Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology最新文献

{"title":"Niche Theory as an Underutilized Resource for the Study of Adaptive Radiations","authors":"Rachel M. Germain, Blake Matthews, Luke Harmon","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a041449","url":null,"abstract":"Biologists are often stuck between two opposing questions: Why are there so many species and why are there not more? Although these questions apply to the maintenance of existing species, they equally apply to the formation of new ones. The more species specialize in terms of their niches, the more opportunities arise for new species to form and coexist in communities. What sets an upper limit to specialization, thus setting an upper limit to speciation? We propose that MacArthur's theories of species packing and resource minimization may hold answers. Specifically, resources and individuals are finite—as species become increasingly specialized, each individual has fewer resources it can access. Species can only be as specialized as is possible in a given resource environment while still meeting basic resource requirements. We propose that the upper limit to specialization lies below the threshold that causes populations to be so small that stochastic extinctions take over, and that this limit is likely rarely approached due to the sequential timing by which new lineages arrive.","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140833315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generation of Mammalian Astrocyte Functional Heterogeneity","authors":"Theresa Bartels, David H. Rowitch, Omer Ali Bayraktar","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a041351","url":null,"abstract":"Mammalian astrocytes have regional roles within the brain parenchyma. Indeed, the notion that astrocytes are molecularly heterogeneous could help explain how the central nervous system (CNS) retains embryonic positional information through development into specialized regions into adulthood. A growing body of evidence supports the concept of morphological and molecular differences between astrocytes in different brain regions, which might relate to their derivation from regionally patterned radial glia and/or local neuron inductive cues. Here, we review evidence for regionally encoded functions of astrocytes to provide an integrated concept on lineage origins and heterogeneity to understand regional brain organization, as well as emerging technologies to identify and further investigate novel roles for astrocytes.","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140833318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why Do Some Lineages Radiate While Others Do Not? Perspectives for Future Research on Adaptive Radiations","authors":"Rishi De-Kayne, Rowan Schley, Julia M.I. Barth, Luke C. Campillo, Catalina Chaparro-Pedraza, Jahnavi Joshi, Walter Salzburger, Bert Van Bocxlaer, Darko D. Cotoras, Carmelo Fruciano, Anthony J. Geneva, Rosemary Gillespie, Joseph Heras, Stephan Koblmüller, Blake Matthews, Renske E. Onstein, Ole Seehausen, Pooja Singh, Erik I. Svensson, David Salazar-Valenzuela, Maarten P.M. Vanhove, Guinevere O.U. Wogan, Ryo Yamaguchi, Anne D. Yoder, José Cerca","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a041448","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the processes that drive phenotypic diversification and underpin speciation is key to elucidating how biodiversity has evolved. Although these processes have been studied across a wide array of clades, adaptive radiations (ARs), which are systems with multiple closely related species and broad phenotypic diversity, have been particularly fruitful for teasing apart the factors that drive and constrain diversification. As such, ARs have become popular candidate study systems for determining the extent to which ecological features, including aspects of organisms and the environment, and inter- and intraspecific interactions, led to evolutionary diversification. Despite substantial past empirical and theoretical work, understanding mechanistically how ARs evolve remains a major challenge. Here, we highlight a number of understudied components of the environment and of lineages themselves, which may help further our understanding of speciation and AR. We also outline some substantial remaining challenges to achieving a detailed understanding of adaptation, speciation, and the role of ecology in these processes. These major challenges include identifying factors that have a causative impact in promoting or constraining ARs, gaining a more holistic understanding of features of organisms and their environment that interact resulting in adaptation and speciation, and understanding whether the role of these organismal and environmental features varies throughout the radiation process. We conclude by providing perspectives on how future investigations into the AR process can overcome these challenges, allowing us to glean mechanistic insights into adaptation and speciation.","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140833231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Prefrontal Circuits and Cognitive Abilities","authors":"Jastyn A. Pöpplau, Ileana L. Hanganu-Opatz","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a041502","url":null,"abstract":"The prefrontal cortex is considered as the site of multifaceted higher-order cognitive abilities. These abilities emerge late in life long after full sensorimotor maturation, in line with the protracted development of prefrontal circuits that has been identified on molecular, structural, and functional levels. Only recently, as a result of the impressive methodological progress of the last several decades, the mechanisms and clinical implications of prefrontal development have begun to be elucidated, yet major knowledge gaps still persist. Here, we provide an overview on how prefrontal circuits develop to enable multifaceted cognitive processing at adulthood. First, we review recent insights into the mechanisms of prefrontal circuit assembly, with a focus on the contribution of early electrical activity. Second, we highlight the major reorganization of prefrontal circuits during adolescence. Finally, we link the prefrontal plasticity during specific developmental time windows to mental health disorders and discuss potential approaches for therapeutic interventions.","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140833413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building, Breaking, and Repairing Neuromuscular Synapses","authors":"Ruth Herbst, Maartje G. Huijbers, Julien Oury, Steven J. Burden","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a041490","url":null,"abstract":"A coordinated and complex interplay of signals between motor neurons, skeletal muscle cells, and Schwann cells controls the formation and maintenance of neuromuscular synapses. Deficits in the signaling pathway for building synapses, caused by mutations in critical genes or autoantibodies against key proteins, are responsible for several neuromuscular diseases, which cause muscle weakness and fatigue. Here, we describe the role that four key genes, <em>Agrin</em>, <em>Lrp4</em>, <em>MuSK</em>, and <em>Dok7</em>, play in this signaling pathway, how an understanding of their mechanisms of action has led to an understanding of several neuromuscular diseases, and how this knowledge has contributed to emerging therapies for treating neuromuscular diseases.","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140833414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glial Cell Development and Function in the Zebrafish Central Nervous System","authors":"Tim Czopka, Kelly Monk, Francesca Peri","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a041350","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past decades the zebrafish has emerged as an excellent model organism with which to study the biology of all glial cell types in nervous system development, plasticity, and regeneration. In this review, which builds on the earlier work by Lyons and Talbot in 2015, we will summarize how the relative ease to manipulate the zebrafish genome and its suitability for intravital imaging have helped understand principles of glial cell biology with a focus on oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes. We will highlight recent findings on the diverse properties and functions of these glial cell types in the central nervous system and discuss open questions and future directions of the field.","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140833419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neotropics as a Cradle for Adaptive Radiations","authors":"Juan E. Guevara-Andino, Liliana M. Dávalos, Felipe Zapata, María José Endara, Darko D. Cotoras, Jaime Chaves, Santiago Claramunt, Julia López-Delgado, Angela M. Mendoza-Henao, David Salazar-Valenzuela, Gonzalo Rivas-Torres, Justin Yeager","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a041452","url":null,"abstract":"Neotropical ecosystems are renowned for numerous examples of adaptive radiation in both plants and animals resulting in high levels of biodiversity and endemism. However, we still lack a comprehensive review of the abiotic and biotic factors that contribute to these adaptive radiations. To fill this gap, we delve into the geological history of the region, including the role of tectonic events such as the Andean uplift, the formation of the Isthmus of Panama, and the emergence of the Guiana and Brazilian Shields. We also explore the role of ecological opportunities created by the emergence of new habitats, as well as the role of key innovations, such as novel feeding strategies or reproductive mechanisms. We discuss different examples of adaptive radiation, including classic ones like Darwin's finches and <em>Anolis</em> lizards, and more recent ones like bromeliads and lupines. Finally, we propose new examples of adaptive radiations mediated by ecological interactions in their geological context. By doing so, we provide insights into the complex interplay of factors that contributed to the remarkable diversity of life in the Neotropics and highlight the importance of this region in understanding the origins of biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140833353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oligodendrocytes: Myelination, Plasticity, and Axonal Support","authors":"Mikael Simons, Erin M. Gibson, Klaus-Armin Nave","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a041359","url":null,"abstract":"The myelination of axons has evolved to enable fast and efficient transduction of electrical signals in the vertebrate nervous system. Acting as an electric insulator, the myelin sheath is a multilamellar membrane structure around axonal segments generated by the spiral wrapping and subsequent compaction of oligodendroglial plasma membranes. These oligodendrocytes are metabolically active and remain functionally connected to the subjacent axon via cytoplasmic-rich myelinic channels for movement of metabolites and macromolecules to and from the internodal periaxonal space under the myelin sheath. Increasing evidence indicates that oligodendrocyte numbers, specifically in the forebrain, and myelin as a dynamic cellular compartment can both respond to physiological demands, collectively referred to as adaptive myelination. This review summarizes our current understanding of how myelin is generated, how its function is dynamically regulated, and how oligodendrocytes support the long-term integrity of myelinated axons.","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140598339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reimagining Cortical Connectivity by Deconstructing Its Molecular Logic into Building Blocks","authors":"Xiaoyin Chen","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a041509","url":null,"abstract":"Comprehensive maps of neuronal connectivity provide a foundation for understanding the structure of neural circuits. In a circuit, neurons are diverse in morphology, electrophysiology, gene expression, activity, and other neuronal properties. Thus, constructing a comprehensive connectivity map requires associating various properties of neurons, including their connectivity, at cellular resolution. A commonly used approach is to use the gene expression profiles as an anchor to which all other neuronal properties are associated. Recent advances in genomics and anatomical techniques dramatically improved the ability to determine and associate the long-range projections of neurons with their gene expression profiles. These studies revealed unprecedented details of the gene–projection relationship, but also highlighted conceptual challenges in understanding this relationship. In this article, I delve into the findings and the challenges revealed by recent studies using state-of-the-art neuroanatomical and transcriptomic techniques. Building upon these insights, I propose an approach that focuses on understanding the gene–projection relationship through basic features in gene expression profiles and projections, respectively, that associate with underlying cellular processes. I then discuss how the developmental trajectories of projections and gene expression profiles create additional challenges and necessitate interrogating the gene–projection relationship across time. Finally, I explore complementary strategies that, together, can provide a comprehensive view of the gene–projection relationship.","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140598425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Avian Island Radiations Shed Light on the Dynamics of Adaptive and Nonadaptive Radiation","authors":"Juan Carlos Illera, Juan Carlos Rando, Martim Melo, Luís Valente, Martin Stervander","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a041451","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the mechanisms underlying species formation and differentiation is a central goal of evolutionary biology and a formidable challenge. This understanding can provide valuable insights into the origins of the astonishing diversity of organisms living on our planet. Avian evolutionary radiations on islands have long fascinated biologists as they provide the ideal variation to study the ecological and evolutionary forces operating on the continuum between incipient lineages to complete speciation. In this review, we summarize the key insights gained from decades of research on adaptive and nonadaptive radiations of both extant and extinct insular bird species. We present a new comprehensive global list of potential avian radiations on oceanic islands, based on published island species checklists, taxonomic studies, and phylogenetic analyses. We demonstrate that our understanding of evolutionary processes is being greatly enhanced through the use of genomic tools. However, to advance the field, it is critical to complement this information with a solid understanding of the ecological and behavioral traits of both extinct and extant avian island species.","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140598335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}