Spill Science & Technology Bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Flame Propagation Across Gelled Alkane-In-Water Emulsions","authors":"J.C.Y Lee ,&nbsp;J.D Felske ,&nbsp;N Ashgriz","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00062-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00062-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Flame propagation rates were measured for flames spreading across surfaces of gel-like alkane-in-water emulsions. A long, slender, water-cooled trough was used to contain the mixtures. Abrupt changes in the flame propagation velocities – of nearly two orders of magnitude – were observed to occur near ‘critical’ concentrations of certain alkane/water mixtures. Four alkanes were used – </span>pentane, hexane, heptane, and octane – and fuel rich emulsions (in which water was the continuous phase) were employed. The ability of the aqueous phase of the emulsion to inhibit the release of fuel into the vapor phase plays an important role in the observed behavior. That is, the rate at which fuel can diffuse through both the emulsion and the thin liquid layers that reside on it, is an essential kinetic aspect of the phenomena which determine the flame propagation rate across gelled alkane-in-water emulsions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 4","pages":"Pages 391-398"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00062-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79489878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smoke Plume Trajectory Modeling","authors":"K.B McGrattan","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00053-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00053-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A combination of numerical modeling and large-scale experimentation has yielded a tremendous amount of information about the structure, trajectory and composition of smoke plumes from large crude oil fires. A numerical model, a large outdoor fire plume trajectory (ALOFT), has been developed at NIST to predict the downwind concentration of smoke and other combustion products. The model is based on the fundamental conservation equations that govern the introduction of hot gases and particulate matter from a large fire into the atmosphere. The model has been used to estimate distances from fires under of variety of meteorological and topographic conditions where ground level concentrations of smoke and combustion products fall below regulatory threshold levels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 4","pages":"Pages 367-372"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00053-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81274009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional Response Team VI Guidelines for Inshore/Nearshore In Situ Burning of Spilled Oil","authors":"Robert D Martin Jr. ,&nbsp;Patricia Clark ,&nbsp;Ilene Byron ,&nbsp;Tim Steel ,&nbsp;Gregory DuCote ,&nbsp;Charlie Henry ,&nbsp;Jacqueline Michel","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00043-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00043-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 4","pages":"Pages 337-340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00043-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76858088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Status of Fire Boom Performance Testing","authors":"William D Walton","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00065-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00065-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Most response plans for <em>in situ</em> burning of oil at sea call for the use of a fire-resistant boom to contain the oil during a burn. Presently, there is no standard method for the user of a fire-resistant boom to evaluate the anticipated performance of different booms. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) F-20 Committee has developed a draft Standard Guide for <em>In Situ</em> Burning of Oil Spills On Water: Fire-Resistant Containment Boom; however, the draft provides only general guidelines and does not specify the details of the test procedure. Significant advances have been made in the past three years in implementing the guidelines in the draft standard. Two series of tests, one using diesel fuel and one using propane, have been conducted to evaluate the protocol for testing the ability of fire-resistant booms to withstand both fire and waves. A brief description and comparison of these tests is presented along with a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the use of each fuel and some issues identified in the tests.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 4","pages":"Pages 361-365"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00065-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75411716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of the Burning Characteristics of a Slick of Oil on Water","authors":"J.L. Torero ,&nbsp;Stephen M. Olenick ,&nbsp;J.P. Garo ,&nbsp;J.P. Vantelon","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00071-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00071-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is characterized by three distinct processes, ignition, flame spread and burning rate. Although all three processes are important, ignition and burning rate are critical. The former, because it defines the potential to burn and the latter because of the inherent possibility of boilover. Burning rate is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (</span><em>χ</em>) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of <em>in situ</em><span><span> burning as a counter-measure to an oil spill. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, </span>emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). Ignition has been studied to provide a tool that will serve to assess a fuels ease to ignite under conditions that are representative of oil spills. Two different techniques are used, piloted ignition when the fuel is exposed to a radiant heat flux and flash point as measured by the ASTM D56 Tag Closed Cup Test. Two different crude oils were used for these experiments, ANS and Cook Inlet. Crude oils were tested in their natural state and at different levels of weathering, showing that piloted ignition and flash point are strong functions of weathering level.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 4","pages":"Pages 379-390"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00071-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81366198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marsh Sensitivity to Burning of Applied Crude Oil","authors":"C.W Lindau,&nbsp;R.D Delaune,&nbsp;A Jugsujinda","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00052-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00052-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research note summarizes <span><em>Spartina</em><em> alterniflora</em></span> and <em>Sagittaria lancifolia</em> sensitivity to oiling and <em>in situ</em> burning of applied oil. Experimental plots (2.4 m<!--> <!-->×<!--> <!-->2.4 m<!--> <!-->×<!--> <span>0.6 m) were constructed in salt and freshwater marsh habitats and South Louisiana Crude (SLC) applied (2 l</span> <!-->m⁻²) to stems and leaves of marsh plants of oil and oil/burn treatment plots. Burning was initiated mid-August when winds were calm and a 15–25 cm floodwater layer covered the marsh substrate. Vegetative responses (stem density, height, carbon assimilation and biomass production) were measured for approximately one year following the <em>in situ</em> burns. Application of oil and burning of SLC only had short-term detrimental effects on salt and freshwater marsh vegetation. About one year after burns, vegetative responses measured in oiled and oiled/burned plots approached or exceeded control (no oil or burn) values. Field results suggest, under our experimental conditions, <em>in situ</em> burning of spilled oil in <em>S. alterniflora</em> and <em>S. lancifolia</em> marshes may be a remediation operation to consider.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 4","pages":"Pages 401-404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00052-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86366549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Situ Burning of Spilled Oil at Sea: Research and Development Needs","authors":"Joseph V Mullin","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00074-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00074-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 4","pages":"Pages 399-400"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00074-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76052985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Editorial Board Member","authors":"Jan Hupka","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00073-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00073-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 4","pages":"Pages 319-321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00073-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82779509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction/Overview to In Situ Burning of Oil Spills","authors":"Joseph V Mullin ,&nbsp;Michael A Champ","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00076-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00076-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>In situ</em> burning is an oil spill response technique or tool that involves the controlled ignition and burning of the oil at or near the spill site on the surface of the water or in a marsh (see Lindau <em>et al.</em>, this volume). Although controversial, burning has been shown on several recent occasions to be an appropriate oil spill countermeasure. When used early in a spill before the oil weathers and releases its volatile components, burning can remove oil from the waters surface very efficiently and at very high rates. Removal efficiencies for thick slicks can easily exceed 95% (Advanced <em>In Situ</em> Burn Course, Spiltec, Woodinville, WA, 1997). <em>In situ</em> burning offers a logistically simple, rapid, inexpensive and if controlled a relatively safe means for reducing the environmental impacts of an oil spill. Because burning rapidly changes large quantities of oil into its primary combustion products (water and carbon dioxide), the need for collection, storage, transport and disposal of recovered material is greatly reduced. The use of towed fire containment boom to capture, thicken and isolate a portion of a spill, followed by ignition, is far less complex than the operations involved in mechanical recovery, transfer, storage, treatment and disposal (The Science, Technology, and Effects of Controlled Burning of Oil Spills at Sea, Marine Spill Response Corporation, Washington, DC, 1994).</p><p>However, there is a limited window-of-opportunity (or time period of effectiveness) to conduct successful burn operations. The type of oil spilled, prevailing meteorological and oceanographic (environmental) conditions and the time it takes for the oil to emulsify define the window (see Buist, this volume and Nordvik <em>et al.</em>, this volume). Once spilled, oil begins to form a stable emulsion: when the water content exceeds 25% most slicks are unignitable. <em>In situ</em> burning is being viewed with renewed interest as a response tool in high latitude waters where other techniques may not be possible or advisable due to the physical environment (extreme low temperatures, ice-infested waters), or the remoteness of the impacted area. Additionally, the magnitude of the spill may quickly overwhelm the deployed equipment necessitating the consideration of other techniques in the overall response strategy (The Science, Technology, and Effects of Controlled Burning of Oil Spills at Sea, Marine Spill Response Corporation, Washington, DC, 1994; Proceedings of the <em>In Situ</em> Burning of Oil Spills Workshop. NIST. SP934. MMS. 1998, p. 31; Basics of Oil Spill Cleanup, Lewis Publishers, Washington, DC, 2001, p. 233). This paper brings together the current knowledge on <em>in situ</em> burning and is an effort to gain regulatory acceptance for this promising oil spill response tool.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 4","pages":"Pages 323-330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00076-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87538825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Situ Burning of Spilled Oil in Freshwater Inland Regions of the United States","authors":"David E Fritz","doi":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00013-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00013-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>In situ</em> burning is being utilized in the United States to remove oil from inland oil spills, usually when physical recovery is not feasible. Studies have found that habitats may recover from the effects of burning in less than a year under optimal conditions but recovery may take much longer. Policies authorizing the use of <em>in situ</em> burning across the US are very inconsistent. Some states use it routinely, but others do not allow it. Inland <em>in situ</em><span> burning can be a useful response tool and the federal government needs to issue more guidance to the states. Responders also need to collect more data on the environmental impacts of burning.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":101181,"journal":{"name":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","volume":"8 4","pages":"Pages 331-335"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00013-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90095067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}