RSC Applied Polymers最新文献

{"title":"Branched benzocyclobutene polysiloxane with excellent photo-patterning and low dielectric properties†","authors":"Juan Peng, Chao Guo, Xinyu Hu, Hanlin Du, Qiuxia Peng, Huan Hu, Wentao Yuan, Junxiao Yang and Jiajun Ma","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00109E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00109E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The photoresist is one of the key materials for the development of the modern semiconductor industry, and it not only affects the chip manufacturing process but also has an important impact on performance. Photoresists with low dielectric properties have a critical impact on the fabrication process and performance of various chips and devices. In this paper, a silicone encapsulated photoresist with low dielectric properties is reported, and it demonstrates excellent film-forming properties and lithography patterning effects, with a line width of 10 μm and a line spacing, a low dielectric constant (<em>D</em><small>_k</small> = 2.75), a high thermal decomposition temperature (<em>T</em><small>₅</small> = 503.5 °C), a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE = 33.61 ppm per °C), and excellent mechanical properties of thin films. This type of resin has a photo-crosslinked double bond structure and a thermally cross-linked benzocyclobutene structure, in which the silicone branched structure gives the photoresist excellent patterning properties and the thermally crosslinked structure gives the film excellent thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties. The resin is expected to replace traditional polyimide photoresists and has important applications in the semiconductor industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 4","pages":" 606-611"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lp/d4lp00109e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141725730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polymer composites with 3D graphene architectures as high-performance EMI shielding materials: a review","authors":"Suman Chhetri and Tapas Kuila","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00061G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00061G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Secondary electromagnetic pollution generated due to the inevitable reflection in solid/thin film conducting polymer composites has been a major barrier in realizing high-performance absorption-dominated electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. In the past, prodigious efforts were made to minimize the reflection by tailoring the impedance characteristics between the air and the substrate. For instance, incorporation of a microcellular scaffold (3D structure) such as foam and aerogel in a polymer matrix have been extensively investigated to tailor the surface impedance matching and achieve enhanced absorption. To date, application of the 3D graphene microcellular scaffold alone or its hybrid with other magnetic, conductive, and dielectric materials has been continuously pursued to diminish reflectivity and increase absorption <em>via</em> the dielectric and interfacial relaxation loss mechanism. An aerogel and foam structure contains multiscale pores (micro and nano scale pores). Through the large number of solid/air interfaces created by such pores, it can efficiently tune the impedance matching. The solid/air interface renders surplus EM wave attenuation capabilities by increasing the EM wave trajectory path <em>via</em> internal scattering within the pores. The 3D graphene architectures-based polymer composites show hitherto EMI shielding efficiency improvement at significantly low mass density and percolation threshold. However, most of the existing studies on 3D graphene-based composites rely on trial-and-error methods without comprehensively investigating the effect of the geometrical and microstructures aspects on the EMI shielding performance. Furthermore, the state-of-art literature does not (re)present an analytical/theoretical model that can be employed to optimize parameters appropriate for designing the absorption-dominated shielding material with diminished reflection. This review is intended to cover the latest progress and innovation around 3D graphene nanostructure-based polymer composites as EMI shielding materials. The EMI shielding properties of the composites, including graphene aerogels, foam and hybrid aerogel/foam, with other dielectric and magnetic materials are discussed along with the underlying mechanism. In addition, this review represents an input impedance model that can be utilized in conjunction with experimental design to optimize geometrical and microstructural parameters to realize an absorption-dominated shielding material. Based on the available status on 3D graphene scaffold-based composites, we summarize the current achievements and offer a route toward future developments.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 4","pages":" 507-533"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lp/d4lp00061g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141725726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polymeric biomaterials for periodontal tissue engineering and periodontitis","authors":"Gizem Yürük, Yağmur Damla Demir, Şevra Vural and Nermin Seda Kehr","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00001C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00001C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The periodontium is one of the most complex tissues in the body because its structure is formed by a hierarchical combination of soft and hard tissues. Due to its complex architecture, the treatment and regeneration of damaged periodontal tissue caused by diseases is still a challenge in biomedicine. The most common disease of the periodontium is periodontitis, which occurs when the periodontium becomes infected and inflamed as a bacterial biofilm forms in the mouth. Recently, various biocompatible biomaterials made of natural and synthetic polymers have been developed for periodontal tissue regeneration or treatment due to their superior properties such as controlled drug and bioactive molecule delivery, mimicking the 3D network of tissue, biocompatibility, antibacterial and mechanical properties. In particular, biomaterials designed for drug delivery, such as hydrogels, scaffolds, films, membranes, micro/nanoparticles and fibers, and additively manufactured biomaterials have undergone <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> testing to confirm their potential clinical utility in periodontal regeneration and periodontitis treatment. This review explores recent advances in the use of biomaterials for the prevention and/or treatment of periodontal regeneration and periodontitis. Specifically, it emphasizes advancements in drug/biomolecule delivery and the use of additively manufactured biomaterials for addressing periodontal issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 4","pages":" 534-556"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lp/d4lp00001c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141725727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review: advancing organic electronics through the lens of ionic liquids and polymerized ionic liquids","authors":"Swati Arora and Nagendra Verma","doi":"10.1039/D3LP00269A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D3LP00269A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The technological world has undergone significant progress over the last 60 years through advances in electronics; nonetheless, a lot needs to be accomplished for constructing devices that can toggle between desired functions. This review provides a brief look at recent developments in innovative chemistries involving fine-tuning the molecular properties of polymerized ionic liquids to create new kinds of responsive organic electronic devices, thus highlighting the versatility of polymerized ionic liquids in promising a bright future for advanced organic electronics. This review also reinforces the need to customize materials for contemporary applications, as doing so can improve the functionality of sophisticated devices. In addition, the review sheds light on a novel class of materials referred to as “doubly polymerized ionic liquids”. This class of materials features negligible ionic conductivity, providing a solid groundwork for constructing ion-locked devices that can be used to attain novel technological applications. We anticipate this review will close research gaps and promote discoveries in the fields of organic electronics, polymer chemistry, and polymer physics.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 3","pages":" 317-355"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lp/d3lp00269a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141091262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Triboelectric nanogenerator based on electrospun molecular ferroelectric composite nanofibers for energy harvesting†","authors":"Swati Deswal, Shima Arab, Nanfei He, Wei Gao, Bongmook Lee and Veena Misra","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00024B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00024B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Ceramic-based ferroelectric materials have long been used as functional ferroelectric materials for applications in triboelectric-energy harvesting. However, their drawbacks (brittleness, energy-intensive fabrication methods, and minimal mechanical flexibility) have intensified the search for alternatives where flexible form factors are needed. Molecular ferroelectrics are an emerging class of multifunctional materials. To date, the intriguing piezo/ferroelectric properties of these materials have led to the construction of piezoelectric nanogenerators. However, their numerous advantages warrant their expansion towards triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). We aimed to demonstrate the potential of a molecular ferroelectric, diisopropylammonium bromide (DIPAB), in the realm of triboelectric-energy harvesting. Combining ferroelectric properties with enhanced surface modification, we designed an electrospun-based TENG comprising DIPAB/P(VDF-TrFE) as an active negative layer. The synergistic effects emanating from highly aligned polymeric chains and ferroelectric particles in conjunction with a high surface area of the as-designed TENG generated an output voltage of 203.8 V and resulted in a maximum power density of 416.2 mW m<small>⁻²</small> when operated in contact separation mode. Its practical application as a sustainable power supply for low-power electronics was demonstrated through powering of commercial electrolytic capacitors and LEDs. This study presents a reliable, cost-effective, and readily scalable method for enhancing TENG performance. This strategy holds potential for application of TENGs in wearable biomechanical-energy harvesting, and paves the way for further advances involving a sustainable energy solution for wearable electronics.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 4","pages":" 634-641"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lp/d4lp00024b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141725710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Creation of three-dimensional composite architectures via high-intensity focused ultrasound inside of foams†","authors":"Chang-Uk Lee, Jianxun Cui, Hridyesh R. Tewani, Pavana Prabhakar and Andrew J. Boydston","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00002A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00002A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Free-form creation of 3-dimensional (3D) structures, such as in additive manufacturing (AM) and 3D printing (3DP), typically requires a direct line-of-sight or physical contact between an energy source and a build material. By stepping away from this equipment paradigm, we discovered a method to achieve 3D composites inside of opaque, open-cell foams that enables unprecedented access to bicontinuous, interlocked composite structures. We found that high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) provided efficient, localized heating at a focal point that could be spatially controlled within a foam matrix. Foam specimens were infused with thermally curable acrylate resin formulations, which enabled free-form creation of 3D structures as the HIFU focal point was moved throughout the interior of the foam. The 3D structure was created entirely based upon the toolpath, without any build plate or inherently sequenced layer-by-layer processes. Since the foam and cured resin were mechanically interlocked in the process, HIFU curing achieved bicontinuous composites seemingly independent of surface compatibilities between the foam and resin. Starting with commercially available polyurethane foams, we investigated combinations with different resin systems to achieve a range of mechanical properties from the final composite structures. For example, using poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) resulted in stiff, hard composite domains within the foam, whereas resins comprising 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) led to soft, elastomeric composite structures. Multimaterial composites were also achieved, simply by displacing uncured resin from the foam and exchanging it with a different resin formulation. Control over the shape and orientation of internal structural features within the foam scaffolds also enabled controllable anisotropic mechanical responses from the composites.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 4","pages":" 692-700"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lp/d4lp00002a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141725722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-polymerization functionalized sulfonium nanogels for gene delivery†","authors":"Disraëli N. M. Kusmus, Thijs van Veldhuisen, Sandra Michel-Souzy, Jeroen J. L. M. Cornelissen and Jos M. J. Paulusse","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00011K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00011K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Gene therapy is widely recognized as a promising method in combating diseases caused by gene abnormalities or deletions. The effects of these deletions and mutations are ameliorated through gene therapy by means of transfection vectors. These delivery vehicles are tasked with protecting the gene and transporting it to the cell nucleus when necessary. Nano-sized hydrogel particles, also known as nanogels, are crosslinked polymeric nanoparticles that are promising materials for such biomedical applications. Whereas most cationic carriers for gene delivery are nitrogen-based, we are interested in utilizing a sulfonium moiety to this end. Diversifying the available gene vectors not only satisfies scientific curiosity, it could also offer improved gene delivery efficiencies. Here we describe the synthesis of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) nanogels as a platform for subsequent functionalization. Ring-opening reactions with diethyl sulfide were carried out to install permanent cationic sulfonium groups on the nanogels, yielding readily water-soluble nanogels with a zeta potential of <em>ζ</em> = +40 ± 0.5 mV at neutral pH and a mean diameter of <em>D</em> = 29 ± 10 nm as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The degree of functionalization with sulfonium groups was found to be tunable. These nanogels were subjected to post-synthesis modifications resulting in biocompatible sulfonium nanogels containing a thioglycerol moiety. Polyplexes were formed by successful incubation with plasmid DNA encoding for green fluorescent protein (pCMV-GFP), at various ratios. In a next step, nucleic acid delivery by sulfonium nanogels was probed for various cell lines for the first time, showing poor delivery properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 4","pages":" 678-691"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lp/d4lp00011k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141725721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitosan-based glycated polyampholyte nanogels for copper-catalysed Fenton-like reaction†","authors":"Yeonjoo Jung, Eunseo Lee, So-Lee Baek and Sang-Min Lee","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00055B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00055B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >For several decades, there has been great interest in the application of polysaccharide nanogels as nanoscale platforms that integrate polymer scaffolds to confer distinctive biochemical properties. Notably, nanogels, utilizing metal coordination as an efficient cross-linking strategy to enhance structural integrity and responsiveness, have emerged as nanoscale catalysts, broadening their utility in controlled drug delivery, sensing, and biomedical applications. In this study, we present a facile method for preparing chemically modified nanogels based on chitosan, facilitated by Cu(<small>II</small>) coordination for a Fenton-like reaction. The chitosan scaffold undergoes modifications through ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) conjugation and non-enzymatic glycation, yielding water-soluble structures across a wide pH range. Cu(<small>II</small>) chelation facilitates coordination-mediated cross-linking, resulting in the formation of nanogels with multiple Cu(<small>II</small>)-chelated domains that resemble artificial enzymes. The resulting Cu(<small>II</small>)-containing nanostructures exhibit altered catalytic activity attributed to the distinctive chemical environment of self-folded polysaccharide scaffolds. Spectroscopic monitoring reveals different kinetic pathways in Cu(<small>II</small>)-catalysed Fenton-like reactions mediated by self-folded polysaccharide-based nanostructures containing Cu(<small>II</small>)-chelating active sites. These results demonstrate the potential of polysaccharide nanogels as advanced materials with versatile functionalities in catalytic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 3","pages":" 365-373"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lp/d4lp00055b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141091264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the performance of sustainable luminescent solar concentrators based on chemically recycled poly(methyl methacrylate)†","authors":"Alberto Picchi, Irene Bettini, Massimo Ilarioni, Marco Carlotti and Andrea Pucci","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00067F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00067F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is the most commonly used host material for luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs), both in the form of thin films and slabs. Assuming industrial production of LSCs, the amount of polymeric material placed on the market would be considerable, raising questions about the sustainability of the approach. One option to avoid this scenario is to use chemical recycling processes for PMMA, from which a high-purity monomer, suitable for a new polymerization reaction and considerably less impactful in terms of global warming potential (GWP), is regenerated. In this paper, we propose the use of chemically regenerated methyl methacrylate (r-MMA) for the production of bulk LSC plates containing the state-of-the-art fluorophore Lumogen F Red 305 in a range of concentrations from 200 to 500 ppm. The performance of these devices and their chemical, thermal and mechanical properties are found to be equivalent to those obtained from commercially available virgin MMA, despite the impurities inherently present in r-MMA. However, these latter are detrimental to LSCs’ lifetime due to the photodegradation reactions they trigger. However, further purification of the regenerated monomer would allow the sustainability benefits of the production process to be exploited without sacrificing long device lifetimes.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 4","pages":" 624-633"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lp/d4lp00067f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141725709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Next-gen biomimetic actuators: bilayer hydrogel evolution in the 21st century and its advancements from a post-2020 perspective","authors":"Sayan Basak and Abhijit Bandyopadhyay","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00089G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00089G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Bilayer hydrogel actuators, composed of two hydrogel sheets exhibiting distinct swelling rates or ratios, have emerged as a promising class of smart materials. Their asymmetrical responsive properties enable controllable deformations, including bending and buckling. Recently, these smart materials have garnered significant attention for their versatile applications, playing crucial roles as manipulators or grippers, walkers and swimmers, and biomimetic devices. This perspective serves as a celebratory piece, illuminating the evolutionary journey of these smart materials and delving into their recent advancements post-2020. It provides readers with a focused spotlight on the current state-of-the-art materials, offering insights into their capabilities and projecting potential expansion avenues in the near future.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 4","pages":" 583-605"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lp/d4lp00089g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141725729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}