Spill Science & Technology Bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Tar Balls: The End State","authors":"Ron Goodman","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00045-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00045-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tar balls are frequently reported as an indicator of the extent of the impact of a spill incident. The determination of the density of tar balls is basic to the shoreline cleanup assessment team (SCAT) process, and is frequently used by the media as an indication of oil pollution. The processes involved in the evolution of tar balls are not well understood and there is a paucity of literature on the science of tar ball formation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 2","pages":"Pages 117-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00045-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90631520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oil/Suspended Particulate Material Interactions and Sedimentation","authors":"James R Payne ,&nbsp;John R Clayton Jr. ,&nbsp;Bruce E Kirstein","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00048-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00048-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The interactions of physically dispersed oil droplets with suspended particulate material (SPM) can be important for the transport of bulk quantities of spilled crude oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to subtidal sediments. The literature regarding oil/SPM interactions is reviewed, and results from whole-oil droplet/SPM interaction kinetics and pure-component (Prudhoe Bay crude oil distillate cut) equilibrium partitioning experiments are presented. The effects of oil type, SPM characteristics, and salinity<span> on the interaction rates are examined, and the importance of whole-oil droplet/SPM interactions on particle agglomeration and settling behavior are discussed. Whole-oil droplet/SPM interactions are retarded as oil droplet dispersion into the water column is inhibited by oil viscosity increases due to evaporation weathering and water-in-oil emulsification. Compared to whole oil droplet/SPM interactions, dissolved-component/SPM adsorption is not as significant for transport of individual components to sediments. The information presented in this paper can be used to augment computer-based models designed to predict oil-spill trajectories, oil-weathering behavior, and spilled oil impacts to the marine environment.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 2","pages":"Pages 201-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00048-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76354887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Editorial Board Member","authors":"Kenneth Lee","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00057-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00057-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 2","pages":"Pages 111-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00057-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120868304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photo-oxidation and Photo-toxicity of Crude and Refined Oils","authors":"Richard F Lee","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00015-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00015-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>The fate and effects of an oil spill are effected by solar radiation through the action of photo-oxidation and photo-toxicity. Photo-oxidation, an important process in the weathering of oil, produces a variety of oxidized compounds, including aliphatic and aromatic ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, fatty acids, esters, epoxides, sulfoxides, </span>sulfones<span>, phenols, anhydrides, quinones and aliphatic and aromatic alcohols. Some of these compounds contribute to the </span></span>marine biota<span> toxicity observed after an oil spill. Photo-toxicity occurs when uptake of certain petroleum compounds, e.g. certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzothiophenes, is followed by solar exposure which results in much greater toxicity than after dark uptake. The mechanism of PAH photo-toxicity includes absorbance of solar radiation by the PAH which produces a free radical and this free radical in turn reacts with oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species<span><span> that can damage DNA and other cellular macromolecules. While most studies on photo-toxicity have been carried out in the laboratory, there are studies showing that water from an oil spill is photo-toxic to bivalve embryos for at least a few days after the spill. Other studies have found that oil contaminated sediments are photo-toxic to several marine invertebrates. More studies are required to determine if </span>marine fauna at an oil spill site are effected by the action of photo-toxicity and photo-oxidation.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 2","pages":"Pages 157-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00015-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81759152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Composition and Toxicity of Residual Bunker C Fuel Oil in Intertidal Sediments After 30 Years","authors":"K Lee ,&nbsp;R.C Prince ,&nbsp;C.W Greer ,&nbsp;K.G Doe ,&nbsp;J.E.H Wilson ,&nbsp;S.E Cobanli ,&nbsp;G.D Wohlgeschaffen ,&nbsp;D Alroumi ,&nbsp;T King ,&nbsp;G.H Tremblay","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00014-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00014-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In 1970, approximately 2000 m³ of Bunker C crude oil impacted 300 km of Nova Scotia’s coastline following the grounding of the tanker <em>Arrow</em><span>. Only 10% of the contaminated coast was subjected to cleanup, the remainder was left to cleanse naturally. To determine the long-term environmental impact of residual oil from this spill event, samples of sediment and interstitial water were recovered in 1993, 1997 and 2000 from a sheltered lagoon in Black Duck Cove. This heavily oiled site was intentionally left to recover on its own. Visual observations and chemical analysis confirmed that substantial quantities of the weathered cargo oil were still present within the sediments at this site. However, direct observations of benthic invertebrate abundance suggest that natural processes have reduced the impacts of the residual oil. To confirm this hypothesis, sediment and interstitial water samples from Black Duck Cove were assessed with a comprehensive set of biotests and chemical assays.</span></p><p>Residual oil in the sediments had limited effect on hepatic CYP1A protein levels and mixed function oxygenase (MFO) induction in winter flounder (<em>Pleuronectes americanus</em>). No toxicity was detected with the Microtox solid phase test (<em>Vibrio fischeri</em><span>). Significant sediment toxicity was detected by the amphipod survival test (</span><em>Eohaustorius estuarius</em>) in four out of the eight contaminated sediments. Interstitial water samples were deemed non-toxic by the Microtox 100% test (<em>Vibrio fischeri</em>) and the echinoid fertilization test (<em>Lytechinus pictus</em>). Sediment elutriates were also found to be non-toxic in the grass shrimp embryo-larval toxicity (GSELTOX) test (<em>Palaemonetes pugio</em>).</p><p><span>Recovery at this contaminated site is attributed to natural processes that mediated biodegradation and physical removal of oil from the sediments. In support of the latter mechanism, mineralization experiments showed that all test sediments had the capacity for hexadecane, octacosane and naphthalene degradation, while chemical analysis confirmed that the Bunker C oil from the </span><em>Arrow</em> had undergone substantial biodegradation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 2","pages":"Pages 187-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00014-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80025407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodegradation of Crude Oil Contaminating Marine Shorelines and Freshwater Wetlands","authors":"Albert D Venosa ,&nbsp;Xueqing Zhu","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00019-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00019-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper is a summary of the various factors influencing weathering of oil after it has been released into the environment from a spill incident. Special emphasis has been placed on biodegradation processes. Results from two field studies conducted in 1994 and 1999 involving bioremediation of an experimental oil spill on a marine sandy shoreline in Delaware and a freshwater wetland on the St. Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada have been presented in the paper.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 2","pages":"Pages 163-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00019-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77477186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Roles of Photooxidation and Biodegradation in Long-term Weathering of Crude and Heavy Fuel Oils","authors":"Roger C Prince ,&nbsp;Robert M Garrett ,&nbsp;Richard E Bare ,&nbsp;Matthew J Grossman ,&nbsp;Todd Townsend ,&nbsp;Joseph M Suflita ,&nbsp;Kenneth Lee ,&nbsp;Edward H Owens ,&nbsp;Gary A Sergy ,&nbsp;Joan F Braddock ,&nbsp;Jon E Lindstrom ,&nbsp;Richard R Lessard","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00017-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00017-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Although spilled oil is subject to a range of natural processes, only combustion, photooxidation and biodegradation destroy hydrocarbons and remove them from the biosphere. We present laboratory data that demonstrate the molecular preferences of these processes, and then examine some oil residues collected from previously documented releases to confirm the important roles that these processes play in removing spilled oil from both marine and terrestrial environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 2","pages":"Pages 145-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00017-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80312986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Norwegian Testing of Emulsion Properties at Sea––The Importance of Oil Type and Release Conditions","authors":"Per S Daling ,&nbsp;Merete Øverli Moldestad ,&nbsp;Øistein Johansen ,&nbsp;Alun Lewis ,&nbsp;Jon Rødal","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00016-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00016-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper is a review of the major findings from laboratory studies and field trials conducted in Norway in recent years on the emulsification of oils spilled at sea. Controlled bench-scale and meso-scale basin experiments using a wide spectrum of oils have revealed that both the physico-chemical properties of the oils and the release conditions are fundamental determinants of the rate of emulsion formation, for the rheological properties of the emulsion formed and for the rate of natural dispersion at sea.</p><p><span>During the last decade, several series of full-scale field trials with experimental releases of various crude oils have been undertaken in the North Sea and the Norwegian Sea. These have involved both sea surface releases, underwater pipeline leak simulations (release of oil under low pressure and no gas) and underwater blowout simulations (pressurized oil with gas) from 100 and 850 m depth. The field trials have been performed in co-operation with NOFO (Norwegian Clean Seas Association for Operating Companies), individual oil companies, the Norwegian </span>Pollution Control<span> Authority (SFT) and Minerals Management Services (MMS). SINTEF has been responsible for the scientific design and monitoring during these field experiments. The main objectives of the trials have been to study the behaviour of different crude oils spilled under various conditions and to identify the operational and logistical factors associated with different countermeasure techniques.</span></p><p>The paper gives examples of data obtained on the emulsification of spilled oil during these field experiments. The empirical data generated from the experimental field trials have been invaluable for the validation and development of numerical models at SINTEF for predicting the spreading, weathering and behaviour of oil released under various conditions. These models are extensively used in contingency planning and contingency analysis of spill scenarios and as operational tools during spill situations and combat operations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 2","pages":"Pages 123-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00016-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90897335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longer Term Weathering Workshop: An Overview","authors":"Gail Rainey ,&nbsp;William Lehr ,&nbsp;Walter Johnson","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00018-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00018-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 2","pages":"Pages 115-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00018-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88137922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of Behaviour of Oil in Freezing Environments","authors":"M. Fingas","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00009-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00009-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73214410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}