Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Impact of essential oils on enzymes activity, reserve products, biomarkers, and gene expression of Tribolium castaneum","authors":"Houssam Annaz ,&nbsp;Francesco Cacciola ,&nbsp;Ayoub Kounnoun ,&nbsp;Noureddin Bouayad ,&nbsp;Kacem Rharrabe","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Essential oils (EOs) are concentrated volatiles renowned for their strong fumigant, contact, feeding deterrence, and repellent effects. These oils can disrupt vital functions and the activity of essential enzymes in major stored product pests like <em>Tribolium castaneum</em>. Hence, the study of the physiological effects of these EOs can provide a better understanding of the impact of EOs and propose new strategies for the control of this pest. Therefore, this review aims to review available data regarding the potential impact of EOs on <em>T. castaneum</em> enzyme activities, biomarkers, gene expression, and transcriptomic profile. Articles retrieved provide interesting findings regarding the activity of digestive enzymes (α-amylase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase) detoxification enzymes (cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, esterase, glutathione S-transferase), antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase) and acetylcholinesterase, ATPase, in adults and larvae exposed to different EOs. Moreover, some articles evaluated the content reserve products (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) and biomarkers linked to stress (reactive oxygen species), lipid peroxidation (conjugated diene, malondialdehyde), and antioxidant system (reduced and oxidized glutathione). Other molecular aspects were also evaluated, including transcriptomics and gene expression, to assess the physiological interactions after exposure to EOs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 110167"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143540447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bisphenol AF induces lipid metabolism disorders, oxidative stress and upregulation of heat shock protein 70 in zebrafish","authors":"Bingya Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhonghua Fan ,&nbsp;Xuan Liu ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Wu ,&nbsp;Lin Cheng ,&nbsp;Li Wang ,&nbsp;Hui Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bisphenol AF (BPAF) is a widespread endocrine disruptor in the environment, and the use of BPAF has been strongly associated with the development of several diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of BPAF on growth, development, oxidative stress and lipid metabolism in zebrafish. We chose the concentrations based on the measured LC₅₀ at 96 h post-fertilization (96 hpf), and the zebrafish embryos were exposed to three different concentrations (0.125, 0.5 and 2 μmol/L). The findings indicated that BPAF exposure in zebrafish leaded to alterations in heart rate, body length and hatching rate, as well as an accumulation of red blood cells in the heart. Additionally, BPAF exposure resulted in increased levels of neutrophils, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)), thus disturbing the balance between oxidative and antioxidative systems. BPAF promoted fatty acid catabolism and inhibited fatty acid synthesis, ultimately leading to a reduction in fatty acid content. Mechanistically, RNA-seq analysis and RT-qPCR revealed a significant upregulation of heat shock protein 70 (<em>hsp70</em>) after BPAF exposure. Inhibition of <em>hsp70</em> with VER-155008 ameliorated BPAF-induced oxidative stress. These data provided a novel approach to investigate BPAF-induced oxidative stress and suggested that regulation of <em>hsp70</em> is a crucial target for alleviating this process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 110164"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143531317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation regarding the physiological effects of cobalt on physiological functions in Drosophila, crayfish, and crab: Behavioral, cardiac, neural, and synaptic properties","authors":"Jaycie E. Gard ,&nbsp;Kaitlyn E. Brock ,&nbsp;Elizabeth R. Elliott ,&nbsp;Alaina C. Taul ,&nbsp;Jeremy Nadolski ,&nbsp;Jiwoo Kim ,&nbsp;Shelby McCubbin ,&nbsp;Jordon Hecht ,&nbsp;Remy Ronen ,&nbsp;Sonya M. Bierbower ,&nbsp;Jayden P. Alcorn ,&nbsp;Nikitha Dharanipragada ,&nbsp;Tessa F. Hall ,&nbsp;Ashley B. Hamlet ,&nbsp;Zohaib Iqbal ,&nbsp;Sarah R. Johnson ,&nbsp;Jai Kumar Joshi ,&nbsp;Stephen J. McComis ,&nbsp;Ryson E. Neeley ,&nbsp;Alex W. Racheneur ,&nbsp;Robin L. Cooper","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cobalt, a metallic element found naturally in the earth's crust, is essential to survival. It is the active center of cobalamins such as vitamin B12 and is also a micronutrient for bacteria, algae, and fungi. The effects of cobalt (II) chloride (CoCl₂), the inorganic form of cobalt, are dependent on the dosage. High dosage or chronic exposure to CoCl₂ can have negative effects, such as carcinogenic properties, intoxication, and “beer drinker's cardiomyopathy.” This investigation was designed to test the effects of acute, high-concentration in cobalt exposure on physiological functions in <em>Drosophila</em>, crayfish, and crab, particularly in terms of behavioral, cardiac, neural, and synaptic properties. When exposed to 1 mM of CoCl₂, decreased neural transmission was observed at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of both crayfish and <em>Drosophila</em> larvae. Within the crayfish proprioceptive organ, no conclusive changes in activity were observed due to the high variability among individuals, but activity was observed to increase in the crab proprioceptive organ after 10 min immersion the CoCl₂. In larval <em>Drosophila</em>, heart rate decreased to near-cessation, though the <em>in-situ</em> preparations were able to recover regular heart rates after sufficient saline rinsing. Systemic injections of CoCl₂ into crayfish hemolymph produced no significant effects on heart rate or tail flip response. In larval <em>Drosophila</em> that consumed food tainted with CoCl₂, no effects were observed on behavior, mouth hook movements, or body wall movements; however, this led to adults bearing a slightly decreased lifespan, which indicates that 1 mM CoCl₂ has differing effects by tissue and organism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 110165"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143529242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histological and biochemical evidence of Cr2O3 and Al2O3 nanoparticles toxicity in the marine gastropod Stramonita haemastoma: A preliminary application of integrated biomarker response (IBR)","authors":"Fateh Sedrati ,&nbsp;Hana Bouzahouane ,&nbsp;Mohcen Menaa ,&nbsp;Fadila Khaldi ,&nbsp;Tayeb Bouarroudj ,&nbsp;Lassaad Gzara ,&nbsp;Mounira Bensalem ,&nbsp;Omar Laouar ,&nbsp;Noomene Sleimi ,&nbsp;Hichem Nasri ,&nbsp;Carla O. Silva ,&nbsp;Kheireddine Ouali","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanoparticles (NPs) have actively contributed to nanotechnologies advancement over the last years, due to the unique properties they possess compared to their pristine counterparts. Consequently, NPs found wide applications in various fields such as the medical, biomedical, chemical, agro-food industries, and cosmetology. NP's extensive uses could lead to their release into the environment, especially in the marine ecosystems, considered as NPs sink, resulting in harmful effects on organisms. Concerns regarding NPs' toxicity in aquatic organisms have emerged, however, several points remain unexplored. In the present study, the toxicity of chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃ = 42 nm) and aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃ = 38 nm) NPs (1 mg/L, 2.5 mg/L, and 5 mg/L) in the gills of the marine gastropod <em>Stramonita haemastoma</em> was assessed through time (7, 14, and 28 days) by a multi-biomarker, Integrated biomarkers response (IBR), and Histological analysis. Both NPs induced varied changes in the antioxidant system, suggesting the onset of oxidative stress marked by superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), metallothionein (MT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels imbalance. Varied histological alterations in the gills of <em>S. haemastoma</em> were also observed including inflammation, hypertrophy, and lamellar fusion, IBR proved to be a promising tool for assessing NPs toxicity in gastropods. In this study results indicated the co-response of reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), CAT, SOD, and MT after 28 days of exposure. <em>S. haemastoma</em> showed sensitivity to all exposure concentrations of NPs thus validating this species as a suitable indicator of NPs contamination and toxicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 110159"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143514955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic fluoride induces neurotoxicity in zebrafish through the gut-brain axis","authors":"Jianjie Chen ,&nbsp;Mengyan Xu ,&nbsp;Lijuan Li ,&nbsp;Yuting Lu ,&nbsp;Yongju Luo ,&nbsp;Jinling Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fluoride (F) is a common pollutant in aquatic environment. Chronic exposure to fluoride can cause toxicity to nervous system and behavior of fish. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. This study is designed to explore the effects and potential mechanisms of chronic fluoride exposure on zebrafish behavior. Zebrafish were exposed to CK, LF, MF, and HF for 90 days. The results showed that chronic fluoride exposure caused damage to the brain tissues of adult zebrafish and significantly reduced the total distance of free swimming per min. Fluoride significantly reduced dopamine content and dopamine pathway related gene expression in brain. In addition, fluoride disrupted the intestinal barrier function, reduced the expression of tight junction proteins and mucin related genes in intestinal tissues, increased intestinal permeability. Males in the HF group were more sensitive than the corresponding females. Fluoride significantly decreased the dopamine content in the intestine, disturbed the gene expression of dopamine pathway related genes. Fluoride significantly increased the relative abundance of g_uncultured_bacterium_c_Gammaprotebacteria in three F groups, while significantly reduced the relative abundance of g_lactobacilli and g_Lachnospiraceae NK4A136_group. At the same time, metabolic pathways including amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism were also affected. These indicate that fluoride can result in neurotoxicity and behavioral changes by disrupting intestinal permeability and causing intestinal damage caused by imbalance of gut microbiota nucleotide metabolism, and the abnormal expression of dopamine related genes in the gut in zebrafish. Male zebrafish are more sensitive than female zebrafish.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 110157"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143514943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of acute bisphenol A exposure on feeding and reproduction in sea urchin (Heliocidaris crassispina)","authors":"Xiuwen Xu ,&nbsp;Keying Ding ,&nbsp;Xiuqi Jin ,&nbsp;Jinyue Jia ,&nbsp;Kaiwen Ding ,&nbsp;Weiye Li ,&nbsp;Jixiu Wang ,&nbsp;Jingwen Yang ,&nbsp;Bayden D. Russell ,&nbsp;Tianming Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine-disrupting chemical that is used globally in the production of many plastics, is a pervasive environmental contaminant that poses a growing threat to various forms of life. However, data on its impact on invertebrates, particularly echinoderms, remain scarce, and there is no existing research on BPA's toxicity in adult sea urchins. This study investigates the impact of acute BPA exposure (100, 600, and 1500 μg/L for one week) in adult sea urchin <em>Heliocidaris crassispina</em>, focusing on feeding behaviors (including predation and anti-predation behaviors, digestive enzyme activity), reproductive physiology (including gonadal characteristics, sex hormone levels, and expression of reproduction-related genes), and transgenerational effects. Results show that BPA exposure significantly reduces feeding capacity, prolongs response times in behavioral assays, and decreases digestive enzyme activity, indicating impaired energy acquisition. Histological analysis reveals gonadal developmental delays. Biochemical analysis revealed significant alterations in sex hormone levels, with a severe imbalance in their ratios. Gene expression analysis indicates significant changes in reproductive-related genes (up-regulation of reproductive-related gene <em>myp</em>, down-regulation of sex hormone synthesis key gene <em>cyp17</em>), supporting endocrine disruption. Furthermore, BPA exposure leads to developmental delays in offspring, highlighting potential transgenerational risks. Notably, a non-monotonic dose response was observed across several physiological and molecular endpoints, consistent with those seen in other species. These findings provide new insights into BPA toxicity in marine invertebrates, emphasizing its threat to sea urchin populations and coastal ecosystem stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 110163"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143491113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of NADPH oxidase in the mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) in response to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection","authors":"Chang-Hong Cheng ,&nbsp;Jun-De Dong ,&nbsp;Si-Gang Fan ,&nbsp;Hong-Ling Ma ,&nbsp;Yi-Qin Deng ,&nbsp;Juan Feng ,&nbsp;Jian-Jun Jiang ,&nbsp;Zhi-Xun Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis and function. The main source of intracellular ROS depends on the NADPH oxidase (Nox) and plays crucial roles in immune deafens in animal. However, the function of Nox in crustaceans remains unclear. In the present study, a Nox gene from the mud crab (designated as Sp-Nox) was cloned and identified. The full length of Sp-Nox contained an open reading frame of 3939 bp encoding 1312 amino acids, a 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of 420 bp, and a 3′ UTR of 813 bp. The deduced amino acid sequences of Sp-Nox contained a typical flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) binding domain and a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) binding domain. Sp-Nox was widely expressed in all tested tissues, with the highest expression levels in the gill. Sp-Nox expression in hepatopancreas was significantly up-regulated after <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> infection. In order to know more about the regulation mechanism of Sp-Nox, RNA interference experiment was investigated. Knocking down Sp-Nox <em>in vivo</em> can significantly reduce the production of ROS and the expression levels of antioxidant-related genes (CAT and SOD). Moreover, Sp-Nox interference significantly increased the mortality of mud crabs after <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> infection. All these results suggested that Sp-Nox played a crucial role in the defense against <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> infection in crustaceans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 110158"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143491120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurotoxic effects of chronic exposure to perfluorobutane sulfonate in adult zebrafish (Danio Rerio)","authors":"Jenila John Santhi ,&nbsp;Praveen Kumar Issac ,&nbsp;Manikandan Velayutham ,&nbsp;Panneer Selvam Sundar Rajan ,&nbsp;Shaik Althaf Hussain ,&nbsp;Mohammed Rafi Shaik ,&nbsp;Baji Shaik ,&nbsp;Ajay Guru","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic compounds extensively utilized in industrial applications and consumer products. Long-chain PFAS has been linked to negative health impacts, prompting the introduction of shorter-chain alternatives like perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS). While long-chain PFAS are known to induce oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis, the neurotoxic potential of short-chain PFAS like PFBS was not well studied. This study aims to evaluate the neurotoxic effect and bioaccumulation of PFBS on adult zebrafish. In this study, adult zebrafish were exposed to PFBS at concentrations of 0.14, 1.4, and 14 μM for 28 days. PFBS accumulation in zebrafish brain tissue was confirmed by specific mass spectrum peaks. Behavioral assays revealed significant anxiety-like behavior, with PFBS (14 μM) exposed zebrafish spending more time in the bottom zone of the novel tank diving test (179.33 ± 1.03 s) and in the light and dark preference results showed increased time spent in the dark zone (165.17 ± 10.89 s). Learning and memory deficits were evident in the T-maze test, where PFBS-exposed zebrafish spent less time in the favorable zone (0.67 ± 1.15 s). Biochemical analysis showed significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the male and female brains (0.06 μmol/min and 0.09 μmol/min). Antioxidant enzyme levels were reduced, with superoxide dismutase (SOD) 5.45 U/mg protein in the male brain and 4.06 U/mg protein in the female brain, leading to increased oxidative stress biomarkers like lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide levels in male (0.99 μmol/mg/ml and 8.85 μM) and female brain (1.83 μmol/mg/ml and 8.74 μM), respectively. Gene expression analysis demonstrated the downregulation of SOD, CAT, GSR, and GPx, indicating impaired antioxidant defense mechanisms. Histopathological analysis of PFBS exposure groups revealed vacuolation and increased pyknotic neurons in the optic tectum region of the brain. Our study suggests that PFBS exposure leads to bioaccumulation in the brain, causing histopathological changes and cognitive impairment. In conclusion, PFBS induces neurotoxicity which can be a potential risk as they are incorporated into a range of consumer products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 110162"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143491117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"6PPD impairs growth performance by inducing intestinal oxidative stress and ferroptosis in zebrafish","authors":"Hao Xu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Mao ,&nbsp;Dashuang Mo ,&nbsp;Mengzhu Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-<em>N</em>'-phenyl-<em>p</em>-phenylenediamine (6PPD), a tire-derived pollutant, has gained increasing attention due to its potential toxicity to aquatic organisms. Although previous studies have revealed that 6PPD impacts early developmental stages of larval fish, its effects on adult fish, particularly on key organs, remain unclear. In this study, we observed that adult zebrafish exposed to 6PPD exhibited reduced growth performance and increased fecal output. Histological examination with hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) staining revealed damage to the intestinal villi and a reduction in goblet cell numbers, indicating that 6PPD impairs growth performance by disrupting the digestive system. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed that 6PPD caused significant changes in the expression of 727 genes in the intestine, of which 280 genes were up-regulated and 447 genes were down-regulated. These genes were primarily associated with nutrient digestion and absorption, energy metabolism, immune response, and redox regulation. Mechanistically, 6PPD induced oxidative stress and triggered ferroptosis in the intestine, leading to structural damage of the intestinal villi. Treatment with the antioxidant <em>N</em>-acetylcysteine (NAC) alleviated 6PPD-induced oxidative stress and ferroptosis, thereby improving intestinal villi structure and promoting fish growth. This study provides insights into the mechanisms by which 6PPD impairs growth in adult zebrafish and highlights NAC as a potential therapeutic strategy to mitigate its toxicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 110161"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143482366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined heavy metals (As and Pb) affects antioxidant status and lipid metabolism in zebrafish (Danio rerio)","authors":"Ming Liu ,&nbsp;Jian Song ,&nbsp;Haoling Liu ,&nbsp;Guangyu Li ,&nbsp;Ning Luan ,&nbsp;Xiaoling Liu ,&nbsp;Yi Shen ,&nbsp;Minglei Lyu ,&nbsp;Zhengyu Wang ,&nbsp;Huiming Zhou ,&nbsp;Qing Yang ,&nbsp;Junli Zuo","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The potential risk of coexistence of mixed heavy metals in the aquatic environment has increased with the development of technology. Lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) are among the most widely applied heavy metals, whose single toxicity has been extensively investigated, but their combined toxicity has been reported relatively rarely. In this study, different concentrations of Pb (40 μg/L, 4 mg/L), As (32 μg/L, 3.2 mg/L) and their combinations (40 μg/L + 32 μg/L, 4 mg/L + 3.2 mg/L) were set up for 30 days to establish a heavy metal exposure model in zebrafish. Pathological sections, biochemical parameters and gene expression analysis were used to assess the toxicity effects of oxidative damage and lipid metabolism in the liver. Our results showed that combined exposure of As and Pb resulted in elevated ROS and MDA levels and upregulated expression of genes related to the Nrf2-Keap1/Are signaling pathway in female zebrafish, causing enhanced oxidative stress. Moreover, mixture of As and Pb was able to cause abnormal upregulation of lipid metabolism-related genes and reduced activity of fatty acid synthase (FAS) in the liver of female zebrafish. The abnormal decrease of carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT-1) and gene <em>cpt1a</em> in males were also observed. These results contributed to hepatic Triglyceride (TG) excessive accumulation, ultimately triggering a disturbance of lipid metabolism. These findings indicated that chronic exposure to As and Pb was capable of producing adverse effects on oxidative stress and lipid metabolism in fish in a sex-specific manner. This study provides new perspective for evaluating the combined effects of heavy metals in the aquatic environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 110160"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}