{"title":"Advances in organ-on-a-chip for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases","authors":"Jing Liu, Ying Wang","doi":"10.1002/mba2.63","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mba2.63","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is currently a serious and growing public health problem. In tackling this challenge, organ-on-chip (OoC) technology, combined with cell culture and microfluidics, presents a powerful approach for constructing sophisticated tissue models in vitro that can simulate the physiological and pathological microenvironments of human organs. Nowadays, OoC technology has emerged as a pivotal tool in advancing our understanding of CVD pathogenesis, facilitating tissue regeneration studies, conducting efficient drug screening, and assessing therapeutic effects. Moreover, it offers a diverse array of study platforms for preclinical research, fostering innovative approaches towards combating CVD and improving patient outcomes. In this review, we first present the key advantages of OoC technology, including its highly relevant physiological microenvironment, incorporation of integrated functions, and the possibility of the construction of multiorgan-on-a-chip through microfluidic linkage. Then, we summarized the role of OoC in the construction of disease pathological models, which provides a new channel for the exploration of disease pathological mechanisms. Moreover, we discuss the application of this technology in cardiac regeneration and drug screening. Finally, we discuss the challenges of tissue models constructed based on OoC technology and the prospects of this innovative approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":100901,"journal":{"name":"MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications","volume":"2 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mba2.63","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135539550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Applications of nanomaterials as treatments and diagnostic biosensors in microbial infections","authors":"Yi Zou, Shihan Tao, Jing Li, Min Wu, Xikun Zhou","doi":"10.1002/mba2.62","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mba2.62","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microbial infection is a major medical problem that seriously threatens public health. The abuse of antibiotics that help evolve the emergence of new drug-resistance mechanisms has led to the wide-spread and fast expansion of drug-resistant bacteria, ultimately evolving into superbugs. This significantly impairs the timely and effective treatment of infections, thus threatening global human well-being. Not all are pessimistic. Nanomaterials have emerged as an innovative choice. Due to their unique physical and chemical properties, superior bactericidal effects, and high biocompatibility, nanomaterials may help eradicate drug-resistant bacteria to achieve complete remission of infectious diseases. As biological materials, nanomaterials can also improve the efficacy of existing drugs and treatments and even facilitate diagnostic efficiency. In this review, we aim to comprehensively summarize the antibacterial properties of different kinds of nanomaterials and their applications in other spheres related to treating infectious diseases (targeted therapy, phototherapy, vaccine development, and microbial diagnosis). We highlight the latest advances of nanomaterials in treating infectious diseases in different body systems. Finally, we conclude by discussing the weaknesses of currently available materials and unresolved scientific problems, which may provide insights into the development of approved agents that adequately overcome the notorious drug resistance and thereby provide unprecedented discoveries to improve treatments of the most severe bacterial infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":100901,"journal":{"name":"MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications","volume":"2 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mba2.62","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135413042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Three-dimensional printed Zn2SiO4/sodium alginate composite scaffold with multiple biological functions for tendon-to-bone repair","authors":"Yu Wang, Yiren Jiao, Zhen Zeng, Jiang Chang, Chen Yang, Zhihong Dong","doi":"10.1002/mba2.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mba2.61","url":null,"abstract":"The intricate nature of the tendon–bone interface poses significant challenges for current surgical methods aimed at repairing tendon–bone interface injuries. Despite notable progress in surgical techniques, these methods continue to grapple with hurdles such as complications and suboptimal healing effects. In this study, we prepared a three‐dimensional‐printed composite scaffold by incorporating bioactive ceramic zinc silicate (Zn2SiO4) into sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel. The physicochemical properties and mechanical strength of the SA hydrogel scaffold composited with Zn2SiO4 (ZnSi/SA) were investigated in vitro. Impressively, the 0.5‐ZnSi/SA scaffold exhibited a sustained release of Zn and Si ions, while exhibiting mechanical properties compatible with tendon–bone interface repair. Moreover, cell viability, cell migration, and osteogenic differentiation assay results showed that 0.5‐ZnSi/SA scaffold facilitated the viability, mobility, and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells. In parallel, assessments of cell viability, cell migration, and tendon differentiation indicated that 0.5‐ZnSi/SA scaffold promoted the viability, migration, and tenogenic differentiation of tendon stem/progenitor cells. Moreover, cell viability, cell migration, and tube formation assay results demonstrated that 0.5‐ZnSi/SA scaffold enhanced the viability, migration rate, and angiogenic performance of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Collectively, our findings suggest a promising therapeutic avenue employing ZnSi/SA scaffold for tendon–bone interface healing.","PeriodicalId":100901,"journal":{"name":"MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications","volume":"2 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mba2.61","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50136685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research progress in degradable metal-based multifunctional scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","authors":"Jian He, Kun Li, Tingkui Wu, Jiafang Chen, Sanqiang Li, Xiangchun Zhang","doi":"10.1002/mba2.60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mba2.60","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The increasing prevalence of orthopedic-related diseases necessitates the development of effective orthopedic implants. Conventional metal scaffolds used in orthopedic devices have limitations such as poor biocompatibility and the need for a second surgery to remove the scaffold. Degradable metal-based scaffolds, including metal-based scaffolds and multifunctional scaffolds doped with metal elements, are a rapidly developing tissue engineering strategy aimed at utilizing the mechanical and biological properties of metal elements to create a support structure that matches the complex bone regeneration environment. Repairing bone defects involves the regeneration of various tissues, and incomplete repair can negatively affect bone function and overall recovery. Therefore, combining metal-based degradable materials with other active components has great potential for enhancing the versatility and clinical applications of scaffolds. Multifunctional scaffolds doped with metal elements have better biocompatibility, osteoinductivity, biodegradability, matching mechanical, and microenvironmental adjustment capabilities. Moreover, these metal-doped scaffolds possess the advantages of controlled release of metal ions, multifunctionality, and faster degradation. This review focuses on the materials and techniques used for constructing degradable metal-based scaffolds. Furthermore, this study discussed the potential for designing and constructing multifunctional biodegradable metal-based scaffolds doped with metal elements by integrating multiple strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":100901,"journal":{"name":"MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications","volume":"2 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mba2.60","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50149730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exploring the potential of transethosomes in therapeutic delivery: A comprehensive review","authors":"Pavani Chowdary, Ananya Padmakumar, Aravind Kumar Rengan","doi":"10.1002/mba2.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mba2.59","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The growing need for innovative drug delivery systems has led to extensive research to address the limitations associated with conventional dosage forms. Lipid nanoparticles have become prominent as frontline nanocarriers for the delivery of drugs and vaccine formulations. However, the pursuit of new materials and modifications to improve lipid nanocarrier properties remains ongoing. In this context, transethosomes have gained attention as a promising solution, offering distinct advantages over traditional formulations. Transethosomes minimize plasma fluctuations, first-pass metabolism, organ toxicity, and poor bioavailability. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth exploration of transethosomes, starting with an overview of the impact of formulation components on their properties and effective targeting. This article delves into the production techniques and evaluation properties employed to ensure efficient drug delivery. A significant contribution of this review lies in the analysis of various routes of administration for transethosomes, including transdermal, transvaginal, pulmonary, and ocular delivery, showcasing the versatility of transethosome-loaded with drugs and their potential to target specific tissues to achieve controlled release. Furthermore, the potential of functionalization and photodynamic therapy approaches to enhance drug delivery efficacy are explored. Overall, this review emphasizes the significant potentiality of transethosomes as a promising drug delivery system addressing the challenges associated with conventional drug delivery approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":100901,"journal":{"name":"MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications","volume":"2 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mba2.59","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50132227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Melatonin: Avenues in cancer therapy and its nanotechnological advancements","authors":"Chandra Lekha Putta, Kalyani Eswar, Aravind Kumar Rengan","doi":"10.1002/mba2.58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mba2.58","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cancer is one of the most prevailing causes of mortality worldwide. Standard therapies for cancer patients include surgical intervention, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Nevertheless, chemoresistance and toxicity are clinical implications of advanced disease. New treatments are obliged to overcome these challenges. According to clinical investigations, melatonin (MLT) has the potential to prevent and cure cancer. It is nontoxic and has a plethora of anticancer properties including apoptosis, antiangiogenic, antiproliferative, and metastasis-inhibitory mechanisms. It enhances the therapeutic sensitivity of malignancies when coupled with conventional medications. The investigations that demonstrate how MLT possesses antitumor characteristics are reviewed in this manuscript. We provided an overview of recent research on the etiology, factors associated, therapeutic property of MLT on various cancer types. We discussed the clinical implications of MLT alone or in conjunction with chemotherapeutic drugs or radiation therapy. Furthermore, we have addressed the mechanisms of its anticancer activities against several types of cancers along with research findings of various investigations done by researchers and advancements in the field of nanotechnology for efficient delivery of MLT. The recent clinical investigations of MLT in various cancer types are reported in this review.</p>","PeriodicalId":100901,"journal":{"name":"MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mba2.58","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50149784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enzyodynamic therapy at nanoscale","authors":"Zeyu Wang, Xinran Song, Hui Huang, Meiqi Chang, Yu Chen","doi":"10.1002/mba2.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mba2.53","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Artificial enzymes featuring the desirable catalytic activity built on nanomaterials are known as nanozymes. Compared with the natural counterparts, nanozymes have demonstrated distinct characteristics including cost-effectiveness, ease of preparation, high stability, and excellent recycling efficiency. With the rapid innovation of nanoscience and technology, a growing number of nanozymes have been deeply applied in disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. In addition, a multimodal platform for effectively interacting with complicated biologic settings has also been achieved by the inherent nanomaterial and dynamic features of nanozymes, which goes beyond simply serving as an enzyme substitute. In this review, we systematically discuss and highlight the classification and catalytic mechanism of nanozymes, regulation of nanozyme activity as well as the research progresses of nanozyme-enabled/augmented enzyodynamic therapy in treating cancer based on producing and eliminating reactive oxygen species, bacterial infection, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and radiation-induced tissue damage. Furthermore, the current challenges and future development direction of nanozymes in enzyodynamic disease therapy have been outlined and outlooked. It is highly anticipated that this review will be of guiding significance for better understanding the physiochemical properties and biological effect of nanozymes and the corresponding emerging enzyodynamic disease therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":100901,"journal":{"name":"MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mba2.53","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50124638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qianling Su, Wei Shi, Xianing Huang, Shihua Yin, Xiaomei Yang, Xiaoling Lu
{"title":"Recent advances of nanobody applications in diagnosis and detection","authors":"Qianling Su, Wei Shi, Xianing Huang, Shihua Yin, Xiaomei Yang, Xiaoling Lu","doi":"10.1002/mba2.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mba2.54","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nanobodies (Nbs) are the variable domain of heavy-chain antibodies derived from the blood of camelids or sharks. Nanobodies are the smallest antibody fragment with intact antigen-binding ability. Compared to conventional antibodies, nanobodies have unique properties such as small size, excellent stability and solubility, low immunogenicity, ability to recognize hidden epitopes, high tissue penetration, and industrialized production. More excitingly, the camelid-specific amino acid sequences in the framework are mutated to their human heavy-chain variable domain equivalent, which is humanized, to a wide range of applications. These superior characteristics make nanobody an ideal alternative to conventional antibody, showing excellent prospects for various applications in structural biology, molecular imaging, disease diagnosis and therapy, agricultural products, and environmental chemicals detection. With the continuous updating of theories and the rapid development of technology, the screening and expression methods of nanobodies are increasingly mature. Consequently, several technologies to identify and express nanobodies have been established, and various use cases have been described. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the discovery and production of novel nanobodies, and their use in detection and diagnosis platforms.</p>","PeriodicalId":100901,"journal":{"name":"MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mba2.54","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50119821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Min Zhang, Yueyue Huang, Yangyang Zhuang, Yan Chen, Yunlong Zhou
{"title":"Antimicrobial copper ion-graphene oxide composite to inhibit Pseudomonas Aeruginosa keratitis in rabbits","authors":"Min Zhang, Yueyue Huang, Yangyang Zhuang, Yan Chen, Yunlong Zhou","doi":"10.1002/mba2.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mba2.56","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biofilms and their associated infections have posed serious threats to the society from both an economical concern and a healthcare perspective. Graphene oxide (GO) has recently prompted the emergence of applications in the area of antibacterial materials owing to its high biocompatibility and surface functionalization. However, the weak biological interactions with microbial cells limit the antibiotic activity of GO. Herein, by combining GO with currently utilized antibacterial metal ions, copper ion-graphene oxide composite (Cu<sup>2+</sup>@GO) with exceptional bactericidal activity is achieved in this work. Cu<sup>2+</sup>@GO composite possessed more than 95% antimicrobial efficiency of both <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (<i>P. aeruginosa</i>) compared with the Cu<sup>2+</sup> only group or GO only group. Additionally, the composite inhibits the formation of bacterial biofilms, making it a potential candidate for the development of alternative antimicrobials. Antibacterial mechanism study shows that Cu<sup>2+</sup>@GO has both bacteria-binding ability and the property of producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) to cause the bacterial destruction. In vivo experiments indicate that Cu<sup>2+</sup>@GO possess an inhibition effect to <i>P. aeruginosa</i>-induced keratitis. Overall, this work demonstrates that Cu<sup>2+</sup>@GO may be promising antibacterial agents for the treatment of bacterial infection, which contributes to designing more antibiotic and safe graphene-based materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":100901,"journal":{"name":"MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mba2.56","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50142691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Metal–organic frameworks modified electrode for H2S detections in biological and pharmaceutical agents","authors":"Ceren Durmus, Ponnusamy Arul, A. Alhaji, Osama Shekhah, Veerappan Mani, Mohamed Eddaoudi, Khaled Nabil Salama","doi":"10.1002/mba2.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mba2.57","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The development of hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) sensors is essential to address H<sub>2</sub>S-related pharmacology since slow-releasing H<sub>2</sub>S medications have been identified to be prospective options for cancer treatments. Here, we described an electrochemical sensor for highly selective and sensitive detection of aqueous H<sub>2</sub>S, using a thin film of fumarate-based face-centered cubic (<b>fcu</b>)-based metal–organic frameworks (fum-<b>fcu</b>-MOF) modified on laser-scribed graphene (LSGE). The fum-<b>fcu</b>-MOF has shown a strong affinity and chemical stability to H<sub>2</sub>S analysis. The electrochemical and H<sub>2</sub>S catalytic properties were studied for fum-<b>fcu</b>-MOF/LSGE. An amperometry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques were demonstrated to validate the sensor. The resulting sensor delivered acceptable analytical parameters in terms of; detection limit (3.0 µM), dynamic range (10–500 µM), reproducibility, and stability (94.7%). The sensor's practical validity was demonstrated in bacterial cells and H<sub>2</sub>S-releasing drug, where the sensor was able to monitor the continuous release of in-situ H<sub>2</sub>S. The pharmacokinetics of a slow releasing H<sub>2</sub>S donor is accessed at different time intervals and different concentration levels. Our research indicate that this fum-<b>fcu</b>-MOF based H<sub>2</sub>S sensor holds potential in understanding pharmacokinetics of H<sub>2</sub>S releasing drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":100901,"journal":{"name":"MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mba2.57","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50152597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}