Organizations & Markets: Policies & Processes eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Personal Data Processing by and for Political Campaigns: The Application of the Council of Europe's Modernised Convention 108","authors":"Colin Bennett","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3633976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3633976","url":null,"abstract":"At the center of efforts to combat electoral manipulation and propaganda lies the question of how personal data on individual voters is being processed in political campaigns, and whether or not it is done so legally and ethically. Familiar data protection questions are now at the center of a heated international debate about democratic integrity, and about the rights to free elections enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights. International instruments for the protection of data, such as the modernized Council of Europe’s Convention 108, assume increasing importance in the regulation of data-driven elections, and in the support of broad democratic principles of pluralism and individual autonomy. The main body of the paper analyzes the different, but related, data protection standards that apply directly to the processing of personal data in election campaigns: identifiability and re-identifiability; the definition of sensitive political opinions; political communications; legitimate interests and proportionality; the processing of public data on social media; the obligation of transparency; and automated processing and profiling. Throughout, comparisons are made with parallel provisions within the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and to recent investigations into political campaign practices by data protection authorities in the UK, France, and Canada. Convention 108+ has a unique role to play in the promulgation of good data protection practices for political campaigns and thereby enhancing democratic rights. The modernized Convention 108+ of 2018 is explicitly rooted in a broad aim “to secure the human dignity and protection of the human rights and fundamental freedoms of every individual.” It recognizes that the “right to protection of personal data is to be considered in respect of its role in society and that it has to be reconciled with other human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of expression.” The processing of personal data in political campaigns requires exactly this kind of reconciliation. The history of the Council of Europe and its experience in promoting democratic rights make the organization ideally suited to addressing these critical issues in both advanced industrialized societies, as well as within the more fragile democratic cultures of the Global South.","PeriodicalId":105736,"journal":{"name":"Organizations & Markets: Policies & Processes eJournal","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125982663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Level Playing Field? Empirical Evidence That Ethnic Minority Analysts Face Unequal Access to Corporate Managers","authors":"Rachel W. Flam, Jeremiah Green, Joshua A. Lee, Nathan Y. Sharp","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3622417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3622417","url":null,"abstract":"Given the lack of diversity among senior executives of U.S. public companies, we investigate whether ethnic minority analysts face unique barriers to management access. We find managers are less likely to select minority analysts to participate in the Q&A session of public earnings conference calls, and minority analysts selected to participate receive lower levels of prioritization and engagement than non-minority analysts. Minority analysts’ access to management does not improve over time or with companies recognized for workplace diversity. The consequences of unequal treatment extend beyond conference calls, as investors are less likely to vote for minorities as Institutional Investor All-Stars.","PeriodicalId":105736,"journal":{"name":"Organizations & Markets: Policies & Processes eJournal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117060605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Path Dependency, the High Court, and the Constitution","authors":"J. Patrick","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3619609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3619609","url":null,"abstract":"Path dependence is a concept that originally arose in the field of economics before gaining currency with political scientists and historians. The essence of path dependency is that temporality matters: once a decision is made, it often becomes “locked-in” and persists despite the existence of more efficient or otherwise better alternatives that could become apparent later. The tentative hypothesis advanced here is that the concept of path dependency is useful for understanding why some doctrines of Australian constitutional law have changed dramatically since first developed while others remain largely the same. An example of one arguably path-dependent line of doctrine and one arguably non-path-dependent line of doctrine are discussed and analysed to demonstrate the possibilities and limitations of the theory.","PeriodicalId":105736,"journal":{"name":"Organizations & Markets: Policies & Processes eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121926610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complementarities of Knowledge Worker Productivity: Insights from an Online Experiment of Software Programmers with Innovative Cognitive Style","authors":"Natallia Pashkevich, D. Haftor","doi":"10.5709/ce.1897-9254.402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.402","url":null,"abstract":"Complementarities of knowledge worker productivity: Insights from an online experiment of software programmers with innovative cognitive style.","PeriodicalId":105736,"journal":{"name":"Organizations & Markets: Policies & Processes eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134345367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effectiveness of Social Advertising","authors":"Shan Huang, Song Lin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3610513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3610513","url":null,"abstract":"Although social advertising has grown to be one of the major online advertising channels in recent years, its effectiveness is not been fully understood. In this study, we use data from a large-scale field experiment on a major social media platform (WeChat Moments) to investigate how the display of social cues (friends' likes) in an advertisement affects users' responses. In the experiment, we randomly manipulate the presence of social cues in ads shown to 37 million users. We distinguish two types of consumer response: publicly observable responses that reveal whether a user has liked an ad, and private responses whereby a user clicks on an ad. We find that on average, displaying the first social cue significantly enhances the liking and clickthrough rates. However, while showing additional social cues can further increase users' tendency to like, it does not increase the clickthrough rate any further. This empirical pattern is consistent with the coexistence of informational social influence and normative social influence in social advertising. We find evidence that informational influence has a greater impact on the clickthrough rate, whereas normative social influence has a more prominent effect on the liking rate. Our results provide rich implications for advertisers and social media platforms in designing social advertising policies.","PeriodicalId":105736,"journal":{"name":"Organizations & Markets: Policies & Processes eJournal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123428413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standards, Regulations, and Net Neutrality in the Digital Economy","authors":"H. Øverby, J. Audestad","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3601725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3601725","url":null,"abstract":"The digital economy is one of the fastest growing segments of the economy. It includes the production, trade, and transportation of digital goods and services, as well as online ordering of physical goods — also known as e-commerce. The digital economy is made possible by key technologies such as the Internet and mobile communications. One of the success factors of the digital economy is the Internet as an open platform for conducting business and innovation. A key ingredient in the evolution of the open Internet is standardization. In its early stage, the digital economy was an open marketplace with few market regulations. However, as the digital economy is expanding in size and scope, increased regulation of digital markets is taking place in many parts of the world. <br><br>This paper examines standardization and regulation efforts in the digital economy, in particular, the impact these standards and regulations have on the evolution of digital markets. The paper first presents the technological infrastructure underpinning the Internet and its corresponding business landscape, followed by a discussion of the role regulations and, in particular, net neutrality play in innovation and the evolution of digital businesses.","PeriodicalId":105736,"journal":{"name":"Organizations & Markets: Policies & Processes eJournal","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128842280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Financial Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility and Information Transparency (The Research for the Pharmaceutical Industry) (Финансовые Эффекты Корпоративной Социальной Ответственности и Информационной Прозрачности (Исследование Для Фармацевтической Отрасли))","authors":"A. Bulgakov, Alexander Khorin, Arseniy Krikunov","doi":"10.17323/j.jcfr.2073-0438.14.1.2020.29-38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17323/j.jcfr.2073-0438.14.1.2020.29-38","url":null,"abstract":"<b>English Abstract:</b> The article is devoted to research and evaluation of the usefulness of information disclosed in reports of pharmaceutical companies. The main purpose of the study was to assess the transparency of the metric, inter-firm comparability of nonfinancial reporting data, and to identify the usefulness of the disclosed information for international pharmaceutical companies. The methodological basis of the research is the harmonization of the requirements of business practice standards with financial reporting standards. The paper uses the method of proportional-typical selection of stable structured performance indicators of companies. The authors were not limited to information requests from investors in one country, individual companies, or priority areas of interests of interested and involved persons. The study approach implemented for the multilateral consideration of the views of stakeholders. The research database was compiled by reports of five companies, such as Johnson &amp; Johnson, Novartis AG, Merck KGaA, Sanofi, and Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. from the Global Reporting Initiative Database and financial reports of 20 pharmaceutical companies of the Access to Medicine Index System in 2014 and 2016. The result of the study is that the total position of 5 companies moved up from the 8th to the 6th rank. The result of the ratio of growth rates of their total revenue, capitalization and long-term capital is positive when compared with the growth rate of the quality of their disclosure of non-financial indicators. Such relationship is the strongest in attracting long-term capital, followed by growth in capitalization and it is the smallest in growth in revenue. The format of the minimum required set of harmonized indicators helps to increase the confidence of stakeholders in the financial and non-financial information of socially responsible companies. The novelty of the results obtained consists in using a metric expression of the quality of reporting indicators to assess their usefulness in the business practice of companies with a production profile. The results obtained in the course of the study allow us to make a generalized conclusion that useful information generated on the basis of harmonization of structured data from financial and non-financial statements contributes to increasing the level of business activity and its comprehensive performance of all parties involved in the company’s affairs.<br><br><b>Russian Abstract:</b> Статья посвящена исследованию и оценке полезности информации, раскрываемой в отчетах фармацевтических компаний. Основная цель исследования состояла в том, чтобы оценить прозрачность показателя, межфирменную сопоставимость данных нефинансовой отчетности и определить полезность раскрытой информации для международных фармацевтических компаний. Методологической основой исследования является гармонизация требований стандартов деловой практики со стандартами финансовой отчетности. В статье исп","PeriodicalId":105736,"journal":{"name":"Organizations & Markets: Policies & Processes eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116018495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering Missing Links in Global Value Chain Research – And Implications for Corporate Social Responsibility and International Business","authors":"Merel Serdijn, A. Kolk, L. Fransen","doi":"10.1108/cpoib-01-2020-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-01-2020-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Amidst burgeoning attention for global value chains (GVCs) in international business (IB), this paper aims to identify a clear “missing link” in this literature and discusses implications for research and corporate social responsibility (CSR) policy-making and implementation.,The paper combines an overview of relevant literature from different (sub)disciplinary fields, with insights from practitioner and expert interviews and secondary data.,Because IB GVC research stems from a focus on lead firms and their producing suppliers, it lacks attention for intermediary actors that may significantly impact the organization of production in general, and firms’ CSR commitments in particular. Import intermediaries are often “hidden” in GVCs. This paper indicates the emergence of GVC parallelism with “frontstage” chains managed by lead firms and increasingly exposed to public scrutiny following calls for transparency and CSR, and “backstage” ones in which buyers and intermediaries operate more opaquely.,This study points at salient yet little known practices and actors that influence the organization of production and the implementation of CSR policies in various ways, and therefore offers ground for reflection on the design of proper supply chain and CSR policies.,This study exposes a hitherto neglected category of actors in GVCs and broader IB research and discusses implications, relevance and areas for further investigation. An illustrative example explicates the importance of carefully considering this “missing link”. The study emphasizes the need for further study into ways in which both lead firms and intermediaries deal with contradicting demands of implementing CSR policies and offering competitive prices with short lead times.","PeriodicalId":105736,"journal":{"name":"Organizations & Markets: Policies & Processes eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114287029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Performance of Implementation of Strategic Measures of Ensuring Economic Security of Enterprises","authors":"I. Mishchuk","doi":"10.15587/2312-8372.2020.199962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2020.199962","url":null,"abstract":"The object of research is the process of evaluating the strategic support of the economic security of the enterprise. It is revealed that one of the effective strategic measures to ensure the economic security of the enterprise is real and long-term financial investment, as well as mergers and acquisitions. It is taken into account that in the conditions of cheapening of assets, the latter become attractive for purchase by larger or economically stable companies. At the same time, such assets may have problems with solvency, profitability and others. In this regard, it is substantiated that an assessment of the feasibility of mergers and acquisitions should be accompanied by a determination of their impact on changes in the level of economic security. It is taken into account that the assessment of the level of economic security is based on determining the shortage of profit before tax. This shortage is characterized by the amount that the company loses due to the failure of certain threshold indicators of economic security. Given the hierarchical structure of such indicators, the shortage of profit is defined as the maximum possible value of the estimated disadvantages of profit for each indicator. It is proved that the effect of mergers and acquisitions, defined in the traditional way, can be achieved, but the effect that manifests itself in increasing the level of economic security is not. It is established that in modern conditions, the criterion for increasing the level of economic security should prevail over others. Methodological approaches to evaluating the feasibility of MaA (Mergers and Acquisitions) transactions have been improved, which, unlike existing ones, take into account the effects of reducing the shortfall in profit before tax and allow to compare the achieved level of economic security, respectively, before and after transactions. An indicator of the economic efficiency of MaA transactions from reducing the shortfall in EBT (Earnings before Tax) profits is proposed.The practical result of this research is the developed methodological approaches to assessing the appropriateness of MaA transactions. Application of the developed concept will allow more correctly assessing the consequences of mergers and acquisitions.","PeriodicalId":105736,"journal":{"name":"Organizations & Markets: Policies & Processes eJournal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115976330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Matching to Produce Information: A Model of Self-Organized Research Teams","authors":"Ashwin Kambhampati, C. Segura-Rodríguez, Peng Shao","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3113594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3113594","url":null,"abstract":"In recent decades, research organizations have brought the “market inside the firm” by allowing workers to sort themselves into teams. How do research teams form absent a central authority? We introduce a model of team formation in which workers first match and then non-cooperatively produce correlated signals about an unknown state. We uncover a novel form of moral hazard: an efficient team of workers producing complementary signals may be disrupted if one of its members can form an inefficient team in which she exerts less effort. This inefficiency rationalizes targeted management interventions which designate specific workers as “project leaders” with more assumed responsibilities.","PeriodicalId":105736,"journal":{"name":"Organizations & Markets: Policies & Processes eJournal","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134432617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}