Roger C Prince , Richard E Bare , Robert M Garrett , Matthew J Grossman , Copper E Haith , Lois G Keim , Kenneth Lee , Graham J Holtom , Patrick Lambert , Gary A Sergy , Edward H Owens , Chantal C Guénette
{"title":"Bioremediation of Stranded Oil on an Arctic Shoreline","authors":"Roger C Prince , Richard E Bare , Robert M Garrett , Matthew J Grossman , Copper E Haith , Lois G Keim , Kenneth Lee , Graham J Holtom , Patrick Lambert , Gary A Sergy , Edward H Owens , Chantal C Guénette","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00036-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00036-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The application of slow-release and soluble fertilizers proved to be an effective and environmentally benign way of stimulating oil biodegradation on an Arctic shoreline. </span>Fertilizer application<span> to the surface of the beach delivered nutrients to the oiled sediment beneath the beach surface. There was no significant run-off of this fertilizer to either the nearshore water or to unfertilized plots, and there were no adverse toxicological effects of the fertilizer application. The fertilizer application was followed by an increase in oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide evolution from the beach, increased microbial biomass, and significantly greater biodegradation of oil on the plots that had received fertilizer. The rate of oil biodegradation was approximately doubled over the course of a year by fertilizer applications in the first two months after the spill.</span></p><p>Simple test kits proved adequate to monitor the fertilizer-application process in the field in a time frame that would allow the application process to be fine-tuned during treatment on a real spill. Simple test kits and portable instrumentation were useful in demonstrating the initial success of the bioremediation strategy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 3","pages":"Pages 303-312"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00036-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81878257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kenneth Lee , Gary Wohlgeschaffen , Gilles H Tremblay , B Thomas Johnson , Gary A Sergy , Roger C Prince , Chantal C Guénette , Edward H Owens
{"title":"Toxicity Evaluation with the Microtox® Test to Assess the Impact of In Situ Oiled Shoreline Treatment Options: Natural Attenuation and Sediment Relocation","authors":"Kenneth Lee , Gary Wohlgeschaffen , Gilles H Tremblay , B Thomas Johnson , Gary A Sergy , Roger C Prince , Chantal C Guénette , Edward H Owens","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00039-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00039-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Changes in the toxicity levels of beach sediment, nearshore water, and bottom sediment samples were monitored with the Microtox</span><sup>®</sup> Test to evaluate the two <em>in situ</em><span> oil spill treatment options of natural attenuation (natural recovery––no treatment) and sediment relocation (surf washing). During a series of field trials, IF-30 fuel oil was intentionally sprayed onto the surface of three mixed sediment (pebble and sand) beaches on the island of Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway (78°56</span><sup>′</sup> N, 16°45<sup>′</sup><span> E). At a low wave-energy site (Site 1 with a 3-km wind fetch), where oil was stranded within the zone of normal wave action, residual oil concentrations and beach sediment toxicity levels were significantly reduced by both options in less than five days. At Site 3, a higher wave-energy site with a 40-km wind fetch, oil was intentionally stranded on the beach face in the upper intertidal/supratidal zones, above the level of normal wave activity. At this site under these experimental conditions, sediment relocation was effective in accelerating the removal of the oil from the sediments and reducing the Microtox</span><sup>®</sup><span> Test toxicity response to background levels. In the untreated (natural attenuation) plot at this site, the fraction of residual oil remaining within the beach sediments after one year (70%) continued to generate a toxic response. Chemical and toxicological analyses of nearshore sediment and sediment-trap samples at both sites confirmed that oil and suspended mineral fines were effectively dispersed into the surrounding environment by the </span><em>in situ</em> treatments. In terms of secondary potential detrimental effects from the release of stranded oil from the beaches, the toxicity level (Microtox<sup>®</sup> Test) of adjacent nearshore sediment samples did not exceed the Canadian regulatory limit for dredged spoils destined for ocean disposal.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 3","pages":"Pages 273-284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00039-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75027700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Edward H Owens , Gary A Sergy , Chantal C Guénette , Roger C Prince , Kenneth Lee
{"title":"The Reduction of Stranded Oil by In Situ Shoreline Treatment Options","authors":"Edward H Owens , Gary A Sergy , Chantal C Guénette , Roger C Prince , Kenneth Lee","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00041-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00041-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The Svalbard<span><span> Shoreline Field Trials quantified the effectiveness of sediment relocation, mixing, bioremediation, bioremediation combined with mixing, and </span>natural attenuation as options for the </span></span><em>in situ</em><span> treatment of oiled mixed-sediment (sand and pebble) shorelines. These treatments were applied to oiled plots located in the upper beach at three experimental sites, each with different sediment character and wave-energy exposure. Systematic monitoring was carried out over a 400-day period to quantify oil removal and to document changes in the physical character of the beach, oil penetration, oil loading, movements of oil to the subtidal environment, biodegradation, toxicity, and to validate oil-mineral aggregate formation.</span></p><p>The results of the monitoring confirmed that sediment relocation significantly accelerated the rate of oil removal and reduced oil persistence where oil was stranded on the beach face above the level of normal wave activity. Where the stranded oil was in the zone of wave action, sediment relocation accelerated the short-term (weeks) rate of oil loss from the intertidal sediments.</p><p>Oil removal rates on a beach treated by mechanical mixing or tilling were not significantly higher than those associated with natural recovery. However there is evidence that mixing/tilling may have enhanced microbial activity for a limited period by increasing the permeability of the sediment.</p><p>Changes in the chemical composition of the oil demonstrated that biodegradation was significant in this arctic environment and a bioremediation treatment protocol based on nutrient enrichment effectively doubled the rate of biodegradation. However, on an operational scale, the success of this treatment strategy was limited as physical processes were more important in causing oil loss from the beaches than biodegradation, even where this oil loss was stimulated by the bioremediation protocols.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 3","pages":"Pages 257-272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00041-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79086851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chantal C Guénette , Gary A Sergy , Edward H Owens , Roger C Prince , Kenneth Lee
{"title":"Experimental design of the Svalbard shoreline field trials","authors":"Chantal C Guénette , Gary A Sergy , Edward H Owens , Roger C Prince , Kenneth Lee","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00038-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00038-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Experimental oil spills on three mixed-sediment beaches in Svalbard, Norway, were designed to evaluate the effectiveness of </span><em>in situ</em><span> shoreline cleaning treatments to accelerate natural recovery. These were: sediment relocation (surf washing), mixing (tilling), bioremediation (fertilizer application), and bioremediation combined with mixing. Additionally, natural attenuation was studied as a treatment option. An intermediate fuel oil was applied to the sediment surface in the upper intertidal zone at three experimental sites, each of which had different sediment characteristics and wave-energy exposure. Over a 400-day period, the experiments quantified oil removal, documented changes in the physical character of the beach as well as oil fate and behaviour, assessed toxicity effects associated with treatment, and validated oil–mineral aggregate formation as a result of the selected treatment techniques. The three sites were chosen based on significant differences, and each treatment was quantitatively compared only with other treatments at that site.</span></p><p>This paper describes the physical location and the experimental design of the field trials. Some of the key issues that were addressed in the design included: the methodology for application of oil, the application of treatment techniques, the realistic simulation of real-world conditions, and the sampling protocols to overcome sediment and oiling heterogeneity typical of mixed-sediment beaches in order to allow quantitative comparisons of the treatments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 3","pages":"Pages 245-256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00038-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82119518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Long Term Weathering of Water-in-Oil Emulsions","authors":"Merv Fingas, Ben Fieldhouse, Zhendi Wang","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00046-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00046-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper summarizes studies to determine the long-term stability of water-in-oil emulsions in the laboratory and in large tanks. The long-term stability of emulsions was investigated in the laboratory for up to 9 years and by studying emulsion formation in a large test tank over a period of 2–10 days.</p><p>Two stable emulsions, formed in the laboratory, had been preserved for 5 and 9 years and remained stable despite a small water loss. The long-term stability appears to be similar to that for the short-term stability. Stable emulsion breakdown processes remain poorly understood, because these emulsions do not generally breakdown, but the primary processes may be mechanical break-up and water evaporation.</p><p>The water-in-oil states produced were found to have analogous properties between the laboratory and two sets of experiments at a large test tank. No fundamental differences in states or properties were observed over the time periods studied (up to 222 h). The state of the oil was found to correlate well with a stability index as defined by the complex modulus divided by the oil viscosity. It is shown that this stability index becomes more useful when the viscosity of the oil is taken at the same time as the complex modulus measurement.</p><p>The studies show that meso-stable emulsions will break down within 3 days, generally within 1 day and that those emulsions classified as stable remain up to 9 years under laboratory conditions. These studies also show that meso-stable emulsions do not reform, once broken.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 2","pages":"Pages 137-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00046-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82452729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah J Macnaughton , Richard Swannell , Fabien Daniel , Louise Bristow
{"title":"Biodegradation of Dispersed Forties Crude and Alaskan North Slope Oils in Microcosms Under Simulated Marine Conditions","authors":"Sarah J Macnaughton , Richard Swannell , Fabien Daniel , Louise Bristow","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00020-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00020-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>For oil spills in the open sea, operational experience has found that conventional response techniques, such as mechanical recovery, tend to remove only a small fraction of oil during major spills, a recent exception being the Mississippi River spill in Louisiana [Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. 7 (2002) 155]. By contrast, the use of dispersants can enable significant fractions of oil to be removed from the sea surface by dispersing the oil into the water column. It is thought that once dispersed the oil can biodegrade in the water column, although there is little information on the mechanism and rate of biodegradation. Two studies were undertaken on dispersion, microbial colonisation and biodegradation of Forties crude and Alaskan North Slope (ANS) oils under simulated marine conditions. The study using the Forties crude lasted 27 days and was carried out in conditions simulating estuarine and coastal conditions in waters around the UK (15 °C and in the presence of nutrients, 1 mg N-NO<sub>3</sub>/l), while the ANS study simulated low temperature conditions typical of Prince William Sound (8 °C) and took place over 35 days. The results of both studies demonstrated microbial colonisation of oil droplets after 4 days, and the formation of neutrally buoyant clusters consisting of oil, bacteria, protozoa and nematodes. By day 16, the size of the clusters increased and they sank to the bottom of the microcosms, presumably because of a decrease in buoyancy due to oil biodegradation, however biodegradation of <em>n</em>-alkanes was confirmed only in the Forties study. No colonisation or biodegradation of oil was noted in the controls in which biological action was inhibited. Oil degrading bacteria proliferated in all biologically active microcosms. Without dispersant, the onset of colonisation was delayed, although microbial growth rates and population size in ANS were greater than observed with the Forties. This difference reflected the greater droplet number seen with ANS at 8 °C than with Forties crude at 15 °C. Although these studies differed by more than one variable, complicating comparison, the findings suggest that dispersion (natural or chemical) changes the impact of the oil on the marine environment, potentially having important implications for management of oil spills in relation to the policy of dispersant use in an oil spill event.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 2","pages":"Pages 179-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00020-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77327858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Longer-term Weathering – Research Needs in Perspective","authors":"Alan J Mearns, Debra Simecek-Beatty","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00049-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00049-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The multiple agencies who sponsored The Long-Term Fate Workshop provided an opportunity to identify and prioritize research opportunities as they relate to the long-term weathering of oil. Workshop participants identified 15 areas needing research and ranked these areas by priority and level of effort. A short description of the research needs is presented here in the context of the “life history” of an oil spill.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 2","pages":"Pages 223-227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00049-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88672654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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