Next Energy最新文献

{"title":"Hybrid electrolyte-induced corrosion mitigation of copper current collectors for lithium-sulfur battery systems","authors":"Tebogo Motsei,&nbsp;Mbali Marole,&nbsp;Thembinkosi D. Malevu,&nbsp;Kamohelo G. Tshabalala,&nbsp;Richard O. Ocaya","doi":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100743","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100743","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the corrosion behavior of copper (Cu) current collectors exposed to a hybrid electrolyte (HE) relevant to lithium-sulfur battery (LSB) environments. The HE combines lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide as the primary lithium salt with lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide and triethyl phosphate additives, and is designed to regulate interfacial reactions between Cu and aggressive electrolyte species, including dissolved lithium polysulfides. Rather than focusing on full-cell cycling performance, this work isolates electrolyte-induced corrosion processes at the Cu-electrolyte interface. Time-dependent electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals an increase in charge-transfer resistance from 215.6 Ω to 489.2 Ω over extended exposure, indicating the formation and evolution of a passivating surface layer. Tafel polarization analysis shows a reduction in the calculated corrosion rate from 3.35×10⁻³ mm/y to 2.06×10⁻³ mm/y (38.5%). Surface-sensitive characterization using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy identifies CuO and Cu(OH)₂ species, while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy detects phosphate- and carbonyl-containing compounds associated with electrolyte decomposition and interfacial passivation. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy reveals comparatively smoother and less porous Cu surfaces following HE exposure. Together, these results demonstrate that the HE alters corrosion pathways and moderates copper degradation, providing mechanistic insight into electrolyte-driven strategies for improving current-collector compatibility in LSB systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100957,"journal":{"name":"Next Energy","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100743"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148539557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric water harvesting: A comprehensive review of techniques, innovations, systems, and future prospects","authors":"Murtadha Saeed Mohammed,&nbsp;Dalal Kareem Attwan,&nbsp;Sabreen Abdulrazaq Abood,&nbsp;Mohammed Thaer Rashid,&nbsp;Hayder I. Mohammed,&nbsp;R. Shakir,&nbsp;Zahraa Ahmed Nadeem","doi":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100731","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The scarcity of freshwater affects more than 2 billion people on the planet today. Yet, the atmosphere contains an estimated 13,000 km³ of water vapour in the atmosphere, a largely untapped global resource. Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) has the potential to convert this vapour into potable (drinkable) water through the processes of condensation, sorption and passive radiative effects. AWH uniquely provides a decentralised approach to supplying drinking water where oppression caused by governments prevents conventional infrastructure (water delivery systems) from being viable or possible. While AWH has garnered interest from technology providers, there is no clear way to select an appropriate technology due to the disparate ways in which previous literature has analysed AWH — either materials, systems or economics are typically treated in isolation from each other, so there is no integrated view of AWH. By synthesising 187 peer-reviewed articles (published between 2000 and 2025), this review presents the first integrated analysis providing a simultaneous view of the performance, techno-economic viability and climate zone suitability for deployment of AWH technologies. Based upon baseline conditions used in this review (30 °C and 20% relative humidity (RH) = arid; 30 °C and 80% RH = tropical), active condensation has an output of between 58.1 L/day and 90.3 L/day in humid climates, but less than 5 L/day in arid zones. In comparison, a typical direct sorption system based on metal-organic frameworks or hygroscopic salts generates an average water production of 0.8–1.5 L of potable water per kg/day at an RH of only 20%. The costs of the levelized water costs are between $0.02 – 0.17/L, depending on climate and power source, with system coupling to existing solar Photovoltaic (PV) infrastructure decreasing by a factor of 4–5. Because of mass-normalised sorbent utilisation, adaptive control strategies that incorporate humidity, which varies during the day, to coordinate harvest cycles can benefit from a 44% reduction in energy consumption and achieve 169% higher specific yield compared to the static operation. A structured technology selection decision matrix is introduced here for 5 climate zones, for 4 scenarios of energy sources, for 6 classes of AWH technologies, and accompanied by a levelized cost of energy modelling, as well as explicit assumptions and a parametric sensitivity analysis. Findings show that technology suited to climate allows for scalable, off-grid water production, while measures of hybrid configurations, combinations of sorption, solar concentration, and wind-driven convection will most likely mean a setting leading pathway towards continuous and low-energy water production in water-stressed regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100957,"journal":{"name":"Next Energy","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100731"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148539435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public acceptance of geothermal energy in Europe: Factors and strategies","authors":"Mukhtar A. Kassem,&nbsp;Andrea Moscariello","doi":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100711","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100711","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transition to a climate-neutral economy in Europe, as mandated by the EU Green Deal and the Fit for 55 package, necessitates a rapid and diversified deployment of renewable energy sources. Geothermal energy, with its potential for baseload power and heating, is a critical component of this strategy. However, its deployment is often hindered by challenges related to social acceptance, which are distinct from those faced by other renewables. This systematic literature review (SLR) aims to examine the determinants of social acceptance of geothermal energy across the European context. Employing the PRISMA protocol, a comprehensive search was conducted across major databases (Scopus and Web of Science) for peer-reviewed literature published between 2015 and 2025. The review identified 40 highly relevant studies for in-depth synthesis. Key findings reveal that acceptance is primarily driven by three interlinked factors<strong>:</strong> trust in institutions<strong>,</strong> the perception of procedural and distributional justice<strong>,</strong> and the management of perceived risks, particularly induced seismicity. The paper critically examines the interplay of these sociopolitical, economic, and psychological factors. The primary contribution is a synthesized framework of effective mitigation strategies, including participatory decision-making, transparent risk communication, and local benefit-sharing mechanisms. This framework offers actionable recommendations for policymakers and project developers to enhance public engagement and accelerate the sustainable deployment of geothermal energy in Europe.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100957,"journal":{"name":"Next Energy","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100711"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148433019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The development of alternative fuels and hybrid powertrains for a carbon-neutral future","authors":"Mustafizur Rahman,&nbsp;Masud Rana,&nbsp;Zahid Ahsan,&nbsp;M.R. Sohel,&nbsp;Mizanur Rahman","doi":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100732","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100732","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The shift to a carbon-neutral transportation sector requires the investigation of alternative energy sources that provide sustainability, efficiency, and compatibility with current infrastructure. The study analyzes the impact of synthetic fuels (e-fuels) and hybrid powertrains on transforming internal combustion engine (ICE) technology for a sustainable future. Synthetic fuels, obtained from renewable sources like hydrogen, methanol, and Fischer-Tropsch processes, provide a carbon-neutral substitute for fossil fuels, utilizing existing fueling infrastructure with little alteration. Hybrid powertrains, which combine ICEs with electric propulsion, improve fuel economy and diminish pollutants, rendering them an ideal alternative in the transition to completely electrified transportation. This study offers an in-depth examination of synthetic fuel manufacturing techniques, their combustion properties, emission characteristics, and the technical difficulties related to their incorporation into hybrid systems. The results indicate that, notwithstanding economic and infrastructural obstacles, synthetic fuels in hybrid powertrains offer a feasible and scalable solution for decarbonizing the transportation industry. Future developments in renewable energy, regulatory frameworks, and engine optimization techniques will be essential for achieving the full potential of this technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100957,"journal":{"name":"Next Energy","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100732"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148539438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fault detection and diagnosis of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems using artificial intelligence (AI): A comprehensive review","authors":"K. Ratsheola,&nbsp;D. Setlhaolo,&nbsp;A. Rasool,&nbsp;E. Esenogho","doi":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100739","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100739","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increased implementation of Grid connected PV Systems calls for complex fault detection and diagnosis solutions to ensure system reliability, safety and efficiency. Traditional methods such as threshold-based and rule-based methods perform poorly with complicated fault scenarios and variations in changing environmental conditions. Artificial intelligence techniques such as machine learning, deep learning, and ensemble learning methodologies represent strong candidates to diagnose faults in PV systems connected to a grid. This paper presents an overview of significant developments in Fault detection and diagnosis techniques, such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Support Vector Machines (SVMs), and Random Forest (RF) classifiers. CNN models have shown high levels of performance in spatial and temporal fault feature extraction, with ANN-based methods offering adaptable learning for non-linear fault patterns. SVMs provide better classification accuracy with clearly defined decision boundaries, with RF-based methods taking advantage of ensemble learning to address large volumes of information with unevenly distributed fault types. Hybrid models integrating optimized systems with deep learning configurations, with additional use of statistical methodologies, have improved fault classification with increased efficiencies. Comparative studies present an overview of their merits and demerits, which point to accuracy, computational complexity, and applicability in real time. Though there has been considerable development, there is still scope for improvement in availability, scalability, and readability of the data sets. Future studies should address the integration of hybrid intelligent models with optimization-based systems to design scalable real-time fault detection models for large photovoltaic systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100957,"journal":{"name":"Next Energy","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100739"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148539495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon capture for waste-to-energy: Integration pathways, challenges, and opportunities for net-negative systems","authors":"Daniel I. Yahya,&nbsp;Adekanmi M. Adeyinka,&nbsp;Onyedika V. Mbelu,&nbsp;Segun J. Osibodu,&nbsp;Yaqub B. Adediji","doi":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Waste-to-Energy (WtE) plants reduce landfill volumes and provide reliable energy, yet incineration emits CO₂. This review examines how carbon capture can be integrated with WtE to lower stack emissions and, when the biogenic fraction is permanently stored, enable net-negative outcomes. Capture routes are summarized with emphasis on post-combustion absorption and oxy-fuel combustion, which have the most direct evidence for WtE integration. Key implementation barriers are mapped, including variable waste composition, process control requirements, energy penalties, product-gas purity, retrofit constraints, costs, and life-cycle trade-offs. Environmental aspects are discussed through life-cycle assessment and the requirements for measurement, reporting, and verification of the biogenic fraction. The review identifies near- and medium-term opportunities: cryogenic retrofits suited to corrosive flue gases and high-purity CO₂, molten carbonate fuel cells that capture CO₂ while generating power, advanced solvents with process intensification, and AI-enabled optimization and digital twins to manage variability. Coupling verified biogenic removals with avoided landfill methane and low-carbon energy revenues can strengthen project viability. Overall, appropriate technology selection, heat integration, robust controls, reliable CO₂ transport and storage, and transparent carbon accounting provide a credible pathway from current WtE systems to net-negative configurations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100957,"journal":{"name":"Next Energy","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100710"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148539442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon-based solid acid catalysts for energy-efficient biodiesel production: Integrating biomass valorization, process intensification, and circular bioeconomy","authors":"Riatus Sholehah,&nbsp;Siti Zullaikah,&nbsp;Mahfud Mahfud,&nbsp;Heri Septya Kusuma","doi":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100744","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100744","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The transition toward low-carbon energy systems has increased interest in biodiesel production routes capable of upgrading low-grade lipid feedstocks with lower energy, material, and separation demands. Conventional homogeneous acid–base catalysis is still constrained by high alcohol consumption, wastewater generation, catalyst neutralization, and limited tolerance toward feedstocks containing high free fatty acid and water contents. Biomass-derived carbon-based solid acid catalysts (CSAC) have therefore emerged as promising catalytic platforms for esterification–transesterification reactions. Their practical value, however, cannot be judged only from catalytic activity, because industrial relevance also depends on controllable catalyst synthesis, acid-site distribution, pore structure, hydrothermal stability, regeneration capacity, and compatibility with intensified process configurations. This review examines biomass-derived CSAC for biodiesel production by linking catalyst design with process intensification, stability assessment, uncertainty analysis, techno-economic evaluation, and circular bioeconomy implementation. Different carbon precursors, functionalization routes, and sulfonation strategies are discussed in relation to structure–acidity–activity relationships, impurity tolerance, catalyst deactivation, and regeneration behavior. Particular attention is given to oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB)-derived CSAC as representative waste-biomass-based catalysts with potential relevance for regions where palm biomass residues are abundant. Rather than treating biomass valorization and biodiesel catalysis as separate topics, this review frames OPEFB-derived CSAC as a possible interface between agricultural residue utilization, low-quality lipid upgrading, and renewable fuel production. Process intensification strategies, including reactive distillation, microwave-assisted processing, ultrasound-assisted transesterification, and magnetically recoverable catalytic systems, are evaluated based on their potential to shorten reaction time, reduce alcohol demand, simplify catalyst separation, and lower energy intensity. Optimization approaches such as Design of Experiments, Response Surface Methodology, machine-learning-assisted modeling, and uncertainty analysis are also reviewed as tools for defining reliable operating windows and supporting catalyst–process co-design. The main contribution of this review is the integration of catalyst classification, structure–performance relationships, stability and regeneration behavior, intensified processing, uncertainty-aware optimization, and techno-economic considerations into a unified assessment framework. OPEFB-derived CSAC are not presented as immediately commercial catalysts; instead, this review identifies the material, kinetic, operational, and scale-up requirements that must be validated before industrial deployment. Their feasibility will depend on reproducible synthesis, long-term cata","PeriodicalId":100957,"journal":{"name":"Next Energy","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100744"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148539494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical evaluation of cobalt-based anodes for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis","authors":"Mohamed R. Rizk","doi":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100726","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100726","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proton-exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is a leading technology for green hydrogen production. However, its large-scale deployment is constrained by the reliance on scarce and expensive iridium oxides as anodes for the low-pH oxygen evolution reaction. Cobalt-based anodes have been widely proposed as cheap, earth-abundant alternatives, yet their true viability under realistic PEMWE conditions remains unclear. In this review, we present a critical evaluation of cobalt-based anodes, combining thermodynamic analysis, mechanistic insights, device-level performance, and techno-economic considerations. The thermodynamic analysis reveals that cobalt oxides are intrinsically unstable in the highly oxidising, low-pH environment, where dissolution to Co²⁺ is thermodynamically favoured. We review recent mechanistic studies that reveal extensive potential-dependent dissolution and apparent “self-healing” behaviour that relies on dissolved species in the electrolyte. Case studies of state-of-the-art cobalt-based electrocatalysts tested in PEMWEs show that apparent stability is generally achieved at high cell voltages, excessive loadings, and water recirculation mode. A simple techno-economic analysis demonstrates that the voltage penalty, combined with rapid degradation, leads to a substantial increase in electricity cost per kilogram of H₂ that overcomes any savings from replacing iridium. Overall, the persistent stability challenges associated with currently reported cobalt-based anodes suggest that they face substantial difficulty in satisfying the durability and efficiency benchmarks required for industrial PEMWE operation under realistic conditions, highlighting the need to prioritise the development of thermodynamically stable oxide matrices and more reliable stabilisation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100957,"journal":{"name":"Next Energy","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100726"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148539559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevating PV model performance: Accurate and reliable parameter extraction of solar cell models with state-of-art metaheuristic algorithms","authors":"Hüseyin Bakır","doi":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on parameter identification of various solar cell (SC) and PV module configurations, including the single diode SC, double diode SC, STP6-120/36, STM6-40/36, and Photowatt-PWP201. In this direction, seven state-of-the-art metaheuristic algorithms, including dynamic fitness-distance balance-based LSHADE (<em>d</em>FDB-LSHADE), nonlinear marine predator algorithm (NMPA), hippopotamus optimization (HO), marine predators algorithm (MPA), walrus optimizer (WO), exponential distribution optimizer (EDO), and manta-ray foraging optimization (MRFO) are employed to extract the unknown model parameters based on voltage-current measurement data. The optimum configuration of the SC parameters is identified by minimizing the root mean square error (RMSE) between the simulated and measured cell currents. The effectiveness of the algorithms was tested through extensive experimentation, incorporating statistical analysis, convergence analysis, box plots, and model validation. The optimization findings show that the <em>d</em>FDB-LSHADE produced the lowest RMSE and the most accurate predictions for all SC models. The box plots and statistical metric results clearly demonstrate that <em>d</em>FDB-LSHADE is a robust and reliable method for the SC parameter identification problem.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100957,"journal":{"name":"Next Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100513"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical analysis of the CR-EGR trade-offs for cleaner combustion in a diesel engine with an MD/n-decane biodiesel surrogate","authors":"Mehedi Hassan Pranta ,&nbsp;Haeng Muk Cho ,&nbsp;Anik Biswas ,&nbsp;Md Sanney Ul Alam","doi":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study uses high-fidelity 3D computational fluid dynamics in ANSYS Forte to investigate the combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel blends (B20, B50, B75) relative to a baseline diesel (D100). Using a well-characterized n-decane/methyl decanoate binary surrogate, the research systematically explores the thermodynamic impacts of a wide compression ratio (CR) sweep (11:1 to 18:1) from the chemical dilution effects of varying exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) levels. Results indicate that higher biodiesel fractions extend the physical ignition delay and reduce brake power, with the B75 blend exhibiting a 17.48% reduction compared to diesel. Increasing the CR to 18:1 significantly elevates peak cylinder pressure and temperature, with B20 reaching 13.59 MPa and 2913 K. Conversely, applying 20% EGR to the B50 blend at the baseline CR effectively suppresses these thermodynamic peaks by 14.01% and 20.62%, respectively. This EGR-induced thermal suppression achieves a minimum NOx emission of 0.61 g/kg-fuel for B50, representing a 99.58% reduction relative to the baseline. Furthermore, the inherent oxygenated nature of the B50 blend demonstrates significant reductions in carbon monoxide (46.3%) and unburned hydrocarbon (50.18%) emissions compared to D100. While elevated CR and EGR levels generally dampen the peak heat release rate (HRR), the B50 blend demonstrates a notable 52.21% HRR intensification at CR 15 due to complex shifts in spatial combustion phasing. Ultimately, these findings highlight the fundamental 3D in-cylinder trade-offs between thermal efficiency and the formation of kinetic emissions, establishing the need to co-optimize CR and EGR strategies for advanced biodiesel-fueled engines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100957,"journal":{"name":"Next Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100603"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147612449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}