The Microbe最新文献

{"title":"Exploring biosurfactant production in Dyadobacter fermentans JDP9: Insights from genome sequencing and analysis","authors":"Jyoti Solanki ,&nbsp;Dhaval Patel ,&nbsp;Suresh Mesara ,&nbsp;M. Nataraj","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study examines the comprehensive analysis of the whole genome shotgun sequencing of <em>Dyadobacter fermentans</em> JDP9. The <em>Dyadobacter</em> genus is recognized for its synthesis of flexirubin; however, its capacity for biosurfactant (BS) production, particularly glycoprotein BS, has not been reported yet. A potential BS-producing <em>D. fermentans</em> JDP9 strain was isolated from hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. The BS was primarily characterized as a glycoprotein. The utilization of the Illumina platform for whole genome shotgun sequencing resulted in 2,469,724 high-quality reads assembled into 27 scaffolds, revealing a genome size of 7,979,294, GC content of 50.3 %, a Scaffold L50 value of 5, and a Scaffold N50 value of 522,766. The NCBI Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline identified 6,602 genes and 6,557 CDS. The systematic examination carried out by AntiSMASH, identified a total of 9 clusters, specifically the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase gene cluster. Herein, we proposed that the glycoprotein BS production is facilitated by enzymes involved in the dTDP-L-rhamnose biosynthetic pathway, including glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase, dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase, and dTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose reductase present in the JDP9 strain genome. These enzymes contribute to generating dTDP-L-rhamnose, a crucial sugar moiety for glycosylation reactions. This study establishes a foundation for prospective investigations into glycoprotein BS production, presenting potential biotechnology implications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100345"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143876613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling microbial pathogenesis through omics technologies for better therapeutic interventions","authors":"Ankita Sharma ,&nbsp;Alka Rana ,&nbsp;Binoy Kumar ,&nbsp;Poonam Kumari ,&nbsp;Kanika Choudhary ,&nbsp;Sunil Kumar ,&nbsp;Dixit Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100347","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100347","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microbial pathogens are responsible for affecting billions of people around the globe which results in large numbers of mortality. There are numerous techniques for controlling the pathogenicity caused by these microorganisms. The individual genes, proteins, and their interactions have been extensively studied by traditional approaches to understand and combat microbial disease. Still omics have evolved a new and powerful strategy that can provide information about the adaptation of microorganisms to diverse environments. Omics technologies use genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic capacities for molecular insight into the microbial pathogen. Expertise in genomics identifies important genes for virulence and possible resistance against antibiotics. The study of transcriptomics helps to study the regulation of microbial organisms and their association with hosts which helps in developing new therapies and vaccines. Studying proteins helps in finding therapeutic targets to cure an illness. Following this, studying metabolism refers to studying the metabolism of the particular illness which provides certain diagnostics, as well as treatment results. Furthermore, therapeutic peptides are employed in combination therapies and demonstrate antibacterial action, broad spectrum activity, target selectivity, immunomodulatory effects, and biofilm suppression. Therapeutic peptides provide a promising alternative to conventional antimicrobials and have several advantages such as high specificity and low toxicity. There should be an exploration of the combined potential of omics to enhance the efficacy of diagnostics and therapeutic peptides for prevention. In this review, we discussed how the technology that can identify and manage diseases can aid in managing diseases and pathogenic microbial infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100347"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143878830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whole-genome sequencing of a novel Meyerozyma sp. nov, fungi Isolated from Harumanis Mango, Mangifera indica L. in Malaysia","authors":"Muhammad Ikhmal Bin Rosali,&nbsp;Siti Munirah Musa,&nbsp;Siti Khadijah Binti Kiram,&nbsp;Jasmine Teoh Wen Yi,&nbsp;Siew Shing Wei,&nbsp;Hajar Fauzan Ahmad","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100354","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100354","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study of plant-associated microbiomes, including fruit microbiomes, has been extensively explored. However, the limitations of traditional phenotypic assessments using microscopy and biochemical tests have highlighted the need for more comprehensive methods for microbe identification. Advancement in high-throughput sequencing technologies helped to shift the focus toward molecular approaches, providing comprehensive analysis on their roles in impacting the environment. In this study, a fungal species was isolated from decayed Harumanis mangoes, and its whole genome was sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform with short-read protocols. Species identification through BLASTN and phylogenetic tree analysis was performed and confirmed the isolate's close similarity to <em>Meyerozyma caribbica</em>. Genome assembly revealed a total genome size of <em>Meyerozyma sp.</em> K_B strain was 10,404,240 bp, with GC content of 47.2 %, and 95.4 % completeness based on BUSCO assessment. Gene prediction, and functional annotation revealed a total of 5515 coding genes and 5777 coding sequence regions were predicted, associated with various metabolism pathways particularly carbohydrates biosynthesis such as GH5, GH6, GH7, GH16 and GH18, adaptability in host environment such as stress response and membrane transport, and also secondary metabolite biosynthesis like terpene and NRPS clusters highlighting their diverse function particularly in biocontrol activity. These findings provide valuable genomic insight into the potential of <em>Meyerozyma sp.</em> as a postharvest biocontrol agent for fruit management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100354"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chandipura virus replication in Vero cells is inhibited by host restriction factors APOBEC3G and IFITM3","authors":"Dibyakanti Mandal","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chandipura virus (CHPV) is an emerging pathogen of Indian subcontinent and in some West African countries. The virus causes fever, encephalitis and death among young children and there is no vaccine or drug available till date to treat CHPV infection. The present study aims to investigate if CHPV replication is inhibited by interferon induced proteins, human APOBEC3G (hA3G) and IFITM3, which are known as antiviral host factors. Virus infectivity was determined by plaque assays and results showed that CHPV replication in Vero E6 cells was significantly inhibited by both hA3G and IFITM3 (90 % and 75 % respectively). Western blotting results showed that CHPV N proteins levels in the supernatants are in agreement with the plaque assays. Further analysis of CHPV infected and hA3G transfected cell supernatants showed that hA3G was not incorporated into CHPV virus particles. Analysis of virus RNA sequences indicated that hA3G does not cause induced mutation of CHPV genome during virus transcription/replication. This is the first report about the host factor mediated restrictions of CHPV and the present study warrant further in-depth studies to understand the mechanisms of inhibition of CHPV and other negative stranded RNA viruses by these factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100346"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the effect of alkali treatment on physicochemical characteristics of bacterial cellulose synthesized by Komagataeibacter saccharivorans BC-G1","authors":"Samriddh Srivastava,&nbsp;Garima Mathur","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bacterial Cellulose (BC) has gained significant global interest due to its versatile properties and wide range of industrial applications. However, large-scale BC production faces challenges, particularly in the purification process, where effective removal of bacterial biomass and culture media is critical. Traditional alkali treatments are commonly used, yet the effects of varying alkali concentrations on BC's physicochemical properties are underexplored. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of different sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentrations (0–8 % w/v) on the solubility, structural, and chemical characteristics of BC produced by <em>Komagataeibacter saccharivorans</em> BC-G1, isolated from rotten grapes. BC was produced under static conditions using four different culture media (HS, M1, M2, and M3), with the highest yield of 104.42 ± 1.48 mg/100 mL in M3 medium after 5 days, compared to 19.2 ± 2.10 mg/100 mL in M2. Physicochemical properties were characterized using FTIR, XRD, DSC, and SEM. FTIR analysis revealed variations in the crystallinity index ranged from 1.08 (standard BC) to 0.98, 1.01, 0.97, and 0.91 in HS, M1, M2, and M3 media, respectively. DSC analysis exhibited crystallization temperatures (Tc) from 83 °C to 112 °C, melting temperatures (Tm) from 293 °C to 445 °C, and glass transition temperatures (Tg) from 28.8 °C to 64.5 °C. Results revealed that alkali treatment disrupted hydrogen bonding within the cellulose structure, leading to changes in bonding patterns and spatial arrangement. High NaOH concentrations induced a transition from cellulose I to cellulose II, highlighting the importance of alkali concentration in determining BC properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ZAB260: A novel and potent antibacterial agent targeting DNA gyrase","authors":"Sanjay Kumar ,&nbsp;Bhaumin Patel,&nbsp;Jinal Trivedi,&nbsp;Purvi Vyas,&nbsp;Vishwanath Pawar,&nbsp;Poonam Giri,&nbsp;S. Sachchidanand,&nbsp;Kasinath Viswanathan,&nbsp;Rajiv Sharma,&nbsp;Mukul Jain,&nbsp;Pravin Iyer,&nbsp;Jigar Desai","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100343","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100343","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV are well-established targets for antibiotics. These enzymes play crucial roles in managing the topology of DNA, which is essential for bacterial survival. ZAB260, an inhibitor of bacterial DNA gyrase, is a dihydroquinoline carbonitrile-based antibacterial agent, which has potent antimicrobial activity against susceptible and drug-resistant pathogens. The MIC₉₀ for ZAB260 against methicillin resistant <em>S. aureus</em>, <em>S. pyogens</em>, <em>S. pneumoniae</em>, <em>E</em>. <em>coli</em> and <em>A. baumannii</em> were observed at 0.125 µg/ml, 0.25 µg/ml, 1 µg/ml, 2 µg/ml and 2 µg/ml respectively. The <em>in vitro</em> activity was evaluated using time-kill kinetics, post-antibiotic effect (PAE), and sub-inhibitory effect. The time-kill curves could show the bactericidal activity at 4X and 8X MIC at 24 h against <em>S. aureus</em> and <em>A. baumannii</em>. The post-antibiotic effect was modest when it was tested against <em>S. aureus</em> (2 h) and <em>A. baumannii</em> (4 h). The PAE and sub-MIC effect (SME) for <em>S. aureus</em> and <em>A. baumannii</em> was extended for 16 h and &gt; 8 h. Checkerboard analysis of ZAB260 with marketed antimicrobials (Tetracycline, Levofloxacin, Cefepime, Azithromycin, Colistin, Meropenem) showed additive effect against <em>A. baumannii</em>. ZAB260 was also tested in rat lung infection model at 6.25, 12, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg dose and a dose dependent reduction in log CFU was observed. Thus, ZAB260 was identified as a bactericidal agent with moderate post-antibiotic effect (PAE) and an extended PAE-sub-MIC effect (PAE-SME). It also showed a reduction of over 4 log CFU in rat lung infection model. These findings warrant further investigation for potential use in treating infections caused by these pathogens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro evaluation of the inhibition potential of medicinal plants against dental cariogenic microorganisms","authors":"Smriti Tandon ,&nbsp;Sunanda Yadav ,&nbsp;Sonu Kushwaha ,&nbsp;Gagandeep Singh ,&nbsp;Hemant Soni ,&nbsp;Vaibhav Charde ,&nbsp;Akanksha Thakur ,&nbsp;Virendra Singh ,&nbsp;Jyotika ,&nbsp;Cheemalapati Venkata Narasimhaji ,&nbsp;Shiddamallayya Mathapati ,&nbsp;Narayanam Srikanth ,&nbsp;Rabinarayan Acharya","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dental caries is one of the most prevalent oral infections affecting individuals in all age groups worldwide. A variety of microorganisms such as <em>Streptococcus mutans</em>, <em>Lactobacillus</em> sp., <em>Vellionella</em> sp. etc. are known to be involved in progression of this infection. Many medicinal plants have been used in various systems of traditional medicine for countering dental caries and other oral infections, and currently these are again in demand for the development of novel therapeutic drugs with minimum side-effects for effective prevention and management of not only oral infections, but also other bacterial infections. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiacidogenic potential of selected medicinal plants against dental cariogenic bacteria, namely, <em>Streptococcus mutans</em>, <em>Streptococcus oralis</em>, <em>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</em>. Thirteen methanolic extracts were prepared using various parts of the selected medicinal plants. These extracts were then used to check for the antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiacidogenic activities against the selected cariogenic bacteria. Although, all thirteen plant extracts that were tested, did show inhibition of cariogenic bacteria at higher concentrations, three extracts, were found to be best in terms of antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiacidogenic activities. Methanolic extracts of <em>P. betle</em> leaves, <em>V. negundo</em> seeds, <em>S. aromaticum</em> buds showed the best results in all the three parameters. These extracts not only inhibited the growth of cariogenic pathogens even at very low concentrations, depicted by their lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations, but also inhibited biofilm formation as well as acid production by the cariogenic bacteria, two other virulence traits responsible for the establishment of dental caries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100341"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a mini-repository of marine bacteria having the potential of Polyhydroxyalkanoates production","authors":"Linu Balan ,&nbsp;Sowmya P. Mohandas ,&nbsp;P. Priyaja ,&nbsp;Jayanath Gopi ,&nbsp;Sherine Sonia Cubelio ,&nbsp;Rosamma Philip ,&nbsp;I.S. Bright Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a well-studied substitute for conventional petroleum plastics of biological origin. The replacement of petroleum plastics with the PHAs has not been commercially successful, owing to the high cost involved in the production. A cost reduction method always involves searching for novel and highly productive strains for PHA production. In this study, focus was on the isolation of PHA producing marine bacteria from the North Eastern Arabian Sea, where periodic algal blooms are known to occur. Coastal samples were collected from the Goa Coast. We have isolated 347 PHA-producing isolates and made a mini repository of marine PHA producers, of which 16 isolates showed notable PHA accumulation based on cell dry weight. Molecular identification of these isolates using 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that PHA producing isolates belonged to the phyla Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Among the positive isolates, two were extreme halophiles, and others were halotolerant. The isolates <em>Donghicola eburneus</em> MCCB 271, <em>Ruegeria mobilis</em> MCCB 272, <em>Labrenzia aggregata</em> MCCB 274 and 275, <em>Aeromicrobium</em> sp. MCCB 341, <em>Kocuria sp.</em> MCCB 337, <em>Alteromonas</em> sp. MCCB 339 and 342, and <em>Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus</em> MCCB 273 were identified as novel PHA producers when dextrose was used as a carbon source. One isolate MCCB 290, identified as <em>Vibrio alginolyticus</em>, showed the highest biomass yield of 4.69 ± 0.04 g L⁻¹ and PHA production of 73.67 % based on cell dry weight when grown in ZoBell’s marine broth supplemented with 20 g L⁻¹ dextrose as a carbon source. The thermal characterization of the extracted polymers using Differential Scanning Calorimetry demonstrated a melting temperature (T_m) close to the commercial grade Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). Moreover, FTIR and GC analysis of the extracted polymer from the potent isolate MCCB 290 identified the polymer as PHB. The potential isolates have been maintained as the repository of PHA producing marine bacteria.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100338"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143847908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of antimicrobial peptides in overcoming antibiotic resistance","authors":"Mushtaq Ali ,&nbsp;Akansha Garg ,&nbsp;Alok Srivastava ,&nbsp;Pankaj Kumar Arora","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a critical global health challenge, rendering many conventional treatments ineffective and escalating the threat of untreatable infections. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), naturally occurring molecules found in a wide range of organisms, present a promising alternative to traditional antibiotics. AMPs exhibit broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and unique mechanisms of action, primarily targeting bacterial membranes, which significantly reduces the likelihood of resistance development. Beyond their direct bactericidal effects, AMPs can disrupt biofilms, enhance immune responses, and exhibit synergistic effects when combined with existing antibiotics. Despite their immense potential, challenges such as enzymatic degradation, cytotoxicity, and high production costs limit their clinical application. Recent advances in bioengineering and delivery systems have focused on overcoming these hurdles, enhancing AMPs stability, efficacy, and specificity. This review explores the role of AMPs in combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria, highlighting their mechanisms, advantages, challenges, and emerging innovations in their development and application. AMPs offer a beacon of hope in the fight against drug-resistant pathogens, potentially revolutionizing the future of antimicrobial therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100337"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an Hepatitis B pseudovirus system for safe and effective antiviral drug screening","authors":"Manasi Haval ,&nbsp;Su Li ,&nbsp;Guofang Zhang ,&nbsp;Yang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a type of hepatic malignancy, is strongly linked to chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. HBV infection commonly advances asymptomatically for months; symptom onset may include nausea, fever, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, and anorexia. Existing therapies aim to alleviate symptoms, but no definitive cure exists. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic infection, increasing the risk of HCC. Due to these risks, the infectivity of HBV-positive blood presents biosafety challenges for laboratory research on the virus. To address this, we seek to establish a refined HBV pseudovirus system using lentiviral backbone and utilizing an HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) plasmid, and the development of a NTCP-HepG2 cell line. The infectivity was measured using flow cytometry. This pseudo virus provides a non-infectious cell line for investigating HBV cellular uptake, surface receptor interactions, and prospective antiviral targets. By eliminating uncontrolled replication, our model enhances both research feasibility and laboratory safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143837896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}