Spill Science & Technology Bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Overview of the Oil Spill Risk Analysis (OSRA) Model for Environmental Impact Assessment","authors":"James M Price ,&nbsp;Walter R Johnson ,&nbsp;Charles F Marshall ,&nbsp;Zhen-Gang Ji ,&nbsp;Gail B Rainey","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00003-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00003-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The oil spill risk analysis (OSRA) model is an environmental impact assessment tool, producing estimates of the probabilities of oil spill occurrence and contact from prospective commercial oil and gas operations, which may occur broadly on the outer continental shelf of the United States. Extensive environmental data sets drive the model. Much of the data were obtained by numerous MMS-funded environmental studies. The model differs from most trajectory models in that it does not attempt to replicate or predict individual oil spill events. Instead, the model generates an ensemble of thousands to hundreds of thousands (typically) of simulated oil spill trajectories over many years of wind and ocean current input fields. The frequencies of contact of the simulated spills are the estimated probabilities under the implicit assumption that the input spill occurrence rates, winds, and ocean currents will be, in a broad statistical sense, like those that will occur during future oil and gas operations proximate to areas of environmental concern.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 5","pages":"Pages 529-533"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00003-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79453121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Oleophilic Nature of Straw Sorbent Conditioned in Water","authors":"Edyta Witka-Jeżewska,&nbsp;Jan Hupka ,&nbsp;Piotr Pieniążek","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00069-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00069-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Absorptive potential of barley straw conditioned in water with respect to the properties of interior and exterior surface of the stalk and leaf is discussed. The contact angle for water and decane, both on dry and wet straw was measured. The internal and external surface of the stalk as well as of the leaf remained preferentially oleophilic when dry, regardless of the straw decomposition time. In the case of straw conditioned in water the external stalk surface exhibited oleophilic properties for 10 days whereas that of the leaf for seven days. During decomposition a wax layer on epidermis was removed. Decreasing accuracy of contact angle determination after 14 days of decomposition was caused by growth of microorganisms on the straw surface.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 5","pages":"Pages 561-564"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00069-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81140519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of the Time Periods and Processes for Penetration of Selected Spilled Oils and Fuels in Different Soils in the Laboratory","authors":"Sakari Halmemies ,&nbsp;Siri Gröndahl ,&nbsp;Keijo Nenonen ,&nbsp;Tuula Tuhkanen","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00002-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00002-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The subsequent distribution, fate and effects of inland oil spills from transportation (tanker trucks, rail road cars, <em>etc</em>.) in which fuels (diesel fuel, gasoline, home heating oils, <em>etc.</em>) are released to the environment have come under study as it was realized that the number of such accidents and accumulative volume of spilled fuels were quite large. The fate and behaviour of spilled fuel on soils mainly depend on soil type, amount and type of fuels both prevailing weather conditions. Experiments were simulated in the laboratory to determine the factors and processes and rates that influence and determine the distribution and abundance of fuels in soils following experimental spills to identify risks to ground waters from accidental spills.</p><p>In the laboratory, special column experiments, with soils found in Finland, found that the most vulnerable soil types (as expected) were the sandy soils, where hydrocarbon vertical seepage velocities in gravely sandy soils varied between 2.8 m/h (diesel oil) and 13.2 m/h (gasoline). However, one would expect in the environment for these velocities to be lower because of horizontal seepage and backpressure caused by saturated zone. Nevertheless, results suggest that in Finnish shallow soils gasoline-like fuels can easily reach the groundwater 2–4 m below the ground level.</p><p><span><span>Results suggest that emergency response actions must be taken by emergency services within a few hours to prevent pollution of the groundwater (short-term retention of gravely sand 3.1 wt.% for gasoline and 4.5 wt.% for diesel oil, respectively). The majority of Finnish soils are till, which had even better short-term retention capacities (5.8 wt.% for gasoline and 6.6 wt.% for diesel oil in sandy till), and where seepage velocities (0.1–0.2 m/h) were only a part of those determined for gravely sandy soils. In most cases emergency services has at least 2 h time to stop spreading of fuel to prevent pollution of the groundwater. The distribution processes for spilled fuel on ground can be described as: advection, </span>molecular diffusion<span> or mechanical dispersion, with the spreading type to be dependent on a soil type and its geology. In addition, weather conditions (especially temperature and wind speed), diameter of a pool and soil type, for gasoline-like volatile compounds vaporization can be very effective, so that only a portion of spilled oil penetrates into the soil. The data suggest that a spill of gasoline on soil with a hydraulic conductivity less than 1 Darcy (1×10</span></span>⁻⁵ m/s) during the summer time will mostly vaporize before seeping into the soil.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 5","pages":"Pages 451-465"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00002-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85426212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corpus Christi Area Oil Spill Control Association, Corpus Christi, Texas","authors":"David A. Jensen","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00128-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00128-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 5","pages":"Pages 421-423"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00128-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82356899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oil Spill Boom Design for Waves","authors":"Kau-Fui Vincent Wong,&nbsp;Hugh O Stewart","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00129-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00129-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objective of this research was to design and test boom arrangements that will be able to function effectively in the presence of waves and turbulent conditions and be modular and free floating. The designs were based on the principle that fluid particles in waves traverse in a circular pattern, so it was imperative to take advantage of that feature. Three models were built and tested in the open channel apparatus introducing the plausible validity of vertical cascading and sinusoidal tapering of an oil boom system.</p><p>Given several flow velocities, the first two designs averaged efficiencies of 79.2% and 68.2%, respectively. The final model was tested through a series of three conditions: An ideal straight-on condition, a straight-on condition with the first surface was completely out of the water and one condition where the center line of the boom was at an angle to the water current. These three configurations yielded averaged efficiencies of 87%, 80.1%, and 70.9%, respectively.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 5","pages":"Pages 543-548"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00129-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81867493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dispersion and Sorption of Oil Spills by Emulsifier-Modified Expanded Perlite","authors":"M Roulia ,&nbsp;K Chassapis ,&nbsp;Ch Fotinopoulos ,&nbsp;Th Savvidis ,&nbsp;D Katakis","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(02)00066-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(02)00066-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Three grain sizes of expanded perlite were modified with emulsifiers and their potential usefulness in combating oil spills was studied. The tests in the laboratory show that when this perlite is added to a water–oil mixture, the light perlite particles move on the surface spreading over it very quickly (in fractions of a second). It seems that the emulsifier disperses the oil, but at the same time it disperses the perlite particles. At the end there is an emulsion and also perlite particles saturated with it.</p><p>The usefulness in combating oil spills at sea depends on the following characteristics:</p><ul><li><span>(a)</span><span><p>With emulsifier-modified perlite some of the oil can be removed (in the form of emulsion), whereas with emulsifiers only this is not possible. Simultaneously the spill is dispersed quickly, before spreading.</p></span></li><li><span>(b)</span><span><p>The action is quick even with a calm sea. Self-mixing is inherent to the process.</p></span></li><li><span>(c)</span><span><p>The action is quick and limited to the surface, where the perlite particles float. There is little waste of the emulsifier in the bulk of the sea.</p></span></li></ul></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 5","pages":"Pages 425-431"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(02)00066-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73009654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Water Tank Tests of Sugi Bark Sorbent (SBS)","authors":"Masaki Saito ,&nbsp;Nobuyoshi Ishii ,&nbsp;Suguru Ogura ,&nbsp;Shinji Maemura ,&nbsp;Hirohisa Suzuki","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00056-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00056-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Development of the oil sorbent (oil adsorption material) made of organic waste material were initiated in order to provide the resources for marine oil spill response with less environmental load and cost. After some screening, it was found that the fiber of Sugi (</span><em>Cryptomeria japonica D. Don</em><span>) bark has potential to be excellent oil sorbent because of its hydrophobic and oleophilic character. As this bark fiber Sugi bark sorbent (SBS) can be used with enclosing cotton sheet, the products consist of completely organic materials. When the bark fibers were dried of larger size, SBS had increased absorbency. SBS performed equivalent absorbency (picking up at most 13.4 times their own weight in bunker A) as conventional polypropylene sorbent in laboratory experiments. Experiments conducted in water tanks confirmed that some shape of SBSs such as S25, S50, B6S14 and M50 could successfully work for recovering oil in small wave and current, which would be expected as production models. After all, S50 and M50 were improved into commercial products, which started to be released in 2001 at Japan.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 5","pages":"Pages 475-482"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00056-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80762201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oil Spill Containment by a Flexible Boom System","authors":"Kau-Fui Vincent Wong,&nbsp;Eryurt Barin","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00064-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00064-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, a specific boom arrangement is quantitatively analyzed. The boom arrangement was led by a flexible ramp boom, which used the energy of the incoming flow to attain a desirable angle of inclination. It consisted of a number of flaps to adjust itself to non-uniform flow conditions. Vinyl sheets of varying bending stiffness were used to achieve necessary deflections. The ramp boom was setup with three conventional booms downstream.</p><p>Open channel experiments were carried out for a large number of dimensionless parameters. Volume analysis was performed to determine the amount of the collected oil. The effects of Reynolds number, Froude number, depth ratio, oil relative viscosity, oil relative density, number of flaps and inclination angle on the collection efficiency of the boom system were investigated. The separation distances of the consecutive booms were also investigated. The variation of the scales of the geometric parameters with respect to the draft of the ramp boom and the variation of the above-mentioned dimensionless parameters aided in determining the optimum interval for the total span of the boom system. The critical limiting ratios of total span of the ramp boom system to the draft of the ramp boom were determined as 9.9 and 14.6. The optimum collection efficiency of 100% was obtained at a maximum flow speed of 0.305 m/s corresponding to a Froude number of 0.51. This value would correspond to a prototype flow speed of 1 m/s (about 2 knots) with Froude number scaling.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 5","pages":"Pages 509-520"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00064-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76164313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sorption and Recovery of Heavy Oils by Using Exfoliated Graphite","authors":"Masahiro Toyoda ,&nbsp;Michio Inagaki","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00131-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00131-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The behavior of sorption of heavy oils into exfoliated graphite samples with different bulk density was studied by using four grades of heavy oil with different viscosity. Maximum sorption capacity of exfoliated graphite was found to be 83 g of A-grade heavy oil per 1 g of the exfoliated graphite and also its sorption occurs very rapidly, within 1 min. Sorption capacity depended strongly on bulk density and total pore volume of exfoliated graphite. Time to reach maximum sorption, as well as sorption capacity, of an exfoliated graphite depended strongly on grade of heavy oil; a large amount of heavy oils with low viscosity was sorbed in a short time, but oils with high viscosity needed a long time although sorbed amount was relatively small.</p><p>Heavy oils sorbed into exfoliated graphite could be recovered by a simple filtration under reduced pressure with the recovery ratio of about 70% and could not be differentiated from molecular weight values and the contents of various hydrocarbons. The exfoliated graphite packed into a bag was shown to give also high sorption capacity, if the material of the bag and the way of picking up from heavy oil were properly selected.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 5","pages":"Pages 467-474"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00131-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80681651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Dried Hydrophobic Aquaphyte as an Oil Filter for Oil/Water Emulsions","authors":"Tania H Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Jorge Rubio ,&nbsp;Ross W Smith","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00130-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00130-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the present study, dead biomass derived from a hydrophobic aquatic plant, a <em>Salvinia</em> sp. found in Southern Brazil, was studied as an oil filter for oil/water emulsions. The performance of the <em>Salvinia</em><span> sp. biomass as such was compared to that of a processed peat (Peat Sorb) that is sometimes used as a sorbent for oil. In the utilization of the </span><em>Salvinia</em> sp. and Peat Sorb as filters for oil in oil/water emulsions the results of two equal tests were averaged in order to verify the reproducibility of the experimentation. In the experiments the emulsion was passed through the filters until saturation of the filter was indicated by the appearance of oil in the filtrate (breakthrough). For <em>Salvinia</em> sp., the average amount of emulsion passed through the filter until breakthrough was 18.7 l containing 10.61 g oil. The amount of oil retained was 9.53 or 1.33 g oil/g biomass. Thus, 90% of the oil in 18.7 l emulsion was retained by the biomass. The tests using Peat Sorb were performed under the same conditions as for the aquaphyte biomass. The average amount of emulsion passed through the filter until breakthrough was 4.0 l containing 2.68 g oil. The amount of oil retained was 1.66 or 0.26 g oil/g Peat Sorb. Thus, the Peat Sorb retained 62% of the oil in 4.0 l emulsion. The superiority of the <em>Salvinia</em><span> sp. for removing oil from such emulsions, since the surface areas of the two materials are similar, appears to be due to the hydrophobicity and the hair like projections of the surface of the aquaphyte biomass.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 5","pages":"Pages 483-489"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00130-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82668867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}