{"title":"Multiple Sclerosis and Other Acquired Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System.","authors":"Michael D Kornberg, Peter A Calabresi","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a041374","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acquired demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) comprise inflammatory conditions, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and related diseases, as well as noninflammatory conditions caused by toxic, metabolic, infectious, traumatic, and neurodegenerative insults. Here, we review the spectrum of diseases producing acquired CNS demyelination before focusing on the prototypical example of MS, exploring the pathologic mechanisms leading to myelin injury in relapsing and progressive MS and summarizing the mechanisms and modulators of remyelination. We highlight the complex interplay between the immune system, oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), and other CNS glia cells such as microglia and astrocytes in the pathogenesis and clinical course of MS. Finally, we review emerging therapeutic strategies that exploit our growing understanding of disease mechanisms to limit progression and promote remyelination.</p>","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141161299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Physical Forces in Regeneration of Cells and Tissues.","authors":"Sindy K Y Tang, Wallace F Marshall","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041527","DOIUrl":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041527","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ability to regenerate after the loss of a part is a hallmark of living systems and occurs at both the tissue and organ scales, but also within individual cells. Regeneration entails many processes that are physical and mechanical in nature, including the closure of wounds, the repositioning of material from one place to another, and the restoration of symmetry following perturbations. However, we currently know far more about the genetics and molecular signaling pathways involved in regeneration, and there is a need to investigate the role of physical forces in the process. Here, we will provide an overview of how physical forces may play a role in wound healing and regeneration, in which we compare and contrast regenerative processes at the tissue and cell scales.</p>","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141161417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Satellite Glial Cells: No Longer the Most Overlooked Glia.","authors":"Susan J Birren, Lisa V Goodrich, Rosalind A Segal","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a041367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many glial biologists consider glia the neglected cells of the nervous system. Among all the glia of the central and peripheral nervous system, satellite glia may be the most often overlooked. Satellite glial cells (SGCs) are located in ganglia of the cranial nerves and the peripheral nervous system. These small cells surround the cell bodies of neurons in the trigeminal ganglia (TG), spiral ganglia, nodose and petrosal ganglia, sympathetic ganglia, and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Essential SGC features include their intimate connections with the associated neurons, their small size, and their derivation from neural crest cells. Yet SGCs also exhibit tissue-specific properties and can change rapidly, particularly in response to injury. To illustrate the range of SGC functions, we will focus on three types: those of the spiral, sympathetic, and DRG, and consider both their shared features and those that differ based on location.</p>","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141070873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maarten P M Vanhove, Nikol Kmentová, Christel Faes, Jorge M O Fernandes, Christoph Hahn, Niel Hens, Antoine Pariselle, Stephan Koblmüller
{"title":"Understanding the Influence of Host Radiation on Symbiont Speciation through Parasites of Species Flocks.","authors":"Maarten P M Vanhove, Nikol Kmentová, Christel Faes, Jorge M O Fernandes, Christoph Hahn, Niel Hens, Antoine Pariselle, Stephan Koblmüller","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a041450","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(Adaptive) radiations have attracted evolutionary biologists for a long time as ideal model systems to study patterns and processes of often rapid speciation. However, whereas a wealth of (sometimes already genome-scale) data is available for host radiations, very few studies target the patterns of diversification in their symbionts, even though they would be excellent models to study symbiont speciation. Our review summarizes what little is known about general patterns of symbiont diversification in often iconic adaptive host radiations and to what extent these patterns are dependent on the evolutionary trajectories of their hosts. We identify research gaps that need to be addressed in the future and discuss the potential of approaches not yet typically used in these study systems, such as epidemiological disease modeling and new omics technologies, for significantly advancing our understanding of these complex eco-evolutionary relationships.</p>","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141070874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roman Yukilevich, Fumio Aoki, Scott Egan, Linyi Zhang
{"title":"Coevolutionary Interactions between Sexual and Habitat Isolation during Reinforcement.","authors":"Roman Yukilevich, Fumio Aoki, Scott Egan, Linyi Zhang","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041431","DOIUrl":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041431","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Speciation often involves the evolution of multiple genetic-based barriers to gene flow (i.e., \"coupling\"). However, barriers may exhibit a diversity of evolutionary interactions during speciation. These dynamics are important in reinforcement, where selection may favor different prezygotic isolating barriers to avoid maladaptive hybridization. Here we study the interaction between evolution of sexual and habitat isolation. We first review the empirical literature where both barriers were explicitly considered, and then develop a population genetic model of reinforcement. Most studies of both sexual and habitat isolation were found in phytophagous insect systems. In 76% of these studies, both barriers coevolved; the remaining cases either showed only habitat isolation (21%) or only sexual isolation (3%). Our two-allele genetic mechanism model of each barrier also found that these often coevolved, but habitat isolation was generally more effective during reinforcement. Depending on the fitness of hybrids (e.g., Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities) and initial migration rate, these barriers could either facilitate, curtail, or have no effect on each other. This indicates that basic parameters will alter the underlying evolutionary dynamics, and thus the nature of \"speciation coupling\" will be highly variable in natural systems. Finally, we studied initially asymmetrical migration rates and found that populations with higher initial emigration evolved stronger habitat isolation, while populations that initially received more immigrants exhibited stronger sexual isolation. These results are in line with observations in some empirical studies, but more data is needed to test their generality.</p>","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11065176/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139691421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sewon Lee, Gyuri Kim, Eli Levy Karin, Milot Mirdita, Sukhwan Park, Rayan Chikhi, Artem Babaian, Andriy Kryshtafovych, Martin Steinegger
{"title":"Petabase-Scale Homology Search for Structure Prediction.","authors":"Sewon Lee, Gyuri Kim, Eli Levy Karin, Milot Mirdita, Sukhwan Park, Rayan Chikhi, Artem Babaian, Andriy Kryshtafovych, Martin Steinegger","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041465","DOIUrl":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041465","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The recent CASP15 competition highlighted the critical role of multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) in protein structure prediction, as demonstrated by the success of the top AlphaFold2-based prediction methods. To push the boundaries of MSA utilization, we conducted a petabase-scale search of the Sequence Read Archive (SRA), resulting in gigabytes of aligned homologs for CASP15 targets. These were merged with default MSAs produced by ColabFold-search and provided to ColabFold-predict. By using SRA data, we achieved highly accurate predictions (GDT_TS > 70) for 66% of the non-easy targets, whereas using ColabFold-search default MSAs scored highly in only 52%. Next, we tested the effect of deep homology search and ColabFold's advanced features, such as more recycles, on prediction accuracy. While SRA homologs were most significant for improving ColabFold's CASP15 ranking from 11th to 3rd place, other strategies contributed too. We analyze these in the context of existing strategies to improve prediction.</p>","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11065157/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139691423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cell Adhesion Molecule Signaling at the Synapse: Beyond the Scaffold.","authors":"Ben Verpoort, Joris de Wit","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041501","DOIUrl":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Synapses are specialized intercellular junctions connecting pre- and postsynaptic neurons into functional neural circuits. Synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) constitute key players in synapse development that engage in homo- or heterophilic interactions across the synaptic cleft. Decades of research have identified numerous synaptic CAMs, mapped their <i>trans-</i>synaptic interactions, and determined their role in orchestrating synaptic connectivity. However, surprisingly little is known about the molecular mechanisms that translate <i>trans</i>-synaptic adhesion into the assembly of pre- and postsynaptic compartments. Here, we provide an overview of the intracellular signaling pathways that are engaged by synaptic CAMs and highlight outstanding issues to be addressed in future work.</p>","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11065171/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139691420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Martin Van Den Berghe, Nathan G Walworth, Neil C Dalvie, Chris L Dupont, Michael Springer, M Grace Andrews, Stephen J Romaniello, David A Hutchins, Francesc Montserrat, Pamela A Silver, Kenneth H Nealson
{"title":"Microbial Catalysis for CO<sub>2</sub> Sequestration: A Geobiological Approach.","authors":"Martin Van Den Berghe, Nathan G Walworth, Neil C Dalvie, Chris L Dupont, Michael Springer, M Grace Andrews, Stephen J Romaniello, David A Hutchins, Francesc Montserrat, Pamela A Silver, Kenneth H Nealson","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041673","DOIUrl":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041673","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One of the greatest threats facing the planet is the continued increase in excess greenhouse gasses, with CO<sub>2</sub> being the primary driver due to its rapid increase in only a century. Excess CO<sub>2</sub> is exacerbating known climate tipping points that will have cascading local and global effects including loss of biodiversity, global warming, and climate migration. However, global reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions is not enough. Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) will also be needed to avoid the catastrophic effects of global warming. Although the drawdown and storage of CO<sub>2</sub> occur naturally via the coupling of the silicate and carbonate cycles, they operate over geological timescales (thousands of years). Here, we suggest that microbes can be used to accelerate this process, perhaps by orders of magnitude, while simultaneously producing potentially valuable by-products. This could provide both a sustainable pathway for global drawdown of CO<sub>2</sub> and an environmentally benign biosynthesis of materials. We discuss several different approaches, all of which involve enhancing the rate of silicate weathering. We use the silicate mineral olivine as a case study because of its favorable weathering properties, global abundance, and growing interest in CDR applications. Extensive research is needed to determine both the upper limit of the rate of silicate dissolution and its potential to economically scale to draw down significant amounts (Mt/Gt) of CO<sub>2</sub> Other industrial processes have successfully cultivated microbial consortia to provide valuable services at scale (e.g., wastewater treatment, anaerobic digestion, fermentation), and we argue that similar economies of scale could be achieved from this research.</p>","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11065169/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41112380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Myelin Diseases.","authors":"Steven S Scherer, John Svaren","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041376","DOIUrl":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041376","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This is a review of inherited and acquired causes of human demyelinating neuropathies and a subset of disorders that affect axon-Schwann cell interactions. Nearly all inherited demyelinating neuropathies are caused by mutations in genes that are expressed by myelinating Schwann cells, affecting diverse functions in a cell-autonomous manner. The most common acquired demyelinating neuropathies are Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic, inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, both of which are immune-mediated. An additional group of inherited and acquired disorders affect axon-Schwann cell interactions in the nodal region. Overall, these disorders affect the formation of myelin and its maintenance, with superimposed axonal loss that is clinically important.</p>","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11065170/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139520179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Drivers of Morphogenesis: Curvature Sensor Self-Assembly at the Membrane","authors":"Brandy N. Curtis, Amy S. Gladfelter","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a041528","url":null,"abstract":"This review examines the relationships between membrane chemistry, curvature-sensing proteins, and cellular morphogenesis. Curvature-sensing proteins are often orders of magnitude smaller than the membrane curvatures they localize to. How are nanometer-scale proteins used to sense micrometer-scale membrane features? Here, we trace the journey of curvature-sensing proteins as they engage with lipid membranes through a combination of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. We discuss how curvature sensing hinges on membrane features like lipid charge, packing, and the directionality of membrane curvature. Once bound to the membrane, many curvature sensors undergo self-assembly (i.e., they oligomerize or form higher-order assemblies that are key for initiating and regulating cell shape transformations). Central to these discussions are the micrometer-scale curvature-sensing proteins’ septins. By discussing recent literature surrounding septin membrane association, assembly, and their many functions in morphogenesis with support from other well-studied curvature sensors, we aim to synthesize possible mechanisms underlining cell shape sensing.","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140833415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}