Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. Series A: Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Virology, Parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence of Serum Antibodies to Toxic-Shock-Syndrome-Toxin-1 and to Staphylococcal Enterotoxins A, B and C in West-Germany","authors":"Elke Schröder,&nbsp;G. Kunstmann,&nbsp;H. Hasbach,&nbsp;G. Pulverer","doi":"10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80146-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80146-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sera of 152 healthy blood donors and 43 infants 9 to 12 months of age were tested for serum antibodies to TSST-1 and staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B and C by a microtiter ELISA assay. Only 50% of the adult population had detectable antibody-titers to enterotoxin A, whereas 80% to enterotoxin C and 90% to enterotoxin B and TSST-1, which is very similar to the prevalence of TSST-1 antibodies among USA-residents. The “protective” titer of TSST-1-antibodies can be estimated to be 1:100 in the test system used by comparison with anti-TSST-1-titers in five acute phase sera from confirmed menstrual TSS cases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101291,"journal":{"name":"Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. Series A: Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Virology, Parasitology","volume":"270 1","pages":"Pages 110-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80146-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14352356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lectins and their Role in a New Polyvalent Bacterial Vaccine Against ARI","authors":"P. Luther ,&nbsp;K. Noack ,&nbsp;H. Reutgen","doi":"10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80136-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80136-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The potency of the polyvalent bacterial vaccine (Infectvac) to prevent lethal infections with <em>S. pneumoniae</em> ATCC 6301 was examined. NMRI-mice were protected 2–5 times better than untreated controls. The protection is based on activation of resistance-mechanisms, e.g. interferon production. Most interesting is a strong activation of the phagocytosis-killing-system of alveolar macrophages after oral application of antigen (information: gutmucosa to lung mucosa).</p><p>Using the same infection model the important role of bacterial lectins for infectious diseases was demonstrated. Blocking the combining site of the bacterial lectin of <em>S. pneumoniae</em> by intranasal application of N-acetylglucosamine (the specific carbohydrate for the lectin) was able to prevent a lethal infection with <em>S. pneumoniae</em> 3-times better than PBS or using not lectin relevant carbohydrates. Therefore, blocking the lectin receptor with specific carbohydrates might also be of clinical relevance to prevent acute respiratory infections (ARI).</p></div><div><p>In tierexperimentellen Studien wurde die Bedeutung einer neuen polyvalenten Bakterienvakzine (Infectvac) hinsichtlich ihrer Fähigkeit zur Abwehr einer tödlichen Infektion mit <em>S. pneumoniae</em> ATCC 6301 untersucht. NMRI-Mäuse waren nach oraler Immunisierung signifikant besser gegenüber einer tödlichen Infektion mit <em>S. pneumoniae</em> geschützt als unbehandelte Kontrollen. Neben einer Interferoninduktion ist vor allem die starke Aktivierung des Phagozytose-Killing-Systems von Alveolarmakrophagen nach oraler Applikation von Bedeutung (Aktivierung von Resistenzmechanismen in der Lunge durch Stimulation in der Darmschleimhaut).</p><p>In dem gleichen Infektionsmodell konnte in vivo die Hypothese bestätigt werden, daß bakterielle Lektine eine bedeutende Rolle bei der Infektion spielen („Attachment“). Eine Blockade des Lektins von <em>S. pneumoniae</em> (spezifisch für N-Acetylglucosamin) durch intranasale Gabe des Zuckers vor der Infektion, schützt die Tiere 3-fach höher als unbehandelte Kontrollen und unterstreicht die pathogene Bedeutung bakterieller Membranlektine für akute respiratorische Infektionen (ARI).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101291,"journal":{"name":"Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. Series A: Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Virology, Parasitology","volume":"270 1","pages":"Pages 16-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80136-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14352360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of chlamydia trachomatis by isolation in cell culture and enzyme amplified immunoassay","authors":"T.F. Schwarz ,&nbsp;G. Zoulek,&nbsp;M. Roggendorf","doi":"10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80177-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80177-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>188 (139 ♀ ; 49 ♂) genital swabs from patients with urogenital complaints (&gt; 6 weeks), 69 (33 ♀ ; 36 ♂) conjunctival swabs from patients with chronic conjunctivitis and 14 swabs from newborns with acute conjunctivitis were tested for the presence of <em>Chlamydia trachomatis</em> (Ct) by inoculation in cell culture and visualisation by indirect immunfluorescence (IFT) with a monoclonal antibody and enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Of the 271 specimens 20 (7.4%) were Ct positive by cell culture (IFT) and 18 (6.6%) were positive by ELISA. In 184 (97.9%) urogenital specimens results between cell culture (IFT) and ELISA agreed. With ELISA 4 further genital specimens were found to be Ct positive. In 59 (85.5%) conjunctival swabs of patients with chronic conjunctivitis results between cell culture (IFT) and ELISA agreed. By inoculation of cell culture (IFT) 6 (8.7%) more Ct positive specimens could be identified which were negative in ELISA. There was complete agreement between positive and negative Ct detection with cell culture (IFT) and ELISA in the cases of acute conjunctivitis.</p></div><div><p>188 (139 ♀ ; 49 ♂) Genitalabstriche von Patienten mit urogenitalen Beschwerden (≥ 6 Wochen), 69 (33 ♀ ; 36 ♂) Konjunktivalabstriche von Patienten mit einer chronischen Konjunktivitis und 14 Konjunktivalabstriche von Neugeborenen mit einer akuten Konjunktivitis wurden auf <em>Chlamydia trachomatis</em> (Ct) untersucht. Der Ct-Nachweis erfolgte durch Inokulation in Zellkultur und anschließender indirekter Immunfluoreszenz (IFT) oder mit einem Enzymimmunoassay (ELISA) zum direkten Erregernachweis. Ct wurde bei 20 (7,4%) von insgesamt 271 Abstrichen mittels Zellkultur (IFT) und bei 18 (6,6%) mittels ELISA nachgewiesen. Bei 184 (97,9%) Urogenitalabstrichen konnte eine Übereinstimmung der positiven und negativen Ergebnisse zwischen Zellkultur und ELISA erzielt werden. Mittels ELISA wurden vier weitere Abstriche positiv bewertet. Die Ergebnisse der vergleichenden Untersuchung der Konjunktivalabstriche der Patienten mit chronischer Konjunktivitis stimmten bei 59 Proben (85,5%) überein. Durch Zellkulturnachweis (IFT) wurden 6 (8,7%) weitere Ct positive Abstriche, die im ELISA negativ waren, entdeckt. Eine absolute Übereinstimmung zwischen positiven und negativen Ergebnissen ergab die Untersuchung von Abstrichen von Neugeborenen mit akuter Konjunktivitis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101291,"journal":{"name":"Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. Series A: Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Virology, Parasitology","volume":"269 3","pages":"Pages 341-345"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80177-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14197165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"I. Verzeichnis der in Band 269 enthaltenen Arbeiten","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80075-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80075-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101291,"journal":{"name":"Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. Series A: Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Virology, Parasitology","volume":"269 4","pages":"Pages 566-582"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80075-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137162369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tissue cages for study of experimental streptococcal infection in rabbits III. Influence of immunization with erythrogenic toxin type A (ET A) and its toxoid on subsequent infection with an ET A producing strain","authors":"Heide Knöll ,&nbsp;Stig E. Holm ,&nbsp;Dieter Gerlach ,&nbsp;Jörg-Hermann Ozegowski ,&nbsp;Werner Köhler","doi":"10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80180-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80180-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Purified erythrogenic toxin type A (ET A) and the corresponding toxoid, prepared by formalin treatment, were used for the immunization of rabbits (200 μg per rabbit). The impact of anti-erythrogenic toxin and toxoid immunity was investigated under the conditions of experimental infection with the ET A-producing <em>Streptococcus pyogenes</em> strain SF 130 (type 1). Whereas non of the immunized rabbits (n = 14) died after infection, 40% of nonimmunized animals did not survive (Table 1). The increase of the spleen weight after infection was significantly smaller in the immunized groups (Table 2). The immunized rabbits responded after infection with a significantly lower increase of fever which did not exceed 0.8 °C (2°C in infected non-immunized animals).</p><p>Humoral antibodies to ET A were detected after immunization by means of ELISA. The challenge infection acted as a booster leading to a further increase of antibodies.</p><p>The antibodies were found to be neutralizing the nonspecific mitogenicity of ET A in vitro in relation to the antibody titer. Cell-mediated immunity was tested in the lymphocyte transformation reaction with peripheral lymphocytes. The nonspecific mitogenicity of ET A, ET B, ET C and Con A was pronounced after immunization, whereas the nonimmunized rabbits responded to these antigens to a lower degree. The toxoid was found to be non-mitogenic. The altogether higher lymphocyte stimulation was also observed using spleen lymphocytes of immunized animals after infection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101291,"journal":{"name":"Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. Series A: Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Virology, Parasitology","volume":"269 3","pages":"Pages 366-376"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80180-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14197166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell Electrophoresis of Group B Streptococci: Separation of Types I a, Ib/c, II, III and IV Before and After Neuraminidase Treatment","authors":"Gerhard Uhlenbruck ,&nbsp;Angelika Fröml ,&nbsp;Rudolf Lütticken ,&nbsp;Kurt Hannig","doi":"10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80138-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80138-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Group B streptococcal strains of types Ia, Ib/c, II, III and IV could be characterized by distinct electrophoretic mobilities before and after neuraminidase treatment. By this method of cell electrophoresis in the type I a strain, two subpopulations could be detected; whereas in all strains the electrophoretic mobility is markedly reduced after enzymatic removal of neuraminic acid, type II remained unaffected.</p><p>The method of “bacteriopheresis” offers a new approach to classification of bacteria with respect to the primary and secondary surface structures.</p></div><div><p>Gruppe B Streptokokkenstämme der Serotypen I a, I b/c, II, III und IV konnten durch ihre charakteristische elektrophoretische Beweglichkeit vor und nach Neuraminidase-Behandlung klassifiziert werden. Mit Hilfe dieser Methode der Zellelektrophorese konnten beim Stamm des Typs Ia sogar zwei Subpopulationen festgestellt werden. Während bei allen übrigen Stämmen die elektrophoretische Beweglichkeit nach enzymatischer Abspaltung der Neuraminsäure reduziert wurde, war das beim Typ-II Stamm nicht der Fall.</p><p>Die Methode der „Bakteriopherese“ bietet eine neue Möglichkeit zur Klassifizierung von Bakterien aufgrund primärer und sekundärer Oberflächenstrukturen.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101291,"journal":{"name":"Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. Series A: Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Virology, Parasitology","volume":"270 1","pages":"Pages 28-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80138-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14198108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporation of staphylococcal α-toxin in glutaraldehyde fixed erythrocytes","authors":"Roswitha Füssle ,&nbsp;Andreas Sziegoleit","doi":"10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80178-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80178-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The incorporation of <em>staphylococcal</em> α-toxin into glutaraldehyde fixed erythrocytes occurs in the same way as with native erythrocytes. Binding of α-toxin to the cells is accompanied by oligomerization of native 3 S toxin to the membrane-bound 11 S toxin hexamer, which is embedded into the lipid bilayer of the membrane.</p><p>Antibodies against α-toxin, build up during an infection with <em>S. aureus</em>, can be determined in a passive hemagglutination test (IHT) using glutaraldehyde fixed and α-toxin treated erythrocytes. To test the validity of this IHT, antibodies to α-toxin were determined in 550 human sera of patients from hospitals of the University of Giessen suspected to suffer from staphylococcal infections and in 300 sera of healthy blood donors. The results were compared with the titres obtained by a convenient neutralisation test (ASTA). All sera with elevated titres in the ASTA test also showed high titres in the IHT. Because it is simple to perform and highly reproducible, the IHT seems to be a valuable test for detection of antibodies against staphylococcal α-toxin.</p></div><div><p><em>Stapbylokokken</em>-α-Toxin bindet an glutaraldehydfixierte Erythrozyten ebenso wie an unfixierte Zellen. Die Bindung von α-Toxin an fixierte wie unfixierte Erythrozyten führt zur Umwandlung des nativen Toxins (3 S Form) in die oligomere 11 S Membranform des Toxins, und zu deren Einlagerung in die Lipiddoppelschicht der Membran. Glutaraldehydfixierte und mit α-Toxin beladene Erythrozyten können in einem indirekten Hämagglutinationstest (IHT) zum Nachweis von Antikörpern, die gegen α-Toxin gerichtet sind, verwendet werden. Die diagnostische Wertigkeit eines solchen Testsystems wurde an 550 Seren von Patienten mit Verdacht auf Staphylokokken-Infektionen sowie an 300 Seren gesunder Blutspender geprüft, indem α-Toxin-Antikörper sowohl im Neutralisationstest (ASTA) als auch im IHT bestimmt wurden. Sämtliche Seren mit erhöhten ASTA Werten zeigten ausnahmslos hohe IHT Titer. Die einfache Durchführung und gute Reproduzierbarkeit lassen den IHT als geeigneten Test zum Nachweis von α-Toxin-Antikörpern erscheinen.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101291,"journal":{"name":"Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. Series A: Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Virology, Parasitology","volume":"269 3","pages":"Pages 346-354"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80178-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14275975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined Application of Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Indirect Haemagglutination Test (IHA) as a Useful Tool for the Diagnosis and Post-operative Surveillance of Human Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis","authors":"Herbert Auer ,&nbsp;Otto Picher,&nbsp;Horst Aspöck","doi":"10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80169-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80169-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A combined application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect haemagglutination test (IHA) for the diagnosis and post-operative surveillance of human alveolar and cystic echinococcosis is described. Since January 1985 each serum sample submitted for the detection of specific antibodies was examined with both an ELISA using <em>Echinococcus multilocularis</em> antigen (EmELISA) and an IHA using <em>E. granulosus</em> antigen (EgIHA).</p><p>In the course of our study altogether 72 human cases of <em>Echinococcus</em> infections were diagnosed. All 16 cases of alveolar echinococcosis (= 100%) and 48 out of 56 cases of cystic echinococcosis (= 86%) were revealed as <em>Echinococcus</em> infection at least in one of the two tests. Although crude antigens were used in both, EmELISA and EglHA, species-specific diagnosis was achieved in 57 (= 89%) of 64 cases of the infections with <em>E. multilocularis</em> or <em>E. granulosus</em>. The diagnostic value of EmELISA and EglHA for the post-operative surveillance is demonstrated by the follow-up of the immune response of one case of alveolar and three cases of cystic echinococcosis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101291,"journal":{"name":"Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. Series A: Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Virology, Parasitology","volume":"270 1","pages":"Pages 313-325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80169-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14350448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resistance-Pattern-Analysis — A Step Toward Predictable Differentiated Antibiotic Therapy","authors":"W. Fegeler ,&nbsp;D. Lintz,&nbsp;W. Ritzerfeld","doi":"10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80152-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80152-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Resistance-Pattern-Analysis (RPA) — the procedure will be described- makes possible a comparison of susceptibility test results of different antibiotics independent of patient and test related factors.</p><p>Using two examples, the comparative assessment of a more recent antibiotic with well-tried older antibiotics and the selection of antibiotics for an interventive therapy, whereby the pathogen being unknown the therapy is based upon the probable pathogen, the expected susceptibility and the localization of the infection the practicability will be illustrated.</p><p>A RPA of 1526 bacterial isolates was carried out using aztreonam, gentamicin and amikacin. Aztreonam was superior to amikacin against all species tested. In comparison to gentamicin, aztreonam showed the best results against Pseudomonadaceae.</p><p>Using common combinations of antibiotics for the initial interventive therapy the possible use of RPA for a cost-risk-analysis from a medical microbiological viewpoint will be demonstrated.</p></div><div><p>Die Resistenz-Pattern-Analyse (RPA) — das Verfahren wird beschrieben — ermöglicht einen Vergleich von Resistenzergebnissen verschiedener Antibiotika frei von patienten- und testbezogenen Faktoren.</p><p>An zwei Beispielen, der vergleichenden Bewertung eines neueren Antibiotikums gegenüber bewährten älteren Antibiotika und der Auswahl von Antibiotika-Kombinationen für eine Interventionstherapie, werden die Einsatzmöglichkeiten aufgezeigt.</p><p>Bei einer RPA von 1526 Bakterienstämmen (Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae) gegenüber Aztreonam (AZT), Gentamycin (GEN) und Amikacin (AMI) erwies sich AZT dem AMI in allen untersuchten Keimgruppen und dem GEN bei den Pseudomonadaceae als überlegen.</p><p>Anhand von geläufigen Antibiotika-Kombinationen für die initiale Interventionstherapie wird auf die Möglichkeit einer Nutzen-Risiko-Analyse aus medizinisch mikrobiologischer Sicht mittels RPA eingegangen.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101291,"journal":{"name":"Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. Series A: Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Virology, Parasitology","volume":"270 1","pages":"Pages 153-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80152-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14352359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efforts towards a vaccine against Toxoplasma gondii: A review","authors":"Kurt Hermentin ,&nbsp;Horst Aspöck","doi":"10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80064-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80064-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In a review, past as well as present investigations carried out towards a vaccine against toxoplasmosis are outlined. A historical retrospect of the various immunization experiments is given, recent research projects intending the characterization of antigens that are relevant to host protective immunity are described, and a prospect to future problems and developments expected in the field is drafted.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101291,"journal":{"name":"Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. Series A: Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Virology, Parasitology","volume":"269 4","pages":"Pages 423-436"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0176-6724(88)80064-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14197328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}