Enhanced geothermal systems: Potential, challenges, and a realistic path to integration in a sustainable energy future

Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) have emerged as a promising technology for harnessing the Earth's vast thermal energy resources, offering the potential for clean, baseload power generation. This narrative review examines the current state of EGS technology, addressing its fundamental principles, geological settings, drilling and stimulation techniques, and the critical issue of induced seismicity. We synthesize recent research and industry developments, highlighting advancements in drilling technologies, stimulation methods, and reservoir monitoring. The review also explores the potential for integrating EGS with other energy sources, including concentrated solar power (CSP), natural gas (as a transitional fuel), and hydrogen combustion, to create hybrid systems that enhance efficiency and dispatchability. The economic viability and growth potential of EGS are assessed, drawing on data from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Annual Technology Baseline (ATB) and recent power purchase agreements. Critically, this review moves beyond the often-unrealistic hype surrounding EGS, acknowledging its limitations and placing it within the broader context of global energy challenges, including climate change, resource extraction impacts, and geopolitical considerations. We argue that EGS is not a standalone solution to replace fossil fuels but can be a valuable component of a diversified and carefully planned energy transition, emphasizing the need for a just and equitable approach that prioritizes societal well-being and environmental sustainability.