</em> which was used as a model organism. Results showed that exposure to both Cu and MPs in combination reduced Cu accumulation in tissues, mitigating the effects of Cu-induced oxidative damage. Histopathological analysis revealed that combined exposures resulted in lower levels of tissue damage than exposure to Cu alone, as evidenced by reduced leukocyte infiltration in hepatocytes, the mitigation of intestinal mucosal damage and improved gill filament epithelial cell integrity. Gut microbial community analysis showed that higher Cu concentrations significantly increased the abundance of <em>Fusobacteriota</em> and <em>Cetobacterium</em>. Metabolomics analysis revealed that in the group exposed to both Cu and MPs, compared to the Cu group, the metabolism of nucleotides, pyrimidine and glycerophospholipids was upregulated, enhancing cellular repair and defense, while the downregulation of other pathways reduced energy expenditure and prevented reaction excess. This study demonstrated that <em>P. parva</em> responded to multiple pollutant stress through a complex range of metabolic regulatory mechanisms, providing novel insights into the molecular response mechanisms of aquatic organisms to the combined stress of multiple pollutants, which is of great significance for aquatic ecological risk assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 110295"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144702443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EGCG attenuates BPA -induced male reproductive toxicity by regulating the blood-testis barrier by suppressing autophagy via AMPK/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway","authors":"Qingyan Wang ,&nbsp;Yunjie Su ,&nbsp;Qian Yang ,&nbsp;Trust Beta ,&nbsp;Fei Shen ,&nbsp;Qin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bisphenol A (BPA) is a typical endocrine disrupting chemical widely distributed in the environment and in food systems. The adverse effects of BPA on reproductive health have posed major concerns worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the potential of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) to protect against BPA-induced male reproductive toxicity and investigate the underlying protective mechanism. The protective effects of EGCG on BPA-induced reproductive toxicity were investigated using male zebrafish model. The results showed that EGCG alleviated BPA-induced developmental toxicity of F1 generation of zebrafish, reversed testis disorder and combated the blood-testis barrier (BTB) damage caused by BPA in zebrafish. In order to unravel the underlying mechanism, TM4 cell - constructed BTB model was used for further study. The results indicated that EGCG counteracted the damage induced by BPA on the integrity of BTB model and reduced the autophagy caused by BPA. Furthermore, EGCG effectively inhibited the BPA-induced upregulation of the expression level of AMPK (p-AMPKα/AMPKα), significantly restored the BPA-mediated downregulation of the expression levels of p-mTOR/mTOR, p-AKT/AKT and Raptor. The results suggested that EGCG mitigated the BPA-induced male reproductive toxicity through maintaining the integrity of BTB by inhibiting the autophagy mediated by AMPK/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. This study provided a strategy for combating the BPA-induced reproductive toxicity using a well-known bioactive component as a potential therapeutic approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 110298"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144706606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of methimazole on the thyroid hormone system in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) larvae","authors":"Yoshifumi Horie ,&nbsp;Chee Kong Yap","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for fish development, metabolism, and reproduction. Disruptions in TH balance caused by exposure to TH-disrupting chemicals (THDCs) can lead to serious physiological problems. While adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) for THDCs have been described in zebrafish and fathead minnows, similar pathways in Japanese medaka (<em>Oryzias latipes</em>) are still not well understood. In this study, we explored how methimazole (MMI), a thyroid peroxidase (TPO) inhibitor, affects the development of Japanese medaka, focusing on growth, swim bladder inflation, thyroid hormone (T4 and T3) levels, and gene expression patterns in this species. The results obtained indicated that MMI exposure suppressed T4 levels in a dose-dependent manner, but did not show any dose-dependent effects on the thyroid hormone-related genes expression levels or growth and the growth-related genes expression. Although the incidence of swim bladder inflation failure showed statistically significant differences, it was not dose-dependent; the inflation rate remained approximately 90 % across all exposure concentrations, suggesting no biologically meaningful effect. This observed disruption of T4 levels aligned with key events in established AOPs for THDCs. Furthermore, our findings provide valuable insights into the taxonomic domain of applicability for these AOPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 110296"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144706605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyridaben exposure triggers osmotic and oxidative imbalance causing morphologic deformities in Daphnia magna","authors":"Yusuf Sevgiler ,&nbsp;Gülüzar Atli","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pyridaben, a non-systemic insecticide and acaricide, poses a threat to aquatic organisms in regions far removed from agricultural areas due to atmospheric transport. This study aims to investigate subchronic (0.20–0.80 TU) <em>in vivo</em> (7 d) and <em>in vitro</em> biochemical effects of PDB at environmentally relevant concentrations on a non-target organism <em>Daphnia magna</em>. The integrated biomarker response index (IBR) approach was also employed to identify the global trend in biological responses to PDB. The SOD-CAT system was significantly upregulated, whereas Ca²⁺-ATPase activity and total protein levels decreased in correlation with morphometric traits following <em>in vivo</em> exposure to PDB. Additionally, glutathione metabolism parameters and SOD activity declined, and Ca²⁺-ATPase inhibition was observed after <em>in vitro</em> treatment. Overall, the reduced IBR values confirmed greater PDB toxicity at all tested concentrations under both experimental conditions, indicating that PDB elicited biological responses in <em>D. magna</em> even at its lowest concentration. These findings suggest that impairments in antioxidant and osmoregulatory systems were associated with dysmorphic changes in <em>D. magna</em> in response to PDB-induced toxicity. Further research is required to explore additional molecular mechanisms beyond the biochemical responses, in order to integrate multi-dimensional data under oxidative stress induced by PDB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 110275"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144674038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity assessment of N, N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) in zebrafish embryos","authors":"Hua Zhang ,&nbsp;Chenglong Liu ,&nbsp;Yulu sun ,&nbsp;Shuqiong Tang ,&nbsp;Yan Lei ,&nbsp;Weixin Zhang ,&nbsp;Bo Cheng ,&nbsp;Yan Zhao ,&nbsp;Qiang Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110293","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>N, N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) is a widely used insect repellent that can be detected in water and soil worldwide. Although adverse reactions have been reported following the use of DEET - containing products, there are few toxicity studies. In this study, zebrafish were exposed to 0, 0.2 mg/mL, 0.25 mg/mL, and 0.3 mg/mL of DEET. With increasing exposure concentrations, zebrafish mortality increased and body length development was reduced. At 72 hours post fertilization (hpf), zebrafish exhibited pericardial edema, decreased heart rate, and yolk sac edema. Significant abnormalities in the looping morphology of the heart were observed, with the atrium and ventricle positioned along the midline, resulting in cardiac linearization. The expression levels of genes related to cardiac development (<em>myh6</em>, <em>nppa</em>, <em>nkx2.5</em>, <em>gata4</em>, <em>tbx5a</em>, <em>vmhc</em>) increased. On the other hand, the quantity of neutrophils and macrophages exhibited a decrease, and the expression level of genes related to mediating inflammatory response (<em>myd88</em>, <em>ifn-γ</em>, <em>tlr4</em>) and inflammatory factor genes (<em>il-6</em>, <em>il-8</em>, <em>il-10</em>) increased. In addition, DEET exposure caused a reduction in newly generated neurons at 24 hpf. At 72 hpf, the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was inhibited, and motor behavior show that the total distance and average speed were significantly reduced. Further research found that oxidative stress was activated, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content increased significantly. In summary, DEET cause multiple toxicities to the heart, immune system, and nervous system during early developmental stages of zebrafish embryos, and these toxicities may be induced by oxidative stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 110293"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144667371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}