Yana Bromberg, R. Prabakaran, Anowarul Kabir, Amarda Shehu
{"title":"Variant Effect Prediction in the Age of Machine Learning","authors":"Yana Bromberg, R. Prabakaran, Anowarul Kabir, Amarda Shehu","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a041467","url":null,"abstract":"Over the years, many computational methods have been created for the analysis of the impact of single amino acid substitutions resulting from single-nucleotide variants in genome coding regions. Historically, all methods have been supervised and thus limited by the inadequate sizes of experimentally curated data sets and by the lack of a standardized definition of variant effect. The emergence of unsupervised, deep learning (DL)-based methods raised an important question: Can machines learn the language of life from the unannotated protein sequence data well enough to identify significant errors in the protein “sentences”? Our analysis suggests that some unsupervised methods perform as well or better than existing supervised methods. Unsupervised methods are also faster and can, thus, be useful in large-scale variant evaluations. For all other methods, however, their performance varies by both evaluation metrics and by the type of variant effect being predicted. We also note that the evaluation of method performance is still lacking on less-studied, nonhuman proteins where unsupervised methods hold the most promise.","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140598428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jaeda Coutinho-Budd, Marc R. Freeman, Sarah Ackerman
{"title":"Glial Regulation of Circuit Wiring, Firing, and Expiring in the Drosophila Central Nervous System","authors":"Jaeda Coutinho-Budd, Marc R. Freeman, Sarah Ackerman","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a041347","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular genetic approaches in small model organisms like <em>Drosophila</em> have helped to elucidate fundamental principles of neuronal cell biology. Much less is understood about glial cells, although interest in using invertebrate preparations to define their in vivo functions has increased significantly in recent years. This review focuses on our current understanding of the three major neuron-associated glial cell types found in the <em>Drosophila</em> central nervous system (CNS)—astrocytes, cortex glia, and ensheathing glia. Together, these cells act like mammalian astrocytes and microglia; they associate closely with neurons including surrounding neuronal cell bodies and proximal neurites, regulate synapses, and engulf neuronal debris. Exciting recent work has shown critical roles for these CNS glial cells in neural circuit formation, function, plasticity, and pathology. As we gain a more firm molecular and cellular understanding of how <em>Drosophila</em> CNS glial cells interact with neurons, it is clear that they share significant molecular and functional attributes with mammalian glia and will serve as an excellent platform for mechanistic studies of glial function.","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140598334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Glia Development and Function in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans","authors":"Aakanksha Singhvi, Shai Shaham, Georgia Rapti","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a041346","url":null,"abstract":"The nematode <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is a powerful experimental setting for uncovering fundamental tenets of nervous system organization and function. Its nearly invariant and simple anatomy, coupled with a plethora of methodologies for interrogating single-gene functions at single-cell resolution in vivo, have led to exciting discoveries in glial cell biology and mechanisms of glia–neuron interactions. Findings over the last two decades reinforce the idea that insights from <em>C. elegans</em> can inform our understanding of glial operating principles in other species. Here, we summarize the current state-of-the-art, and describe mechanistic insights that have emerged from a concerted effort to understand <em>C. elegans</em> glia. The remarkable acceleration in the pace of discovery in recent years paints a portrait of striking molecular complexity, exquisite specificity, and functional heterogeneity among glia. Glial cells affect nearly every aspect of nervous system development and function, from generating neurons, to promoting neurite formation, to animal behavior, and to whole-animal traits, including longevity. We discuss emerging questions where <em>C. elegans</em> is poised to fill critical knowledge gaps in our understanding of glia biology.","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140598609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kerry L Shaw, Christopher R Cooney, Tamra C Mendelson, Michael G Ritchie, Natalie S Roberts, Leeban H Yusuf
{"title":"How Important Is Sexual Isolation to Speciation?","authors":"Kerry L Shaw, Christopher R Cooney, Tamra C Mendelson, Michael G Ritchie, Natalie S Roberts, Leeban H Yusuf","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041427","DOIUrl":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041427","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A central role for sexual isolation in the formation of new species and establishment of species boundaries has been noticed since Darwin and is frequently emphasized in the modern literature on speciation. However, an objective evaluation of when and how sexual isolation plays a role in speciation has been carried out in few taxa. We discuss three approaches for assessing the importance of sexual isolation relative to other reproductive barriers, including the relative evolutionary rate of sexual trait differentiation, the relative strength of sexual isolation in sympatry, and the role of sexual isolation in the long-term persistence of diverging forms. First, we evaluate evidence as to whether sexual isolation evolves faster than other reproductive barriers during the early stages of divergence. Second, we discuss available evidence as to whether sexual isolation is as strong or stronger than other barriers between closely related sympatric species. Finally, we consider the effect of sexual isolation on long-term species persistence, relative to other reproductive barriers. We highlight challenges to our knowledge of and opportunities to improve upon our understanding of sexual isolation from different phases of the speciation process.</p>","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10982695/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139721955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anusha Mishra, Grant R Gordon, Brian A MacVicar, Eric A Newman
{"title":"Astrocyte Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow in Health and Disease.","authors":"Anusha Mishra, Grant R Gordon, Brian A MacVicar, Eric A Newman","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041354","DOIUrl":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Astrocytes play an important role in controlling microvascular diameter and regulating local cerebral blood flow (CBF) in several physiological and pathological scenarios. Neurotransmitters released from active neurons evoke Ca<sup>2+</sup> increases in astrocytes, leading to the release of vasoactive metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) from astrocyte endfeet. Synthesis of prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> (PGE<sub>2</sub>) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) dilate blood vessels while 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) constricts vessels. The release of K<sup>+</sup> from astrocyte endfeet also contributes to vasodilation or constriction in a concentration-dependent manner. Whether astrocytes exert a vasodilation or vasoconstriction depends on the local microenvironment, including the metabolic status, the concentration of Ca<sup>2+</sup> reached in the endfoot, and the resting vascular tone. Astrocytes also contribute to the generation of steady-state vascular tone. Tonic release of both 20-HETE and ATP from astrocytes constricts vascular smooth muscle cells, generating vessel tone, whereas tone-dependent elevations in endfoot Ca<sup>2+</sup> produce tonic prostaglandin dilators to limit the degree of constriction. Under pathological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, stroke, and diabetes, disruption of normal astrocyte physiology can compromise the regulation of blood flow, with negative consequences for neurological function.</p>","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10982716/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139691419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaohan Yang, Yang Liu, Guoliang Yuan, David J Weston, Gerald A Tuskan
{"title":"Engineering Crassulacean Acid Metabolism in C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> Plants.","authors":"Xiaohan Yang, Yang Liu, Guoliang Yuan, David J Weston, Gerald A Tuskan","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041674","DOIUrl":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041674","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) is a major greenhouse gas contributing to changing climatic conditions, which is a grand challenge affecting the security of food, energy, and environment. Photosynthesis plays the central role in plant-based CO<sub>2</sub> reduction. Plants performing CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) photosynthesis have a much higher water use efficiency than those performing C<sub>3</sub> or C<sub>4</sub> photosynthesis. Therefore, there is a great potential for engineering CAM in C<sub>3</sub> or C<sub>4</sub> crops to enhance food/biomass production and carbon sequestration on arid, semiarid, abandoned, or marginal lands. Recent progresses in CAM plant genomics and evolution research, along with new advances in plant biotechnology, have provided a solid foundation for bioengineering to convert C<sub>3</sub>/C<sub>4</sub> plants into CAM plants. Here, we first discuss the potential strategies for CAM engineering based on our current understanding of CAM evolution. Then we describe the technical approaches for engineering CAM in C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> plants, with a focus on an iterative four-step pipeline: (1) designing gene modules, (2) building the gene modules and transforming them into target plants, (3) testing the engineered plants through an integration of molecular biology, biochemistry, metabolism, and physiological approaches, and (4) learning to inform the next round of CAM engineering. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future opportunities for fully realizing the potential of CAM engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10982706/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138486859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Phospholipase Modulation of Synaptic Membrane Landscape: Driving Force Behind Memory Formation?","authors":"Tristan P Wallis, Frédéric A Meunier","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041405","DOIUrl":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041405","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The synapse is the communication unit of the brain, linking billions of neurons through trillions of synaptic connections. The lipid landscape of the synaptic membrane underpins neurotransmitter release through the exocytic fusion of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles, endocytic recycling of these synaptic vesicles, and the postsynaptic response following binding of the neurotransmitter to specialized receptors. How the connected brain can learn and acquire memories through synaptic plasticity is unresolved. Phospholipases, and especially the phospholipase A1 isoform DDHD2, have recently been shown to play a critical role in memory acquisition through the generation of saturated free fatty acids such as myristic and palmitic acids. This emerging synaptic plasticity pathway suggests that phospholipases cannot only respond to synaptic activity by altering the phospholipid landscape but also contribute to the establishment of long-term memories in our brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10982704/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139048451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Genetic Coupling of Mate Recognition Systems in the Genomic Era.","authors":"Michael G Ritchie, Roger K Butlin","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041437","DOIUrl":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The concept of \"genetic coupling\" in mate recognition systems arose in the 1960s as a potential mechanism to maintain coordination between signals and receivers during evolutionary divergence. At its most basic it proposed that the same genes might influence trait and preference, and therefore mutations could result in coordinated changes in both traits. Since then, the concept has expanded in scope and is often used to include linkage or genetic correlation between recognition system components. Here we review evidence for genetic coupling, concentrating on proposed examples of a common genetic basis for signals and preferences. Mapping studies have identified several examples of tight genetic linkage between genomic regions influencing signals and preferences, or assortative mating. Whether this extends as far as demonstrating pleiotropy remains a more open question. Some studies, notably of <i>Drosophila</i>, have identified genes in the sex determination pathway and in pheromonal communication where single loci can influence both signals and preferences. This may be based on isoform divergence, in which sex- and tissue-specific effects are facilitated by alternative spicing, or on regulatory divergence. Hence it is not clear that such examples provide compelling evidence of pleiotropy in the sense that \"magic mutations\" could maintain trait coordination. Rather, coevolution may be facilitated by regulatory divergence but require different mutations or coevolution across isoforms. Reconsidering the logic of genetic coupling, it may be that pleiotropy could actually be less effective than linkage if distinct but associated variants allow molecular coevolution to occur more readily than potentially \"unbalanced\" mutations in single genes. Genetic manipulation or studies of mutation order effects during divergence are challenging but perhaps the only way to disentangle the role of pleiotropy versus close linkage in coordinated trait divergence.</p>","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10982690/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139691422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lucas Marie-Orleach, Sylvain Glémin, Marie K. Brandrud, Anne K. Brysting, Abel Gizaw, A. Lovisa S. Gustafsson, Loren H. Rieseberg, Christian Brochmann, Siri Birkeland
{"title":"How Does Selfing Affect the Pace and Process of Speciation?","authors":"Lucas Marie-Orleach, Sylvain Glémin, Marie K. Brandrud, Anne K. Brysting, Abel Gizaw, A. Lovisa S. Gustafsson, Loren H. Rieseberg, Christian Brochmann, Siri Birkeland","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a041426","url":null,"abstract":"Surprisingly little attention has been given to the impact of selfing on speciation, even though selfing reduces gene flow between populations and affects other key population genetics parameters. Here we review recent theoretical work and compile empirical data from crossing experiments and genomic and phylogenetic studies to assess the effect of mating systems on the speciation process. In accordance with theoretical predictions, we find that accumulation of hybrid incompatibilities seems to be accelerated in selfers, but there is so far limited empirical support for a predicted bias toward underdominant loci. Phylogenetic evidence is scarce and contradictory, including studies suggesting that selfing either promotes or hampers speciation rate. Further studies are therefore required, which in addition to measures of reproductive barrier strength and selfing rate should routinely include estimates of demographic history and genetic divergence as a proxy for divergence time.","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140165426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Regulators of Oligodendrocyte Differentiation","authors":"Ben Emery, Teresa L. Wood","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a041358","url":null,"abstract":"Myelination has evolved as a mechanism to ensure fast and efficient propagation of nerve impulses along axons. Within the central nervous system (CNS), myelination is carried out by highly specialized glial cells, oligodendrocytes. The formation of myelin is a prolonged aspect of CNS development that occurs well into adulthood in humans, continuing throughout life in response to injury or as a component of neuroplasticity. The timing of myelination is tightly tied to the generation of oligodendrocytes through the differentiation of their committed progenitors, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which reside throughout the developing and adult CNS. In this article, we summarize our current understanding of some of the signals and pathways that regulate the differentiation of OPCs, and thus the myelination of CNS axons.","PeriodicalId":10494,"journal":{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140165424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}