Next Energy Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100513

Hüseyin Bakır

{"title":"Elevating PV model performance: Accurate and reliable parameter extraction of solar cell models with state-of-art metaheuristic algorithms","authors":"Hüseyin Bakır","doi":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on parameter identification of various solar cell (SC) and PV module configurations, including the single diode SC, double diode SC, STP6-120/36, STM6-40/36, and Photowatt-PWP201. In this direction, seven state-of-the-art metaheuristic algorithms, including dynamic fitness-distance balance-based LSHADE (<em>d</em>FDB-LSHADE), nonlinear marine predator algorithm (NMPA), hippopotamus optimization (HO), marine predators algorithm (MPA), walrus optimizer (WO), exponential distribution optimizer (EDO), and manta-ray foraging optimization (MRFO) are employed to extract the unknown model parameters based on voltage-current measurement data. The optimum configuration of the SC parameters is identified by minimizing the root mean square error (RMSE) between the simulated and measured cell currents. The effectiveness of the algorithms was tested through extensive experimentation, incorporating statistical analysis, convergence analysis, box plots, and model validation. The optimization findings show that the <em>d</em>FDB-LSHADE produced the lowest RMSE and the most accurate predictions for all SC models. The box plots and statistical metric results clearly demonstrate that <em>d</em>FDB-LSHADE is a robust and reliable method for the SC parameter identification problem.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100957,"journal":{"name":"Next Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100513"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical analysis of the CR-EGR trade-offs for cleaner combustion in a diesel engine with an MD/n-decane biodiesel surrogate 用MD/正癸烷生物柴油替代物对CR-EGR进行更清洁燃烧的数值分析

Next Energy Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100603

Mehedi Hassan Pranta , Haeng Muk Cho , Anik Biswas , Md Sanney Ul Alam

{"title":"Numerical analysis of the CR-EGR trade-offs for cleaner combustion in a diesel engine with an MD/n-decane biodiesel surrogate","authors":"Mehedi Hassan Pranta , Haeng Muk Cho , Anik Biswas , Md Sanney Ul Alam","doi":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study uses high-fidelity 3D computational fluid dynamics in ANSYS Forte to investigate the combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel blends (B20, B50, B75) relative to a baseline diesel (D100). Using a well-characterized n-decane/methyl decanoate binary surrogate, the research systematically explores the thermodynamic impacts of a wide compression ratio (CR) sweep (11:1 to 18:1) from the chemical dilution effects of varying exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) levels. Results indicate that higher biodiesel fractions extend the physical ignition delay and reduce brake power, with the B75 blend exhibiting a 17.48% reduction compared to diesel. Increasing the CR to 18:1 significantly elevates peak cylinder pressure and temperature, with B20 reaching 13.59 MPa and 2913 K. Conversely, applying 20% EGR to the B50 blend at the baseline CR effectively suppresses these thermodynamic peaks by 14.01% and 20.62%, respectively. This EGR-induced thermal suppression achieves a minimum NOx emission of 0.61 g/kg-fuel for B50, representing a 99.58% reduction relative to the baseline. Furthermore, the inherent oxygenated nature of the B50 blend demonstrates significant reductions in carbon monoxide (46.3%) and unburned hydrocarbon (50.18%) emissions compared to D100. While elevated CR and EGR levels generally dampen the peak heat release rate (HRR), the B50 blend demonstrates a notable 52.21% HRR intensification at CR 15 due to complex shifts in spatial combustion phasing. Ultimately, these findings highlight the fundamental 3D in-cylinder trade-offs between thermal efficiency and the formation of kinetic emissions, establishing the need to co-optimize CR and EGR strategies for advanced biodiesel-fueled engines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100957,"journal":{"name":"Next Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100603"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147612449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Integrated approach to additive manufacturing of multi-material components for ammonia decomposition reactors: A review 氨分解反应器多材料部件增材制造集成方法研究进展

Next Energy Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100515

Lennart Mesecke , Ina Meyer , Sascha Brechelt , Niclas Zerner , Marco-Nicolas Galati , Kiran Prabha , Christian Schröder , Volker Wesling , Stefan Kaierle , Henning Ahlers , Roland Lachmayer

引用次数: 0

Hydrogen production via two-stage plasma catalytic decomposition of ammonia over Fe/ZSM-5 catalyst Fe/ZSM-5催化剂上两段等离子体催化分解氨制氢

Next Energy Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100599

Avik Denra , Shirjana Saud , Duc Ba Nguyen , Quoc Oai Vu , Lan Nguyen , Adnan Ali , Young Sun Mok

{"title":"Hydrogen production via two-stage plasma catalytic decomposition of ammonia over Fe/ZSM-5 catalyst","authors":"Avik Denra , Shirjana Saud , Duc Ba Nguyen , Quoc Oai Vu , Lan Nguyen , Adnan Ali , Young Sun Mok","doi":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates a 2-stage ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) decomposition process using nonthermal gliding arc plasma followed by thermal catalytic cracking. A 2-step catalyst preparation method was implemented, which included the ion-exchange and impregnation methods to achieve more homogeneous deposition of metal species on the zeolite support relative to the single-step impregnation method. The gliding arc discharge was sustained by an alternating current power source at 400 Hz. Plasma process parameters such as flow rate and NH<sub>3</sub> concentration were systematically varied to evaluate their impact on NH<sub>3</sub> conversion and hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) production. Results indicated that the optimal conditions for plasma-based H<sub>2</sub> production were achieved at a flow rate of 4.5 L/min and an NH<sub>3</sub> concentration of 11% in nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>), yielding an H<sub>2</sub> production of 14.5 g/kWh. Further, the thermal catalytic NH<sub>3</sub> decomposition revealed that the catalyst prepared using the combined ion-exchange and impregnation method was superior to those prepared via individual methods. It was observed that although a higher conversion was achieved with the combination of plasma, the energy required was high. Also, the catalyst itself was capable enough at higher temperatures, achieving around 92% conversion at 700 °C. Thus, additional energy used for plasma is not essential at high temperatures, suggesting that the plasma stage can be beneficial at low temperatures or as a preheating stage of the catalyst.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100957,"journal":{"name":"Next Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100599"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147612443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multiphysics modeling of corona wind generation for electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying of thin films 薄膜电流体动力（EHD）干燥中电晕风力产生的多物理场建模

Next Energy Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100608

Zulhaj Rizki , Judith C.A. Ham , Remko M. Boom , Thijs Defraeye , Maarten A.I. Schutyser

{"title":"Multiphysics modeling of corona wind generation for electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying of thin films","authors":"Zulhaj Rizki , Judith C.A. Ham , Remko M. Boom , Thijs Defraeye , Maarten A.I. Schutyser","doi":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100608","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100608","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying allows drying at lower temperatures and is thus more energy efficient, and provides better product quality. EHD drying utilizes an electric field to generate an airflow, which is then applied to dry moist materials. We present a multiphysics model to simulate corona wind generation during EHD drying of thin films. The simulations are used to (1) characterize corona wind generation in terms of air flow field and magnitude, (2) simulate the electric potential distribution with varying material permittivity, and (3) explore design improvements. A generic equation was developed in the form of a power-law correlation between Reynolds and EHD numbers: <span><math><mrow><mi>Re</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mspace></mspace><mi>EH</mi><msup><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>b</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>. It allows straightforward design of EHD dryers since the Reynolds number can be used to estimate mass and heat transfer rates. This modeling study provides valuable insight into corona wind generation and can be used for further development of EHD dryer devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100957,"journal":{"name":"Next Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100608"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147709909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Not all fugitives are bad: The case for using them to form low tortuosity - high porosity electrodes 并不是所有的逃犯都是坏的：用他们来形成低扭曲度-高孔隙率电极的情况

Next Energy Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100512

Gabriel M. Veith , Ethan D. Boeding , Rachel J. Korkosz , Khryslyn G. Araño , Yeyoung Ha , Chanaka Kumara , Cailin Duggan , Amanda L. Musgrove , Thomas Zac Ward , Robert L. Sacci , Beth L. Armstrong

{"title":"Not all fugitives are bad: The case for using them to form low tortuosity - high porosity electrodes","authors":"Gabriel M. Veith , Ethan D. Boeding , Rachel J. Korkosz , Khryslyn G. Araño , Yeyoung Ha , Chanaka Kumara , Cailin Duggan , Amanda L. Musgrove , Thomas Zac Ward , Robert L. Sacci , Beth L. Armstrong","doi":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work focuses on the inclusion of an insoluble fugitive phase during slurry processing to form composite battery electrodes. The fugitive phases consist of natural derived products like alginic acid, sucrose, rice and potato starch, and carrageenans such as Irish Moss and synthetic pore-formers based on polymethyl methacrylate. The fugitive phases can be anaerobically thermally removed (350 °C) during binder crosslinking and electrode drying steps, resulting in electrodes with low tortuosities (approaching theoretical Bruggemann limits for spherical particles) and high porosities approaching 80%. The resulting ∼3 mg/cm<sup>2</sup> loaded electrodes suffer from poor electrical connectivity, lowering the effective material utilization, but represent an approach that could be utilized for the formation of solid-state batteries with infilling of materials into well-defined pores and optimized transport pathways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100957,"journal":{"name":"Next Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100512"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comprehensive analysis of the mechanism of sensitivity to initial conditions and fractal safe basins for wind turbine blade dynamics 风力机叶片动力学初始条件敏感性机理及分形安全池综合分析

Next Energy Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100607

Bo Qin , Ying Zhang

{"title":"Comprehensive analysis of the mechanism of sensitivity to initial conditions and fractal safe basins for wind turbine blade dynamics","authors":"Bo Qin , Ying Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this work is to enhance the understanding of the nonlinear dynamics of wind turbine blade oscillators. A novel in-plane and out-of-plane dynamic model of wind turbine blade oscillators (featuring Mathieu-Duffing oscillators) is proposed to investigate their global dynamic behavior. Firstly, the method of multiple scales (MMS), stability theorems, and basins of attraction are employed separately as quantitative and qualitative approaches to determine the existence of multistability and frequency jumps in this model. Subsequently, the new variable method and Melnikov method are applied to investigate the complex dynamic behavior such as chaos of global bifurcations. Finally, the evolution of the safe basin is utilized to characterize its fractal features. Both qualitative and quantitative results consistently confirm that the mechanism of sensitivity to initial conditions of this oscillator is attributed to the global instability dynamics of heteroclinic bifurcations. This study provides valuable insights into the global dynamic behavior and engineering applications of wind turbine blade oscillators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100957,"journal":{"name":"Next Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100607"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147709907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Synergistic co-pyrolysis of spent coffee grounds and polypropylene into hydrocarbon-rich bio-oil and carbon-rich biochar 废咖啡渣与聚丙烯协同共热解制备富碳氢生物油和富碳生物炭

Next Energy Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100606

Nur Shafiqah Jamaluddin , Hamizura Hassan , Mohd Azmier Ahmad , Nur Nasulhah Kasim , Bassim H. Hameed , Sharifah Shazlyana Idris , Musa Mohamed Zahidi

{"title":"Synergistic co-pyrolysis of spent coffee grounds and polypropylene into hydrocarbon-rich bio-oil and carbon-rich biochar","authors":"Nur Shafiqah Jamaluddin , Hamizura Hassan , Mohd Azmier Ahmad , Nur Nasulhah Kasim , Bassim H. Hameed , Sharifah Shazlyana Idris , Musa Mohamed Zahidi","doi":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spent coffee grounds (CG) and polypropylene (PP) are widely generated food and plastic wastes that contribute to environmental pollution. This study investigates the co-pyrolysis of CG and PP across various blending ratios (100:0–0:100), focusing on product distribution, synergistic interactions, pyrolysis kinetics, and the potential of bio-oil and biochar for value-added applications. The maximum bio-oil yield (56 wt%) was obtained at a 50:50 CG:PP ratio, where synergistic effects enhanced hydrocarbon content and reduced acidic compounds in the bio-oil. The resulting oil showed improved carbon content and heating value (37.49 MJ/kg), making it a potential alternative to fossil diesel. Kinetic analysis using the Coats–Redfern method indicated that first-order kinetics and diffusion models best described the degradation behavior of CG, PP, and their blends, with activation energies ranging from 66 to 190 kJ/mol. The addition of PP also improved biochar properties by promoting higher surface area and carbon content while minimizing oxygen and sulfur levels, making it suitable for soil remediation and carbon sequestration. These results demonstrate that CG–PP co-pyrolysis is an effective waste-to-energy strategy, producing high-quality biofuels and biochar.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100957,"journal":{"name":"Next Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100606"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147709908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploring thermal management approaches in cloud computing environments 探索云计算环境中的热管理方法

Next Energy Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100605

Abdelhadi Amahrouch , Said El Kafhali , Youssef Saadi

{"title":"Exploring thermal management approaches in cloud computing environments","authors":"Abdelhadi Amahrouch , Said El Kafhali , Youssef Saadi","doi":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100605","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100605","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cloud computing infrastructures operate millions of physical servers hosting vast numbers of Virtual Machines, delivering large-scale services at the cost of significant energy consumption. These high-performance computing activities generate substantial heat, necessitating robust cooling mechanisms to prevent system failures. However, traditional cooling systems further amplify energy usage, positioning thermal management as a critical issue in data centers. Current workload allocation policies often overlook the thermal dynamics of server environments, limiting the ability to accurately simulate or predict temperature behavior across computing nodes. This gap results in inefficient energy use, increased operational costs, and a higher risk of thermal-induced hardware degradation. To mitigate these issues, thermal-aware optimization frameworks are needed—systems that dynamically manage nodes by integrating temperature as a decisive factor in scheduling and resource allocation. These frameworks promise to enhance energy efficiency, reduce cooling expenses, and extend hardware lifespan by controlling temperature-driven performance impacts. This review explores the key challenges in thermal management and assesses a variety of proposed solutions, including thermal-aware algorithms and control strategies. It evaluates their effectiveness in terms of energy savings, cost reduction, and improved system reliability across data centers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100957,"journal":{"name":"Next Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100605"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147713453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Residual-enhanced hybrid deep learning framework for day-ahead PV power forecasting with cross-site generalization 基于残差增强混合深度学习框架的光伏日前功率预测

Next Energy Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100601

Shanker M., Vikram Kulkarni

{"title":"Residual-enhanced hybrid deep learning framework for day-ahead PV power forecasting with cross-site generalization","authors":"Shanker M., Vikram Kulkarni","doi":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate day-ahead photovoltaic (PV) power forecasting is still a challenging task due to the nonlinearities in solar irradiance, structured temporal dependencies, and climatic variability across regions. In this study, a structured residual-enhanced hybrid forecasting methodology is introduced, in which the forecasting problem is decomposed into a primary nonlinear regression task and a secondary residual sequence learning task. The proposed method combines a physics-informed PV power modeling approach, SHapley Additive explanations-based feature selection, leakage-free chronological data preprocessing, Bayesian hyperparameter optimization of a multilayer perceptron (MLP) architecture, and structured residual sequence modeling using a long short-term memory autoencoder. The residual sequence modeling task is performed independently and integrated with the primary forecasting task to create a hierarchical hybrid forecasting architecture. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated using high-resolution (10-min time-step) PV power data from climatically distinct regions in India the humid coastal region of Mumbai and the semi-arid region of Udaipur. Significant performance gains are observed over a traditional single-regional forecasting paradigm in comparison with the optimized results of the MLP on the Mumbai dataset, the hybrid approach resulted in an improvement of 48.8% in terms of mean absolute error (MAE), with an improvement in R² values from 0.9467 to 0.9882. The cross-validation results verified the generalization capability of the approach, while adaptive residual fine-tuning resulted in up to 63.6% improvement in terms of MAE under domain shift scenarios. Statistical hypothesis test results verified the robustness of improvements, thus validating that explicit modeling of structured residuals leads to improved forecasting accuracy, robustness, and adaptability, which can be scaled up for reliable PV power forecasting in heterogeneous climatic environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100957,"journal":{"name":"Next Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100601"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147612442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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